2023年中國人民大學(xué)英語博士研究生入學(xué)考試試題

中國人民大學(xué)——英語2023年博士碩士入學(xué)考試試題

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II.Vocabulary(10points)

PartA(5points)

Directions:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoices

markediLB,Carm1).Choosethe:onethatbestcompletesthe

sentenceandmarkthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracross

thesquarebracketonANSWERSHEET1.

Example:

Sheprefersforeignwinetothatproduced__

A.previouslyB.vLrtually

C.primarily

D.domestically

Thesentenceshouldread,;"Sheprefersforeignwinetothatproduce

domesticany."Therefore,youshouldchooseD.

SampleAnswer

[A][B][C][D]

1.

Internationalsportshouldcreategoodwill

betweenthenations,butinthe

presentorganizationoftheOlympicssomehowencourages__

patriotism.

A.obsolete

B.aggressive

C.harmonious

D.amiable

Z

Onecallunderstandothersmuchbetterbynotingtheimmediateand

fleetingreactionsoftheireyesand__toexpressedthoughts.

A.dilemmas

B.countenances

C.concessions

D.junctions

3.

Peopleinnately_____

forsuperiority

overtheir

peersalthoughit

sometimestakestheformofanexaggeratedlustforpower.

A.strive

B.ascertain

C.justifyD.adhere

4.

SomescientistshavesuggestedthatEarthisakindof,zooorwildlife

forintelligentspacebeings,likethewildernessareaswehaveset

uponearthtoallowanimalstodevelopnaturallywhileweobservethem.

A.conservation

B.maintenance

C.storage

D.reserve

5.

Accordingtothelatestreport,consumerconfidence___

abreathtaking

15points.lastmonth,toitslowestlevelin9years.

A.soared

B.mutated

C.plummeted

D.fluctuated

6.

Melissaisacomputer___thatdestroyedfilesincomputersand

frustratedthousandsofusersaroundtheworld.

A.genius

B.vires

C.disease

D.bacteria

7.

The

emphasis:onexaminationsisibyfarthe.worstformof

competitioninschools.

A.negligent

B.edible

C.fabulous

D.disproportionate

8.

Theboyseemedmore_____totheirpoverty,afterseeinghowhis

grandparentslived.

A.reconciled

B.consolidated

C.deteriorated

D.attributed

9.

Duringhistwo-monthstay,inChina,Tomnever____achanceto

practicehisChinese.

A.passedon

B.passedup

C.passed

by

D.passedout

10.Whenapersondies,hisdebtsmustbepaidbeforehis____canbe

distributed.

A.paradoxes

B.legacies

C.platitudes

D.analogin

PartB(5points)

Directions:Ineachofthefollowingsentencesthereisonewordorphrase

underlined.Belowthesentenceare

fourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,and

D.Choosetheonethatisclosestinmeaningtotheunderiinedpart.

Markthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquare

bracketonANSWERSHEETI.

Example:

ThesecretaryisVerycompetent;shecanfinishalltheseletterswithinone

..;.,ca,ODe

bour.

A.careful

B.industrious

C.clever

D.capable

Inthissentence,"competent"isclosest-;nme:ztingto"capable".Therefore

youshouldchooseD.

SampleAnswer

[A][B][C][DD]

11.Heclaimsthatadvertising

todaytendstoportraywomenintraditional

rolessuchascookingortakingcareofthebaby.

A.depict

B.advocate

D;criticize

D.analyze

12,.Theyachievedmorethantheyhadeyerdreamed,lendingamagictOtheir

familystory

that

notaleorordinarylifecouldpossiblyrival.

A.confirm

B.achieve

C.match

Dexaggerate

13.Themosturgentthingistofindadump.forthosetoxic____industrialwastes.

A.imminent

B.recyclableC.smelly

D.poisonous

i4.BritishPrimeMinisterTonyBlairpromisedtheelectoratethatgunswould

norbefiredwithoutanattempttowinafurtherU.N.sanction.

