被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)詳解

會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)1被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)詳解(二)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化主要體現(xiàn)在be的變化上，其形式與系動(dòng)詞be的變化形式完全一樣。以give

為例，列表如下：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)： am/is/are+given一般過去時(shí)： was/were+given一般將來(lái)時(shí)： shall/will+be+given現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)： am/is/are+being+given現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)： have/has+been+given過去完成時(shí)： had+been+given過去進(jìn)行時(shí)： was/were+being+given過去將來(lái)時(shí)： should/would+be+given將來(lái)完成時(shí)： shall/will+havebeen+given過去將來(lái)完成時(shí)： should/would+havebeen+given

［注］被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)沒有將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)和過去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)。

第1頁(yè)/共18頁(yè)(三)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)常用的八種時(shí)態(tài)1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：Peoplegrowriceinthesouthofthecountry.Riceisgrowninthesouthofthecountry.Theschooldoesn'tallowustoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.Wearenotallowedtoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.2.一般過去時(shí)：Theyagreedonthebuildingofanewcarfactorylastmonth.Thebuildingofanewcarfactorywasagreedonlastmonth.Thestudentsdidn'tforgethislessonseasily.Hislessonswerenoteasilyforgotten.第2頁(yè)/共18頁(yè)3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)：Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea.Carswillbesentabroadbysea.Theywillgiveplentyofjobstoschool-leavers.Plentyofjobswillbegiventoschool-leavers.4.過去將來(lái)時(shí)：Themanagersaidtheywouldcompletetheprojectbytheendoftheyear.Themanagersaidtheprojectwouldbecompletedbytheendoftheyear.Theworkerstoldmetheywouldmendthecarassoonaspossible.Theworkerstoldmethatthecarwouldbemendedassoonaspossible.第3頁(yè)/共18頁(yè)5.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：TheradioisbroadcastingEnglishlessons.Englishlessonsarebeingbroadcastedontheradio.Wearepaintingtherooms.Theroomsarebeingpainted.6.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：—Whydidn'ttheydrivethereontime?—Becausetheworkersweremendingtheroad.Becausetheroadwasbeingmended.Thistimelastyearwewereplantingtreeshere.Treeswerebeingplantedherethistimelastyear.7.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：Someonehastoldmethesportsmeetmightbeputoff.

Ihavebeentoldthesportsmeetmightbeputoff.Wehavebroughtdowntheprice.Thepricehasbeenbroughtdown.第4頁(yè)/共18頁(yè)8.過去完成時(shí)：WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheyhadalreadysoldoutthetickets.WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheticketshadalreadybeensoldout.Thewholecountrywasverysadatthenewsofhisdeath;Peoplehadconsideredhimtobeagreatleader.

Hehadbeenconsideredtobeagreatleader.9.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。Youmusthandinyourcompositionsafterclass.Yourcompositionsmustbehandedinafterclass.Hecanwriteagreatmanyletterswiththecomputer.Agreatmanyletterscanbewrittenwiththecomputerbyhim.第5頁(yè)/共18頁(yè)(四)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用1.當(dāng)不知道或沒有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，這時(shí)往往不用by

短語(yǔ)。

“Mr.White,thecupwithmixturewasbrokenafterclass.”(只是告訴老師杯子壞了，不知是誰(shuí)弄壞的，或不想說出誰(shuí)弄壞的)。2.突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，如果需要說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，用by

短語(yǔ)。TheserecordsweremadebyJohnDenver.ThecupwasbrokenbyPaul.3.當(dāng)漢語(yǔ)句子的主語(yǔ)既不是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，也不是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，這時(shí)常用in+名詞作狀語(yǔ)，而代替by

短語(yǔ)。

ThesecarsweremadeinChina.15,000carswillbeproducedeachyearinthenewfactory.第6頁(yè)/共18頁(yè)(五)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的方法（1）Myaunt

invited

me

toherdinnerparty.

主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)→

I

wasinvited(bymyaunt)toherdinnerparty.

