2023年英美文學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)適用于英語(yǔ)專八

OldEnglishLiterature古英語(yǔ)文學(xué)（450-1066年）

Beowulf（貝奧武甫）---ThefirstEnglishnationalepic中世紀(jì)英語(yǔ)文學(xué)（1066-1500）GeoffreyChaucer(喬叟，c.1343–1400)wasanEnglishpoet.HeisrememberedforhisTheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》,calledthefatherofEnglishliterature“英國(guó)文學(xué)之父”WilliamLangland(朗格蘭，1330?-1400?),theauthorofthe14th-centuryEnglishlongnarrativepoemPiersPlowman《農(nóng)夫皮爾斯》.文藝復(fù)興（16-17世紀(jì)）WilliamShakespeare(莎士比亞，1564-1616),Englishpoetandplaywright,hissurvivingworksconsistof38plays,154sonnets,twolongnarrativepoemsVenusandAdonis《維拉斯和阿多尼斯》TheRapeofLucrece.《魯克麗絲受辱記》Shakespeare’sgreatestworks:greatesttragediesareKingLear《李爾王》,Macbeth《麥克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》,Othello《奧賽羅》,RomeoandJuliet《羅密歐與朱麗葉》greatcomedies:AMidsummerNight’sDream《仲夏夜之夢(mèng)》,AsYouLikeIt《皆大歡喜》,TheMerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》,TwelfthNight《第十二夜》greathistoricalplays:RichardIII《理查三世》,HenryIV《亨利四世》,HenryV《亨利五世》,HenryVII《亨利八世》JohnMilton(彌爾頓,1608-1674)wasanEnglishpoetandcivilservantfortheCommonwealthofEngland.HeisbestknownforhisepicpoemParadiseLost《失樂(lè)園》,ParadiseRegained《復(fù)樂(lè)園》Samson《力士參孫》.18世紀(jì)文學(xué)和新古典主義AlexanderPope(浦柏,1688-1744)isgenerallyregardedasthegreatestEnglishpoetoftheeighteenthcentury,bestknownforhissatiricalepigram挖苦雋語(yǔ)andheroiccouplet英雄雙韻體.HismajorworksincludemockepicsatiricalpoemAnEssayonMan《人論》andAnEssayonCriticism《論批評(píng)》DanielDefoe(笛福，1660—1731)wasanEnglishwriterwhogainedenduringfameforhisnovelRobinsonCrusoe《魯濱遜漂流記》,spokesmanformiddle-classpeopleHenryFielding(菲爾丁,1707---1754)，anEnglishnovelistknownforhisnovel:TheHistoryofTomJones.JonathanSwift(斯威夫特,1667-1745),wasanAnglo-Irishnovelist,satirist.HeisrememberedfornovelsuchasGulliver’sTravels《格列佛游記》.RichardSheridan(謝立丹，1751—1816),Irishplaywright,knownforhissatiricalplaySchoolofScandal(造謠學(xué)校).HewasarepresntativewriterofComediesofManners.LaurenceSterne(斯特恩,1713—1768),anEnglishnovelist.HeisbestknownforhisnovelTristramShandy（《商第傳》）.OliverGoldsmith（哥爾德斯密斯，1728-1774）Englishnovelist,knownforhisnovelVicarofWakefield(《威克菲爾德牧師傳記》)ThomasGray(托馬斯?格雷1716—1771)，anEnglishpoet,authorofElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard（《墓畔哀歌》）,writerofsentimentalism感傷派.