A.allies

B.delegates

C.voters

D.juries

15.The

analysissuggeststhatthetradeoffbetweenour:children'scollegeand

ourownretirementsecurityis,chilling.

A.frightening

B.promising

C.freezingD.revealing

16.Theirsigningofthetreaty

wasregardedasaconspiracyagainsttheBritish

Crown.

A.secretplan

B.boldattack

C.cleverdesignD.jointeffort

17.Evidence,reference,andfoomotesbythethousandtestifytoascrupulous

researcherwhodoesconsiderablejusticetoafullrangeofdifferent

beoreficalandpoliticalpositions.

A.trustworthy

B.intelligent

C.diligent

D.meticulous

18.Despitetheirspartan,isolatedlifestyle,themarenostoriesofwomen

beingrapedorwantonviolenceagainstciviliansintheregion.

A.intriguing

B.exasperating:

C.demonstrativeD.unprovoked

19.Thegangderivedtheir

nicknamefromtheirdarkclothingandblackedup

facesfor.nocturnalraidsintheforest.

A.illegal

B.night-time

C,brutalD.abusive

20.Thoughsometimestoolazytoworkashardashersisters,Lindahasa

moreavidfondnessforthelimelight,

A.mercurial

B,gallant

C.ardent

D.frugal

III.Cloze(10points)

Directions:Readthefollowing

passage.Choosethebestwordforeach

numberedblankandmarkthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthe

square

bracketonAnswerSheetI.

Likemanyotheraspectsofthecomputerage,Yahoobeganasanidea,

___

21___

intoahobbyandIatelyhas

____22____intoafull-timepassion.The

twodevelopersofYahoo,DavidFiloandJerryYang,Ph.Dcandidates

___23_

ElectricalEngineering

atStanfordUniversity,startedtheirguidein

April1994asawaytokeep24

oftheirpersonalinterestontheIntemet.

Beforelongthey

___25

___thattheirhome,brewedlists

werebecomingtoo

longand____26____

Gradually

theybegantospendmoreandmoretimeon

Yahoo.

During1994,they____27____

yahoointoacustomizeddatabasedesigned

to____28_____theneedsofthethousandsofusers____29____

begantousethe

servicethroughtheclosely___30____Intemetcommunity.Theydeveloped

customizedsoftwaretohelpthem___31___locate,identifyandeditmaterial

___32___

ontheIntemet.

ThenameYahoois____

33____

tostand

for"Yet

AnotherHierarchicalOfficiousOracle".butFiloandYanginsisttheyselected

the___34___

becausetheyconsideredthemselvesyahoos.Yahoo?itselffirst

___35___

onYang'sworkstation,"akebono",whilethesearchengine

was

___

36___

onFilo'scomputer,"Konishiki".

Inearly1995MarcAndreessen,co-founderofNetscapeCommunication

inMountainView,California,invitedFiloandYangtomovetheirfiles

___37___

tolargercomputers___38____atNetscape.AsaresultStanford's

computernetworkreturnedto___

39___,andbothpartiesbenefiasc.Today,

Yahoo___

40

___organizedinformationontensofthousandsofcomputers

linkedtotheweb.

1.A.became

B.grew

C.mm

D.intend

2.

A.made

B.saw

C.looked

D.turned

3.

A.in

B.on

C.about

D.fer

4.

A.touch

?.contact

C.n-ack

D.record

5.

A.founded

E.found

C.argued

D.reported

6.

A.unwieldy

B.tough

C.tamable

D

invaluable

7.

A.exchanged

B.shank

C.sold

D.converted

8.

A.explain

B.serve

C.discover

D.evaluate

9.A.which

B.that

C.actually

D.eagerly

10.A.relative

B.interactive

C.bound

D.contacted

11.A.fluently

B.efficiently

C.exactly

D.actually

12.A.transmitted

B.purchased

C.sold

D.

