英語分詞語法講課稿

英語分詞語法現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別：（1）在意義上，現(xiàn)在分詞通常表示“正在進(jìn)行”；過去分詞表示“已經(jīng)完成”thedevelopingcountriesthedevelopedcountries(2)在語態(tài)上，現(xiàn)在分詞通常表示主動，過去分詞則表示被動。therulingclasstheruledclass分詞的基本用法分詞除去在謂語中構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時態(tài)和被動語態(tài)外，還因其具有形容詞和副詞的特征，在句中可作表語、定語、賓補(bǔ)、狀語，還可以與其邏輯主語一道構(gòu)成分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，充當(dāng)句子狀語。（1）作表語Thenewsisexciting.Heisexited.最常用的作表語的現(xiàn)在分詞有：amusing,annoying,astonishing,charming,confusing,disappointing,encouraging,shocking,etc.最常用的作表語的過去分詞有：amazed,amused,astonished,confused,delighted,disappointed,discouraged…

說明：現(xiàn)在分詞作表語與進(jìn)行時態(tài)的區(qū)別方法：看是否能用very修飾。e.g.Wearemovingintothenewhousetomorrow.Thebookis(very)moving.

過去分詞作表語與被動結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別：過去分詞作表語，表示主語的特征及狀態(tài)，而被動結(jié)構(gòu)只表示動作。e.g.Thedoorislocked.Thedoorwaslockedbyme.說明：with,at等介詞多用于表語結(jié)構(gòu)，by多用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)。（2）作定語前置定語：A.現(xiàn)在分詞作前置定語，表示所修飾名詞所做的動作，相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。e.g.runningwater=waterthatisrunningadevelopingcountry=acountrythatisdevelopingB.過去分詞作前置定語時，表示被動意義或完成意義e.g.aninjuredman=amanwhowasinjuredawoundedsoldier=asoldierwhowaswounded再舉例如下：anescapedprisoner(逃犯)，fadedflowers(凋謝的花朵)，aretiredworker,etc.(3)作賓補(bǔ)Isawherworking.上句的賓語與賓補(bǔ)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，即，Isawher,shewasworking.Isawhimbeatenblackandblue.上句的過去分詞賓補(bǔ)與賓語有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。即，WhenIsawhim,hewasbeatenblackandblue.說明：see,watch,hear,feel,notice等動詞后的賓語，既可以用不定式作補(bǔ)語又可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作補(bǔ)語，區(qū)別在于：現(xiàn)在分詞表示當(dāng)時正在發(fā)生，不定式表示整個已經(jīng)結(jié)束了的過程，試比較：Isawherworking.=WhenIsawher,shewasworking.Isawherwork.=Whensheworked,Isawher.(4)作狀語作時間狀語：現(xiàn)在分詞作時間狀語：e.g.Seeingthepicture,hecouldn’thelpthinkingofher.Havingfinishedtheirhomework,theywenttothelibrary.可以用when或while直接加在現(xiàn)在分詞前，以強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞動作和謂語動詞的同時性。e.g.Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.Don’ttalkwhileeating.過去分詞作時間狀語：e.g.Heated,icechangesintowater.(=Wheniceisheated,……)作原因狀語現(xiàn)在分詞作原因狀語：e.g.Beingsick,Istayedathome.過去分詞作原因狀語：e.g.Depressed,hedidnotgotothepartywithothers.作條件狀語現(xiàn)在分詞作條件狀語e.g.Workinghard,youcanpasstheexam.過去分詞做條件狀語e.g.United,westand;divided,wefall.團(tuán)結(jié)則存，分裂則亡。

Givengoodweather,ourshipwillreachNewYorkonMondayevening.如果天氣好，我們的船周一就可以到紐約。分詞作結(jié)果狀語e.g.Thechildfell,hurtinghishead.Thestudentcheatedintheexam,only

makingthingsworse.分詞作方式狀語，表示伴隨e.g.Hesatinthearmchair,readingthebook.Shewentaway,disppointed.作獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)從上述分詞作狀語的情況不難看出，分詞短語的邏輯主語一般與句子主語相同。如果分詞短語的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致，而又不列出分詞的邏輯主語時，便會形成懸垂分詞的語法錯誤。當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致時，要想不構(gòu)成語法錯誤，就需要加上分詞自己的邏輯主語，即：名詞或代詞+分詞短語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱作分詞獨(dú)立主格，可在句子中作時間、原因，條件、伴隨狀語等。e.g.Themeetingbeingover,hehurriedhome.(時間)Hislegbadlyhurt,hehadtostayathome.（原因）Weatherpermitting,we’llgopicnicking.（條件）Hesatsilently,hisheadbending.（伴隨狀態(tài)）獨(dú)立主格有時用介詞with引出e.g.Hefellasleepwiththecandleburning.分詞的否定式：在否定副詞后邊加分詞即可構(gòu)成分詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)。e.g.Notknowingwhohewas,sherefusedtolethimin.Nothavingfinishedhishomework,heremainedintheclassroom.Exercises1)Iheardthem____apartyintheflatabovelastnight.A.haveB.havingC.hadD.tohave2)Icaughthim____tostealthecar.A.totryB.tryC.tryingD.tried3)Itisfoolish____youtobelievehim.A.forB.ofC.toD.aboutACB4)___hisletter,Ididnotknowwhatitwasabout.A.HavingnotseenB.SeeingnotC.NothavingseenD.Notseeing5)Theothertypist___ill,Ihadtodotwotypists’work.A.wasB.beingC.wasbeingD.hadbeenCB6)____thebadnews,TomrangupAlice.A.HavingheardB.HearingC.HadheardD.Heard7)Iprefertostayathomeratherthan____shopping.A.togoB.goC.goingD.tobegoing8)Iremember____thenoveltohim,butheaskedmeforitthismorning.toreturnB.tobereturnedC.returningD.beingreturnedABC9)Thefloordoesn’t’looksobadwhen___clean.A.sweepingB.tosweepC.sweptD.havingswept10)___,themetalexpands.A.HeatingB.HeatedC.ToheatD.Havingheated11)___fromtheplane,thecloudsbelowarejustlikecotton.A.SeeingB.HavingseenC.SeenD.BeingseenCBC12)This___,wewenttothedormitry.A.doneB.did