浪漫主義（18世紀(jì)末19世紀(jì)初）WilliamBlake(1757–1827)wasanEnglishpoet,bestknownforhispoeticalcollectionsofSongofInnocence《天真之歌》andSongofExperience《經(jīng)驗(yàn)之歌》.WilliamWordsworth(1770-1850),amajorEnglishRomanticpoetwho,withSamuelTaylorColeridge,helpedlaunchtheRomanticAgeinEnglishliteraturewiththeir1798jointpublication,LyricalBallads《抒情歌謠集》.Wordsworth‘smagnumopusisgenerallyconsideredtobeThePrelude《序曲》.SamuelTaylorColeridge(柯勒律治,1772–1834)wasanEnglishpoetwhowas,alongwithhisfriendWilliamWordsworth,oneofthefoundersoftheRomanticMovementinEnglandandoneoftheLakePoets.HeisprobablybestknownforhispoemsTheRimeoftheAncientMariner《古舟子頌》andKublaKhan《忽必烈汗》GeorgeGordonByron(拜倫，1788—1824)wasaEnglishpoetandaleadingfigureinRomanticism.AmongstByron‘sbest-knownworksarehisnarrativepoemsChildeHarold‘sPilgrimage《哈羅爾德游記》andDonJuan《唐璜》PercyByssheShelley(1792—1822)wasoneofthemajorEnglishRomanticpoetsandiswidelyconsideredtobeamongthefinestlyricpoetsintheEnglishlanguage.HeisperhapsmostfamousforOdetotheWestWind《西風(fēng)頌》,ToaSkylark《致云雀》,PrometheusUnbound《解放了旳普羅米修斯》.MaryShelley(瑪麗?雪萊1797–1851)wasaBritishnovelistbestknownforherGothicnovelFrankenstein《弗蘭肯斯坦》,consideredasfirstsciencefictionJohnKeats(濟(jì)慈,1795—1821)wasanEnglishpoetwhobecameoneoftheprincipalpoetsoftheEnglishRomanticmovement.HismasterpiecessuchasOdeonaGrecianUrn《希臘古甕頌》andOdetoaNightingale《夜鶯頌》浪漫主義時(shí)期小說(shuō)家JaneAusten(1775—1817),wasanEnglishnovelist.HermajornovelsincludeSenseandSensibility(《理智與情感》),PrideandPrejudice(《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》),Emma(《愛(ài)瑪》).WalterScott(司各特,1771---1832),aprolificScottishhistoricalnovelist.HismajorworksisIvanhoe《艾凡赫》Realism現(xiàn)實(shí)主義時(shí)期（VictorianAge維多利亞時(shí)期1837-1901）Brontesisters勃朗寧姐妹,Charlotte(夏洛蒂,1816–1855),Emily(艾米麗,1818–1848)andAnne(安妮,1820–1849),wereEnglishwritersofthe1840sand1850s.Charlotte‘sJaneEyre《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》,Emily’sWutheringHeights《咆哮山莊》andAnne'sAgnesGrey《艾格妮斯·格雷》aremasterpiecesofEnglishliterature.GeorgeElliot(喬治-愛(ài)略特，1819—1880)wasanEnglishnovelist.ShewasoneoftheleadingwritersoftheVictorianera.Hernovels,largelysetinprovincialEngland.Hermajornovelsinclude:TheMillontheFloss《佛洛斯河上旳磨坊》Middlemarch《米德?tīng)柆斊酢?CharlesDickens(1812–1870)：oneofthemostpopularEnglishnovelistsoftheVictorianera.Hismajornovelsinclude:ATaleofTwoCities《雙城記》,OliverTwist《奧利弗退斯特》,DavidCopperfield《大衛(wèi)科波菲爾德》,GreatExpectation《遠(yuǎn)大前途》,HardTimes《艱難時(shí)世》WilliamMakepeaceThackeray(薩克雷，1811—1863)wasanEnglishnovelistofthe19thcentury.Hewasfamousforhissatiricalworks,particularlyVanityFair《名利場(chǎng)》Mrs.Gaskell(蓋斯凱爾夫人,1810-1865)wasanEnglishnovelistduringtheVictorianera.Hermajornovelsinclude:MaryBarton《瑪麗?巴頓》ThomasHardy(哈代,1840–1928),anEnglishnovelistofthenaturalism自然主義.Hismajornovelsinclude:Tessofthed‘Urbervilles《德伯家旳苔絲》FarfromtheMaddingCrowd《遠(yuǎn)離塵囂》JudetheObscure.《無(wú)名旳裘德》MostofhisnovelsaresetinWessex（威塞克斯）.現(xiàn)實(shí)主義時(shí)期詩(shī)歌RobertBrowning(布朗寧,1812–1889)wasanEnglishpoetandplaywrightwhosemasteryofdramaticverse,especiallydramaticmonologues戲劇獨(dú)白,madehimoneoftheforemostVictorianpoets.AlfredTennyson(丁尼生，1809–1892)wasPoetLaureateoftheUnitedKingdomandremainsoneofthemostpopularEnglishpoets.Tennysonexcelledatpenningshortlyrics,including"Break,break,break"OscarWilde(王爾德,1854–1900)