13.A.about

B.bound

C.going

D.supposed

I4.A.fable

B.model

C.name

D.brand

15.A.supported

B.resided

C.lived

D.launched

16.A.connected

B.lodged

C.introduced

D.linked

17.A.over

B,away

C.inside

D.beneath

18.A.housed

B.caught

C.hosed

D.bidden

19.A.average

B.normal

C.ordinary

D.equal

20.A.attains

B.detains

C.maintains

D.contains

IV.ReadingComprehension(20points)

Directions:Readthefollowingpassages,decideonthebestoneofthechoices

markedA,B,C,andDforeachquestionorunfinishedstatementandthenmark

thecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketonthe

ANSWERSHEET.

Passage1

Guthrie'scontiguityprincipleofferspracticalsuggestionsforhowtobreak

babies.

OneapplicationofthethrcshoMmethodinvolvesthetimeyoungchildren

spendonacademicactivities.Youngchildrenhaveshortattentionspans,sothe

lengthoftimetheycansustainworkononeactivityislimited.Mostactivities

arescheduledtolastnolongerthan30to40minutes.However,atthestartof

theschoolyear,attentionspansquicklywaneandbehaviorproblemsoften

result.ToapplyGutiarie'stheory,ateachermight,atthestartoftheyear,limit

activitiesto15to20minutes.Overthenextfewweekstheteachercould

gredually

increasethetimestudentsspendworking

onasingleactivity.

The

thresholdmethocialsocanbeappliedtoteachingprintingabd

handwriting.Whenchildrenfirstlearntoformletters,theirmovements

awkwardandtheylackfreemotorcoordination.Thedistancesbetweenlineson

apagearepurposelywidesochildrencanfitthelettersintothespace.Ifpaper

withnarrowlinesisinitiallyintroduced,students'letterswouldspilloverthe

bordersandstudentsmightbecomefrustrated.Oncestudentscanformletters

withinthe

largerborders,theycanusepaperwithsmallerborderstohelpthem

refine

theirskills.

Thefatiguemethodcanbeappliedwhendiscipliningdisruptivestudents

whobuildpaperairplanesandsailthemacrosstheroom.Theteachercan

removethestudentsfromtheclassroom,Wethemalargestackofpaper,and

tellthemtostartmakingpaperairplanes.Afterthestudentshavemadeseveral

airplanes,theactivityshouldloseitsattractionandpaperwillbecomeacuefor

notbuildingairplanes.

Somestudentscontinuallyracearoundthegymwhentheyfirstentertheir

physicaleducationclass.Toemploythefatiguemethod,theteachermight

decidetohavethesestudentscontinuetorunafewmorelapsaftertheclasshas

begun.

Theincompatibleresponsemethodcanbeusedwithstudentswhotalkand

misbehavein

themediacenter.Readingisincompatiblewithtalking.The

mediacenterteachermightaskthestudents'tofindinterestingbooksandread

themwhileinthecenter.AssumingthatthestudentSfindthebooksenjoyable,

themediacenterwill,overtime,becomeacueforselectingandreadingbooks

ratherthanfortalkingwithotherstudents.

Inasocialstudiesclasssomestudentsregularlyfallasleep.Theteacher

realizedthatusingtheboardandoverheadprojectorwhilelecturingwasvery

boring.Soontheteacherbegantoincorporateotherelementsintoeachlesson,

suchasexperiments,videotapes,anddebates,inanattempttoinvolvsstudents

andraisetheirinterestinthecourse.

41.Thepurposeofthispassageisto___

A.inform

B.persuade

C.debate

D.narrate

42.Guthrieidentifiedthreemethodsfor__

A.educatingstudents

B.alteringbadhabits

C.avoidingundesiredaction

D.forminggoodhobbies

43.Whichofthefollowingisnottheexampleofapplyingthethreshold

method?

A.Parentsintroducespinachinsmallbitesormixedwithafoodthanthe

childenjoysovertimesothatthechildwillnotrefusetoeatit.

