Unit 2 Understanding each other Grammar and usage 語法教案-高中英語牛津譯林版（2020）選擇性必修第四冊

選擇性必修四Unit2Understandingeachother語法教案Teachingobjectives1.知識目標(biāo)：學(xué)生能夠掌握定語從句的基本含義2.技能目標(biāo)：學(xué)生能夠掌握定語從句的基本運(yùn)用3.情感目標(biāo)：學(xué)生能夠更有信心學(xué)習(xí)英語Keypoints,Difficultpoints1.掌握定語從句的基本含義2.掌握定語從句的基本含義Teachingprocedures：定語從句第一部分：基礎(chǔ)知識（一）定語從句概述定語可以由形容詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，名詞，不定式，介詞短語來充當(dāng)。如果是一個句子擔(dān)任定語，那么這個句子就叫做定語從句，又可稱為形容詞性從句。定語從句通常修飾某一名詞或代詞，被定語從句修飾的這一名詞或代詞叫先行詞，它位于定語從句之前，定語從句在先行詞后面，應(yīng)盡量緊跟先行詞。定語從句的作用即在于對先行詞進(jìn)行限定說明或補(bǔ)充說明。（二）定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞分為兩類：關(guān)系代詞（that,which,who,whom,whose）關(guān)系副詞（when,where,why）引導(dǎo)詞在先行詞和定語從句之間，既起連接作用，即連接先行詞和定語從句，更重要的是，它又作定語從句中作一個成分。（三）關(guān)系代詞1.that指人，物，在從句中作主語，賓語，表語。ThisisthephotothatItookinthecountry.HeisthesingerthatImetyesterday.2.which指物，在從句中作主語，賓語，在非限定定語從句中充當(dāng)定語，或者代替前句Thefilmwhichwesawlastnightwasmoving.3.who指人，在從句中作主語，賓語。Thepersonwhovisitedourclassroomyesterdaywasournewheadmaster.ThemanwhoyoujusttalkedtoisTom.4.whom指人，在從句中作賓語。Thatistheprofessorwhomyouwanttoknow.5.whose指人，物，在從句中作定語，相當(dāng)于先行詞+’s,后接一名詞。Iknowtheboywhoseparentsaredead.Idon’tlikethosecitieswhoseroadsaredirty.【注】：關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時(shí)可以省略。關(guān)系代詞有六個，聽我逐一來說破；which表物人用who,人物都有that顧；which用在逗號后，意表前句你要know;who做主語很稱職，whom用到賓語里；（四）關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系副詞在從句中作狀語，有時(shí)相當(dāng)于介詞+which，其中which指代先行詞不可以指示整個句子。1，when指時(shí)間，在從句中作時(shí)間狀語，相當(dāng)于at/on/in/duringwhich.I’llneverforgetthedaywhen(onwhich)IreachedthetopoftheHuangshanMountain.2，where指地點(diǎn)，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，相當(dāng)于at/in/to/which.Thisistheschoolwhere(atwhich)Istudied.3，why指原因，在從句中作原因狀語，相當(dāng)于forwhich.That’stherealreasonwhy(forwhich)hewaslate.第二部分：關(guān)系代詞的特殊用法（一）關(guān)系代詞指物時(shí),用that而不用which的情況:1.先行詞為something,anything,nothing,everything以及all,much,little,alot,none,few等不定代詞時(shí)。MymotherwassoproudofallthatIdid2.先行詞有thelast,thevery,theonly以及all,much,few,no,any,little等修飾時(shí)。ThisistheverybookthatI’mlookingfor.3.先行詞為序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(或所修飾)時(shí)。ThisisthemostexcitingfilmthatI’veeverseen.WhenpeopletalkaboutHangzhou,thefirstthatcomestotheirmindistheWestLake.4.thesame修飾先行詞時(shí),定語從句要用that或as引導(dǎo),但意義不同。ThisisthesamewatchasIlostlastSunday.(表示相同但并非同一)ThisisthesameknifethatIusedyesterday.(表示就是那個)5.先行詞既有人又有物時(shí),只能用that。DoyourememberthebookanditsauthorthatappearedonTVlastSunday6.Therebe后面的定語從句多用that引導(dǎo),不用which。There’saseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.7.句子前面出現(xiàn)了who,which時(shí),后面的定語從句用that引導(dǎo)。Theybuiltafactorywhichmadesomenewproductsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.Whoisthemanthatyouweretalkingaboutjustnow?8.關(guān)系代詞在定語從句作表語時(shí),常用that,而不用which、who。Myhometownisnotthesmallvillagethatitwas10yearsago.Tomisn’tthemanthatheusedtobe(二)關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí),有時(shí)只用who,而不用that。