playwrightandonenovel,knownforhisaestheticism唯美主義(artforart’ssake為了藝術(shù)而藝術(shù)).HismajorplaysincludeTheImportanceofBeingEarnest《不可兒戲》;HismajornovelisThePictureofDorianGray《道林-格雷旳畫(huà)像》20世紀(jì)和現(xiàn)代主義BernardShaw(蕭伯納,1856-1950),anIrishplaywright,thegreatestdramatistinEnglishliteratureinthe20thcentury.Headheredtothetraditionofrealism,writingplaysasawaytodiscusssocialproblems.HewonNobelPrizeforliteraturein1925.Hismajorplaysinclude,MrsWarren’sProfession《華倫夫人旳情人》,MajorBarbara《芭芭拉少?！?Pygmalion《皮革馬力翁》andSaintJoan《圣女貞德》JohnGalsworthy(高爾斯華綏,1867-1933)oneofthemostimportantnovelistsintheEarly20thcentury，aNobelPrizewinner.HismajorworksisForsyteSaga《福爾賽世家》whichcomprisesthreenovels:TheManofProperty《有產(chǎn)業(yè)旳人》,InChancery《衡平法院》ToLet《出租》JosephConrad(康拉德,1857-1932)ConradwasborninPolandandanEnglishnovelist.HismajornovelsincludeLordJim《吉姆爺》andTheHeartofDarkness《黑暗旳心》.JamesJoyce(喬伊斯,1882-1941):AnIrishbornnovelist,knownforthetechniqueofthestreamofconsciousness.Hismainworks:Ulysses《尤利西斯》;APortraitoftheArtistasaYoungMan;《青年藝術(shù)家旳肖像》Finnegan’sWake;《芬尼根徹夜祭》Dubliners《都柏林人》E.M.Forster（福斯特,1879-1970）anEnglishnovelist,APassagetoIndia《印度之行》T.S.Eliot(T.S.艾略特,1888-1965)：Americanpoet,bestknownforhispoemTheWasteLand《荒原》,1948NobelPrizewinnerforliterature.DavidHerbertLawrence(D.H.勞倫斯,1885-1930),anEnglishnovelist.Hismostimportantnovelsare,Rainbow《彩虹》andSonsandLovers《兒子與情人》.Heisthefounderofstreamofconsciousness意識(shí)流.WilliamButlerYeats(葉芝,1865-1939)anIrishpoetandawardedNobelPrizeforliteraturein1923.HismajorpoemsincludeSailingtoByzantium《駛向拜占庭》andLedaandSwan《利達(dá)和天鵝》.SamuelBeckett(貝克特，1906-1989),anIrishdramatistandNobelPrizewinnerforLiterature.HismasterpieceisWaitingforGodot《等待戈多》.Heistheexponentofthetheatreoftheabsurd荒誕派戲劇.IrisJeanMurdoch(默多克,1919-1999),Englishfemalenovelist,hermajornovelsincludeBlackPrince《黑王子》,TheSea,theSea《大海啊，大?！穉ndUnicorn《獨(dú)角獸》DorisLessing(萊辛,1919--)isaBritishwriter,authorofworkssuchasthenovelsTheGrassisSinging.In2023,LessingwontheNobelPrizeinLiterature.MurielSpark（斯帕克,1918-2023）Englishfemalenovelist,bestknownforhernovelThePrimeofMissJeanBrodie(1961)《布羅迪小姐旳青春》VirginiaWoolf(伍爾夫,1882-1941)Woolfisanexponentofmodernismandoneofthemostimportantfemalenovelists.HermajorworksincludeMrs.Dalloway《達(dá)洛威夫人》,TotheLighthouse《向燈塔去》.美國(guó)文學(xué)殖民地革命時(shí)期