B.Teachersintroduceacademiccontentinshortblocksoftimeforyoung

childrenandgraduallyincreasesessionlengthbutnottowherestudents

becomefrustratedorbored.

C.Paperwithwiderlinesisfirstusedandthenpaperwithnarrow

linesis

introducedstepbysteptohelpchildrenlearnprintingandhandwriting.

D.Achildmightbemadetothrowtoysuntilitisnolongerfanbyhis

parentsinordertochangehisbehaviorofrepeatedlythrowingtoys.

44.Tostopsnackingwhilewatchingtelevision,peopleshouldkeeptheirhands

busybysewing,painting,workingcrosswordpuzzles,andsoforth.Over

time.watchingTVbecomesacueforengaginginanactivityotherthan

snac'king.Whatmethodisusedinthisexample?

A.Thethresholdmethod.

B.Thefatiguemethod.

C.Theincompatibleresponsemethod.

D.Thepunishmentmethod.

45.Wecandrawtheconclusionfromthepassagethat

A.Theincompatibleresponsemethodistoforcechildtomakeunwanted

responserepeatedlyinpresenceofstimulusuntilheorshebecomes

exhausted

B.Thethresholdmethodreferstointroducingundesiredbehaviorwitha

responseincompatiblewiththeundesiredresponsesotheycannotbe

performedsimultaneously

C.Thefatiguemethod

meansthatengaginginthebehavioristransformde

intoavoiding

itbyintroducingthestimulusatfullstrengthsoitbecomes

acuefornotperformingit

D.Thefatigue

methodisthatinpresenceofstimulusteachershavechild

makeresponseincompatiblewithunwanted

response

Passage2

Theincreaseinglobaltrademeansthatinternationalcompaniescannot

affordtomakecostlyadvertisingmistakesiftheywanttobecompetitive.

Understandingthelanguageandcultureoftargetmarketsinforeign

countriesisoneofthekeystosuccessfulinternationalmarketing.Toomany

companies,however,havejumpedintoforeignmarketswithembarrassing

wralts

.

Translationmistakesareattheheartofmanyblundersininternational

advertising.

GeneralMotors,theUSautomanufacturer,gotacostlylessonwhenit

introduceditsChevroleNovatothePuertoRicanmarket."Nova"isLatinfor

new(star)"andmeans"star"inmanylanguages,butinspokenSpanishitcan

soundlike"nova",meaning"itdoesn'tgo".Fewpeoplewantedtobuyacar

withthatcursedmeaning.WhenGMchangedthenametoCaribe,sales

pickedup"dramatically.

Marketingblundershavealsobeenmadebyfoodandbeveragecompanies.

3neAmericanfoodcompany'sfriendly"JollyGreenGiant"(foradvertising

,egetables)becamesomethingquitedifferentwhenitwastranslatedinto

Arabicas"IntimidatingGreenOgre".

WhentranslatedintoGermanPepsi'spopularslogan,"ComeAlivewith

Pepsi"cameoutimplying"ComeAlivefromtheGrave".Nowondercustomers

in

Germanydidn'trushouttobuyPepsi.

Successful

international

marketing

doesn't

stop

with

good

ranslafions--,-otheraspectsofculturemustberesearchedandunderstoodff

aarketersaretoavoidblunders.

Whenmarketersdonotunderstandandappreciatethevalues,tastes,

geography,climate,superstitions,religion,oreconomyofaculture,theyfailto

capturetheirtargetmarket.

Forexample,anAmerican

designertriedtointroduceanewpentareihto

theLatinAmericanmarketbuttheproductarousedlittleinterest.Themail

reasonwasthatthecamelliausedinitwastraditionallyusedforfuneralsin

manySouthAmericancountries.

Havingawakenedtothespecialnatureofforeignadvertising,companies

arebecomingmuchmoreconscientiousintheirtranslationsandmoresensitive

toculturaldistinctions.

Thebestwaytopreventerrorsistohireprofessionaltranslatorswho

understandthetargetlanguageanditsidiomaticusage,ortouseatechnique

called"backtranslation"toreducethepossibilityofblunders.