1.先行詞為指人的代詞one,those,theman,以及人稱代詞如he等。Thosewhoareoftenlateforschoolshouldbepunished.Hewhodoesn’treachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.2.先行詞為someone(somebody),noone(nobody),anyone(anybody),everyone(everybody)。Anyonewhowouldliketoattendthepartyshouldcomeontime.3.先行詞指人時(shí),如有序數(shù)詞,最高級,thevery,theonly,thelast等修飾,定語從句既可用that也可用who引導(dǎo)。Heisthefirststudentwho/thatworkedouttheproblem.(三)關(guān)系代詞whose的用法：1，whose在從句中作定語，表示“先行詞的…”，既可指人，也可指物。Johnismybestfriend,whosefatherisascientist.Theoldmanlivedinthehousewhosewindowwasbroken.Theboss,inwhosecompanymyfatherworked,wasveryfriendlytotheworkers.2，whose可以轉(zhuǎn)換為ofwhich（物）和ofwhom（人）。1)Thedictionarywhosecoverismissingismine.(劃線部分可改為thecoverofwhich或ofwhichthecover)2)TheyalsoinvitedMrWang,whosecarwasstolenlastSunday.(劃線部分可改為thecarofwhom或ofwhomthecar)(四)which的特殊用法：1.關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句,有時(shí)不是修飾某個先行詞,而是指代主句的全部或部分內(nèi)容。特別注意，非限定定語從句中prep+which時(shí)，which只能指代先行詞，不可以指代句子。1）InChina,yousometimesgetahotdampclothtocleanyourfaceandhands,which,however,isnotthecustominwesterncountries.2）Helenoftencamelate,whichmadetheclassteacherangry.2.which有時(shí)可在定語從句中作定語,含義上相當(dāng)于指示代詞this/that。1)HestayedinEnglandfor5years,duringwhichtimehelearnedEnglishwell.2)Itmayrainhardtomorrow,inwhichcaseIwon’tgofishing.【注】：which的這種用法與whose作定語不同。whose表示“先行詞的…”。They’retalkingaboutafilm,whosenameIhaveforgotten.3.以介詞結(jié)尾的動詞不定式作定語時(shí),可借關(guān)系代詞which把介詞前置。1）TomorrowwouldbeChristmasDay,andshehadonly$1.87withwhichtobuyJimapresent.2）Thosepoorpeoplehadnohousestolivein/inwhichtolive.【注】如果先行詞指人，關(guān)系代詞用whom。IwanttofindapersontotraveltoEnglandwith/withwhomtotraveltoEngland.(五)關(guān)系代詞as的用法：1.引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句：當(dāng)先行詞有such,so,thesame等修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞要用as；as在從句中可作主語，賓語和表語。1).Ihaveneverseensuchakindgirlassheis.2).Heissuchagoodteacher(sogoodateacher)aseverystudentrespects.比較：Heissuchagoodteacher(sogoodateacher)thateverystudentrespectshim.(此句為such/so…that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句)3).Suchastudentasoftenstudieshardissuretopassthisexam.4).HeboughtthesamebikeasIdidlastweek.區(qū)別thatIdidlastweek2.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句：as不修飾某個先行詞，而是指代主句的全部或部分內(nèi)容，可譯為“這一點(diǎn)，此事；正如”，或不譯。這種從句可位于句首、句中或句尾。常見于asweallknow，ashasbeensaidabove，asisusual，asisoftenthecase，aseverybodycansee，asisknowntousall等結(jié)構(gòu)。1).Hehaspassedtheexam,asisapleasuretous.2).Asweallknow,theearthmovesaroundthesun.3).Thisexperiment,asyouhadexpected,succeededatlast.3.，如前所述,which也可引導(dǎo)這種從句,兩者?？苫Q。(非限定性定語從句謂語句末且指代前面的主句)1）Thosetwostudentsarewearingthesameclothes,which/asisveryinteresting.2）Theycametothepartyontime,as/whichhadbeenexpected.但在以下兩種情況下有區(qū)別：1).as從句可位于句首(或主句前),而which從句只能在主句后。Asisoftenthecase,wehaveworkedouttheproductionplan.2).關(guān)系代詞作主語時(shí),如果從句的謂語是及物動詞+賓語的結(jié)構(gòu),則只能用which。Hisfatherdiedinatrafficaccident,whichmadeusgreatlysurprised.3）當(dāng)which在從句中指代的是先行詞而不是主句，只能用whichThecar,whichwesawontheplayground,isMike’s.4）“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，只能用which。RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase,thepriceofwhichwasveryreasonable.5）當(dāng)后置的非限定性定語從句是否定結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)只能用which引導(dǎo)。Heresultoftheexperimentwasverygood,whichwehadn'texpected第三部分：關(guān)系副詞的特殊用法（一）關(guān)系副詞when,where,why的用法：1.關(guān)系代詞(which/that)與關(guān)系副詞(when,where,why)的選取方法：A)當(dāng)先行詞是定語從句中的主語或賓語時(shí)，選用關(guān)系代詞。關(guān)系代詞指代先行詞，并代替先行詞在從句中作主語或賓語。B)如果先行詞不是定語從句中的主語或賓語,先行詞前面需要加上一個介詞才能在從句中作成分的時(shí)候,選用關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系副詞在從句中作狀語，?？赊D(zhuǎn)換為“介詞+which”。1)Doyourememberthedaywhich/thatwespentinthemountainvillage?Doyourememberthedaywhen(=onwhich)wevisitedthemountainvillage?2)Thisisthefactorywhich/thatwevisitedlastyear.Thisisthefactorywhere(=inwhich)heworkedlastyear.3)Wedon’tbelievethereasonwhich/thathegaveforhiscominglate.Wedon’tknowthereasonwhy(=forwhich)hehaschangedhismind.2.關(guān)系副詞where的從句還可以修飾point，situation，case，activity,scene,stage等地點(diǎn)意味不明顯的先行詞。關(guān)系副詞when的從句可以修飾occasion,stay等時(shí)間意味不明顯的先行詞。關(guān)系副詞why只修飾reason這一個先行詞。1)Nowyoucanseewe’vecometothepointwhereachangeisbadlyneeded.2)Todaywe’lldiscusssomecaseswherebeginnersofEnglishfailtouseitproperly.3)Therearefewoccasionswhenmystudentscan’tunderstandwhatIteachinclass.3.when和where在少數(shù)情況下可作介詞賓語。1).Thenaughtyboywashiddenbehindthedoor,fromwherehesawhismotherwalkingintothehouse.（where指代behindthedoor。不能換為which，因?yàn)閣hich只能指代thedoor）2).TheywenttoAmericanthreeyearsago，sincewhentheyhavelivedthere.(when指代threeyearsago。不能換為which，因?yàn)閣hich只能指代threeyears=andsincethen)(二)that在有些句型中可視為關(guān)系副詞：1.way后面的定語從句常用that或inwhich引導(dǎo),但可省略。Idon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)youspeaktoyourparents.Theway(inwhich/that)heworkedontheproblemwaswrong.[注]：如果way在從句中作主語或賓語,應(yīng)該用關(guān)系代詞which/that。Heexplainedtheprobleminawaythat/whicheveryonecouldaccept.2.Itis(about,high)timethat…(正)是……的時(shí)候了。that從句中常用一般過去時(shí),that在口語中可省略。Itwashightimethatwestoppedpollution.Itistimethatyouhadlunchnow.比較Therewasatimewhen(duringwhich)wewereshortofoil.3.Thisisthefirst(second,…last)timethat…(從句中常用完成時(shí)態(tài))Thisis/willbethelasttimethatIhavecometoChina.ItwasthefirsttimethathehadbeeninvitedtoChina.第四部分：定語從句有關(guān)要注意的問題(一)關(guān)系代詞作主語時(shí),要注意從句中謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。1.先行詞只有oneof修飾時(shí),從句謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。HeisoneofthestudentsinourclasswhohavebeentoHainan.Thisisoneofthebestbooksthatwerewrittenbythewriter.2.oneof前有the，theonly，thevery，thefirst時(shí)，從句謂語用單數(shù)。Tomistheonly/veryoneoftheboyswhoknowsthetruth.(二)定語從句的隔離現(xiàn)象：1.定語從句和先行詞之間有時(shí)會被狀語,定語或者其他成分隔開,要注意找準(zhǔn)先行詞。ThefilmbroughtthehoursbacktomewhenIwastakengoodcareofinthatvillage.Istherearestaurantaroundwherewecanhavelunch?(aroundadv.在周圍)Thedaysaregonewhenweusedforeignoil.(主句謂語較短,隔開先行詞與定語從句)2.定語從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的后面有時(shí)會出現(xiàn)插入語。1)He