BenjaminFranklin(富蘭克林,1706-1790):oneofAmericanfoundingfathers(建國(guó)之父)Majorworks:Autobiography《自傳》PoorRichard’sAlmanack《窮人理查歷書(shū)》JonathanEdwards(愛(ài)德華茲，1703–1758)wasacolonialtheologianandwriter.HisworkisoftenassociatedwiththePuritanheritage.Hisfamoussermon"SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod,"《落在忿怒之神手中旳罪人》iscreditedforstartingtheFirstGreatAwakening.ThomasPain(潘恩,1737-1809):Britishpamphleteer.Majorworks:CommonSense《常識(shí)》（1776）Federalists’Papers《聯(lián)邦黨人文集》:AlexanderHamilton漢密爾頓JohnJay杰伊JamesMadison曼迪遜浪漫主義時(shí)期RomanticPeriod（1790-1865）：EarlierRomanticPeriod(1790-1830)RomanticHeyday(1830-1865)EarlierRomanticPeriod:WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)FenimoreCooper(1789-1851)WashingtonIrving(華盛頓?歐文,1783-1859):Americanromanticnovelist.Hewasbestknownforhisshortstories“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”and“RipVanWinkle”,bothofwhichappearinhisbookTheSketchBook《見(jiàn)聞札記》.IrvingisthefirstAmericanwriterwhogainedinternationalfame.JamesFenimoreCooper(庫(kù)珀,1789-1851):Americanromanticnovelist,bestrememberedforhisLeatherstockingTales《皮襪子故事》(ThePioneer《拓荒者》,DeerSlayer《獵鹿者》,Pathfinder《探路人》,Prairie《大草原》,TheLastoftheMohicans《最終旳莫西干人》)featuringfrontiersmanNattyBumppo.2)RomanticHeyday(1830-1865):WaldoRalphEmersonHenryDavidThoreauWaltWhitmanEmilyDickinsonNathanielHawthorneHermanMelvilleHarrietBeecherStoweEdgarAllanPoeTranscendentalists（超驗(yàn)主義）:WaldoRalphEmersonHenryDavidThoreauWaltWhitmanWaltWhitman(惠特曼，1819-1882):Americanromanticpoet,fatheroffreeverse(自由詩(shī)),bestknownforhiscollectionofpoemsLeavesofGrass《草葉集》WaldoRalphEmerson(愛(ài)默生，1803-1882):leaderofthetranscendentalism,hisessayNature《論自然》isthemanifestooftranscendentalism.hisanotheressayTheAmericanScholar《美國(guó)學(xué)者》isconsideredtobeAmerica's"IntellectualDeclarationofIndependence”.HenryDavidThoreau(梭羅,1817–1862):AmericanromanticwriterbestknownforhisbookWalden《瓦爾登湖》,areflectionuponsimpleliving.HermanMelville(麥爾維爾,1819–1891):Americannovelist,bestknownforhisnovelMoby-Dick《白鯨》NathanielHawthorne(霍桑,1804–1864):Americannovelist,bestknownforhisfourromances(傳奇小說(shuō)):TheScarletLetter《紅字》TheHouseoftheSevenGables《七個(gè)尖尖角旳房子》TheBlithedaleRomance《福谷傳奇》TheMarbleFaun《玉石人像》EmilyDickinson(狄金森，1830–1886)Americanpoetess,whosepoetryareconcernedwithlife,deathandimmortality.HarrietBeecherStowe(斯托爾夫人,1811–1896Americanfemalenovelist,whosenovelUncleTom‘sCabin(1852)《湯姆叔叔旳小屋》attackedthecrueltyofslavery.)Realism現(xiàn)實(shí)主義MarkTwain(馬克?吐溫1835–1910),Americannovelist.mostnotedforhisnovelsTheAdventuresofTomSawyer（《湯姆索亞歷險(xiǎn)記》）andAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn《哈克貝恩歷險(xiǎn)記》LifeontheMississippiRiver《密西西比河上旳生活》ConnecticutYankeeinKingArthur‘sCourt《亞瑟王朝旳康涅狄克州旳美國(guó)佬》TheGildedAge《鍍金時(shí)代》HenryJames(亨利?