Theprocessusesonepersontotranslateamessageintothetarget

languageandanothertotranslateitback.Effectivetranslatorsaimtocapture

the,overallmessageofanadvertisementbecauseaword-for-wordduplication

oftheoriginalrarelyconveystheintendedmeaningandoftencauses

misunderstandings.

Indesigningadvertisementsforothercountries,messagesneedto

beshot

and

simple.

Theyshouldalsoavoidjokes,sincewhatisconsideredfunnyinonepart

oftheworldmaynotbesohumorousinanother.

46.Thebesttitleofthispassagemightbe__.

A.CultureIsVeryImportantiaAdvertishag

B.AvoidCulturalMisunderstandingbetweenNations

C.OvercomeCulturalShockinDifferentCountries

D.AdvertisementsReflectVariousLifeStyles

47.Whatdoestheword"blunder"meaninthispassage?

A.hesitation

B.mistake

C.stutter

D.default

48.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeusedtosummarizethegistfrom

Paragraph3toParagraph6?

A.Culturalshocks

B.Faultytranslations

C.Avoidculturaloversights

D.Preventblunders

49.WecanlearnfromthecontextinParagraph9thattheword"ca

"most

probablymean____

A.ananimalusedinperfumeforitssmell

B.apieceoffabricusedbothinperfumeandatfunerals

C.aflowerusedinperfumeforitsfragranceandusedforfunerals

D.annrnamentusedinprefumeandatfunerals

50.Onewaytopreventerrorsinadvertisingindifferentcountriesisto___

A.firethetranslatorswhodon'tknowthetargetlanguage.

B.usethetechniquecalled"literaltranslation"toreducethepossibilityof

blunders

C.avoidculturaloversightsandavoidcertainjokes

D.explainindetailswhendesigningadvertisementforothercountries

Passage3

Itisnotunusualforchiefexecutivestocollectmillionsofdollarsayearin

pay,stockoptions,andbonuses.Inthelastfifteenyears,whileexecutive

remunerationrose,taxesinthehighestincomebracketwentdown.Millionaires

arenowcommonplace.

Amiabilityisnotaprerequisiteforrisingtothetop,andtherearea

numberofchiefexecutiveofficerswithlegendarybadtempers.Itisnotthe

boss'sjobtoworryaboutthewell-beingofhissubordinatesalthoughtheman

withmanyenemieswi!!besweptoutmorequicklyinhardtimes;itisthe

companyheworriesabout.Hisbusinesssavvyissupposedtobebasedon

intimateknowledgeof.hiscompanyandtheindustry.sohegoeshomenightly

withafullbriefcase.Attheverytop-andonthewayup-executivesare

exceedinglydedicated.

TheAmericanexecutivemustbecapableofenoughsmalltalktogethim

throughthesocialpartofhisschedule,butheisprobablynotahighlycultured

individualoranintellectual.Althoughhiswifemaybeontheboardofthe

symphonyoropera,hehimselfhaslittletimeforsuchpursuits.Hisreading

maylargelyconcernbusinessandmanagement,despiteinterestsinotherfields.

Golfprovideshimwithasportiveoutletthatcombineswithsomeuseful

socializing.

Thesedays,heprobablyattemptssomeformofaerobicexerciseto"keep

theoldheartinshape"andforthesamereasongoeseasyonbutterandalcohol,

andsubstancesthoughttocontributetotakinghighlystressedexecutivesoutof

therunning.Buthisdoctor'sadmonitionto"takeiteasy"fallsondeafeyes.He

likestowork.Heknowsthereareyoungermennippingathisheels.

Corporate

head-hunting,carriedonby"executivesearch

fares,"isa

growingindustry.Americahasgreatfaithinindividualtalent,anddynamicand

aggressiveexecutivesaresoindemandthatcompaniesregularlyraideach

other'smanagerialranks.

51.Wecaninferfromthesecondparagraphthat___

A.promotiondependsonamiability

B.chiefexecutivesdonotworkhardenoughatthetoplevel

C.itisthedutyofthechiefexecutivetolookafterthewell-beingofhis

subordinates

D.achiefexecutiveisexpectedtoknowmoreabouthiscompanyandthe

industry

52.Theterm"aerobicexercise"(fa'stlineinsecondlastparagraph)isakindOf

____

A.hallucinationexercise

B.physicalexercise

C.meditationexercise

D.entertainment

53.Fromthelastparagraphwecangatherthat____

A.therearetoomanyaggressiveexecutives

B.individualtalentisnotessentialforacompany

C.thejobofan"executivesearchrum"iscorporatehead-hunting

D.itisnotcommonforcompaniestoundermineeachother'smanagerial

ranks

54.Forexecutives,accordingtothearticle,agolfcourseisapl

where

________

A.theycanconducttheirbusiness

B.theycanindulgethemselves

C.theycancultivatetheirmind

D.theycanexerciseaswellassocialize

55.WhatisNOTtreeaccordingtothearticle?

A.Executivestendtoignoredoctors'adviceandwarnings.

B.Executivesaresensitivetopressurefromtheyoungergeneration.

C.Allchiefexecutivescanearnmillionsofdollarsayear.

D.Executivesarecarefulofwhattheyeat.

Passage4

InNovember1970YukioMishima,togetherwithsomeofhisfanatical

followersfromtheultranationalisticShieldSocietyWhiCh.hehadfour,dodin

1966,brokeintotheheadquartersofJapan'sEasternDefenseForcesarmed

withswordsanddaggers,overpoweredsomeaides,tiedupthecommanding

general,anddemandedthatthetroopsbeassembledtohearaspeech.Mishima

addressedthetroopsfortenminutes,incitingthemtorebelagainstthe

constitutionalgovemmentimposedbytheUnitedStatesthathad,inhiswords,

"turnedJapanspineless."Receivingonlyridiculeinresponse,hereturnedtothe

general'sofficeandthere,beforethegeneral'sunbelievingeyes,proceededto

killhimselfinstrictaccordancewiththetradifonalsamurairitualofseppuku.

AfterMishimahaddrivenadaggerdeepintohisleftabdomen,oneofhisaides

severedhisheadwithasword.Theaidelikewise'killedhimselfandwas

5eheaded;theotherssurrendered.

In1936therehadbeenasimilarrevoltand,thoughequallyunsuccessful,

ithadforeshadowedtherepressivere,meofGeneralTojothatwastostagetho

attackonPearlHarborin1941.Thatearlierrevoltistheonereferredtoin

"Patriotism,"oneofMishima'smostpowerfulstories.Herelifeandfiction

becomejoined.TheactofseppukuwasforMishimaafulfdlment,"theultimate

dreamofmylife."Bomofanancientsamuraifamily,helongedtodieahero's

deathinaccordancewiththeancientsamuraicode;buthisweakbodykepthim

from

serviceinthewar,andhehadtocompensatethroughbodybuilding(he

becameexpertatkarateandkendo)and,mostimportant,throughthediscipline

writing.Inhisshortlifetimeheturnedouttwentynovels,thirtyplays,many

essays,andmorethaneightystories:healsoproduced,directed,andactedin

movies,andevensangonstage.Hisfirstbookofstories,AForestinFlower,

appearedin1943,butitwasConfessionofaMask(1948),dealingwiththe

meditationsofayoungmanofhomosexualleaningsinarepressivesociety,that

broughthimfame.

Mishimahasbeencalled"Japan'sHemingway,"whileothershave

comparedhimto"aesthetic"writerslikeWalterPeterandOscarWilde.

56.Thearticleimpliesthat

A.Mishimarefusedtojointhearmywhenhewasyoung

B.Mishimahasbeenregardedasalunaticwriter

C.Mishimaisapersonwho'ishardmdefine

D.CriticsallagreethatMishimaisanaest