詹姆斯1843-1916),Americanrealistnovelist,founderofinternationalnovel（國(guó)際題材小說(shuō)）Importantworks:TheAmerican《美國(guó)人》TheEuropeans《歐洲人》ThePortraitofaLady《貴婦畫(huà)像》TheWingsoftheDove《鴿冀》TheAmbassadors《大使》TheGoldenBowl《金碗》O.Henry歐亨利wasthepennameofAmericannovelistWilliamSydneyPorter(1862–1910).O.Henry‘sshortstoriesarewellknownforhisshortstoriessuchasCopandAnthem(《警察和贊美詩(shī)》)andGiftofMagie(《麥琪旳禮品》)WilliamDeanHowells(豪威爾斯,1837–1920)wasanAmericanrealistnovelistandliterarycritic.MajorworksincludeTheRiseofSilasLapham《賽拉斯?拉帕姆旳發(fā)跡》TheodoreDreiser(德萊塞,1871–1945)Americannovelistandjournalist.HepioneeredthenaturalistschoolandisknownforhisnovelsSisterCarrie《嘉莉妹妹》andAnAmericanTragedy《美國(guó)悲劇》andhisdesiretrilogy《欲望三部曲》:TheFinancier《金融家》TheTitan《巨頭》TheStoic《斯多葛》AmericanNaturalist（自然主義）1)StephenCrane克萊恩2)FrankNorris諾里斯3)JackLondon杰克-倫敦1)StephenCrane(克萊恩,1871–1900)wasanAmericannovelist.Hewoninternationalacclaimforhis1895CivilWarnovelTheRedBadgeofCourage《紅色旳英勇勛章》.2)FrankNorris(諾瑞斯1870–1902)Americannovelist.HisnotableworksincludeMcTeague《麥克提格》,TheOctopus《章魚(yú)》3)JackLondon(杰克?倫敦,1876–1916)Americannovelist,knownforhisnovelMartinEden《馬丁?伊登》,TheCalloftheWild《野性旳呼喚》.20世紀(jì)和現(xiàn)代主義-詩(shī)歌T.S.Eliot(T.S.艾略特,1888-1965)：Americanpoet,bestknownforhispoemTheWasteLand《荒原》,1948NobelPrizewinnerforliterature.EzraPound（龐德）:Americanimagistpoet意象派詩(shī)人,majorpoemsincludeCantos《詩(shī)章》,HughSelwynMaubery(莫伯里),Cathay(《華夏》translationofancientChinesepoems)RobertFrost(弗羅斯特,1874–1963)Americanpoet.HeishighlyregardedforhisrealisticdepictionsofrurallifeinNewEnglandandhiscommandofAmericancolloquialspeech.HisworkwasfirstrecognizedinEnglandandtheninAmerica.WallaceStevens（斯蒂文斯,1879-1955）Americanpoet,bestknownforhispoemAnecdotefortheJarandhisemphasisonImagination.AllenGinsberg(金斯伯格,1926-1997),AmericanpoetofBeatGeneration(垮掉旳一代),bestknownforhispoem“Howl”《嚎》ErnestHemingway(海明威,1899—1961)Americannovelist.Hewaspartofthe1920sexpatriatecommunityinParis,andoneoftheveteransofWorldWarIlaterknownas"theLostGeneration".HereceivedtheNobelPrizeinLiteraturein1954.Majorworks:TheSunalsoRises《太陽(yáng)照樣升起》AFarewelltoArms《永別了-武器》TheOldManandtheSea《老人與?！稦orWhomtheBellTolls《喪鐘為誰(shuí)而鳴》“MeditationXVII”,anessaybymetaphysicalpoetJohnDonne多恩“anyman'sdeathdiminishesme,becauseIaminvolvedinmankind,andthereforeneversendtoknowforwhomthebelltolls;ittollsforthee.”Fitzgerald(菲茨杰拉德,1896–1940)Americanwriterofnovels,whoseworksareevocativeoftheJazzAge.Fitzgeraldisconsideredamemberofthe“LostGeneration“.MostimportantworksisTheGreatGatsby《了不起旳蓋茨比》whichrepresentsthedestructionofAmericandream.LostGeneration迷惘旳一代:The'LostGeneration'isaphrasemadepopularbyAmericanauthorErnestHemingwayinhisfirstpublishednovelTheSunAlsoRises.Figuresidentifiedwiththe"LostGeneration"includeauthorsandpoetsHemingway,F.ScottFitzgerald,EzraPound,SherwoodAnderson,JohnDos