主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)（2）Theschoolsetupaspecialclasstohelppoorreaders.→Aspecialclasstohelppoorreaderswassetupintheschool.1.把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)。2.把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的be+過去分詞，時(shí)態(tài)要與原句保持一致。3.把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)變?yōu)榻樵~by

的賓語(yǔ)，放在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)里謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后，by

短語(yǔ)可以省略。如果原句主語(yǔ)是地點(diǎn)名詞，在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中用in+地點(diǎn)名詞作狀語(yǔ)。第7頁(yè)/共18頁(yè)(六)語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)要注意的問題1.把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)要與原句時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與新主語(yǔ)保持一致。

Wehaveboughtanewcomputer.Anewcomputerhasbeenbought.(正確)Anewcomputerhavebeenbought.(錯(cuò)誤)

2.含有雙賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句時(shí)，可分別將其中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另一個(gè)不動(dòng)，一般變間接賓語(yǔ)為主語(yǔ)時(shí)比較多。

Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday.Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday.

如果把直接賓語(yǔ)(指物)改為主語(yǔ)，則在間接賓語(yǔ)(指人)前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說：

Apresentwasgiventomeyesterday.保留賓語(yǔ)第8頁(yè)/共18頁(yè)注意：一般在下列動(dòng)詞后，常在間接賓語(yǔ)前用介詞to，如：

bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell等。

Thecupwithmixturewasshowedtotheclass.

Mybikewaslenttoher.一般在下列動(dòng)詞后，間接賓語(yǔ)前用介詞for,如：

build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order,paint,play,sing等。

Mothermademeanewskirt.(Anewskirtwasmadeforme.)

Themeatwascookedforus.

Somecountrymusicwasplayedforus.有些既不用to也不用for,根據(jù)動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配關(guān)系。Heaskedmeaquestion.(Aquestionwasaskedofme.)PeopleallovertheworldknowtheGreatWall.TheGreatWallisknowntopeopleallovertheworld.(不用by短語(yǔ))第9頁(yè)/共18頁(yè)3.由動(dòng)詞+介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，要把它們作為整體看，即把它們看成一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。這類動(dòng)詞有：不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞，如:

agreeto,askfor,laughat,operatedon,listento,lookafter,thinkof,talkabout等。Thepatientisbeingoperatedon.Theproblemissolved.Itneedn'tbetalkedabout.及物動(dòng)詞+副詞：如：bringabout,carryout,findout,giveup,handin,makeout,passon,pointout,putaway,putoff,thinkover,turndown,workout,turnout等。Hisrequestwasturneddown.Thesportsmeetwillbeputoffbecauseofthebadweather.第10頁(yè)/共18頁(yè)4.帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ))的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，一般把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語(yǔ)改為主語(yǔ)，而賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)保留在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面。如：Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean.

→Theclassroomisalwayskeptclean.Shetoldustofollowherinstructions.

→Weweretoldtofollowherinstructions.注意：在see,watch,hear,notice,listento,lookat,make,feel等動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式都不帶to，但改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后都帶to，這時(shí)不定式為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，也就是說不定式作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)不存在省略to的問題。Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar.

→Heisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar.注意：帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子，如果賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是名詞，變被動(dòng)句時(shí)，應(yīng)將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，不要誤把賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的名詞作主語(yǔ)。如：TomatoeswerefirsttakenbacktoEuropeandpeoplecalledthemloveapples.誤：Loveappleswerecalledthem.正：Theywerecalledloveapples.第11頁(yè)/共18頁(yè)5.還有一種短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞構(gòu)成，變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種形式，如下：1)Wetakegoodcareofthebooks.

Thebooksaretakengoodcareof.Goodcareistakenofthebook.

2)Youmustpayattentiontoyourpronunciation.

Attentionmustbepaidtoyourpronunciation.Yourpronunciationmustbepaidattentionto.

用于這類結(jié)構(gòu)的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常見的有：catchsightof,makeuseof,payattentionto,setfireto,takecareof,takeholdof,takenoticeof,keepaneyeon等。6.當(dāng)主動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)是nobody,noone等含有否定意義的不定代詞時(shí)，被動(dòng)句中將其變?yōu)閍nybody,作by的賓語(yǔ)，并將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：Nobodycananswerthisquestion.誤：Thequestioncanbeansweredbynobody.正：Thequestioncannotbeansweredbyanybody.

第12頁(yè)/共18頁(yè)7.當(dāng)否定句中的賓語(yǔ)是anything,anybody,anyone等不定代詞時(shí)，在被動(dòng)句中應(yīng)將其分別變?yōu)閚othing,nobody,noone作主語(yǔ)，并將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：Theyhaven'tdoneanythingtomaketheriverclean.誤：Anythinghasn'tbeendonetomaketheriverclean.正：Nothinghasbeendonetomaketheriverclean.8.以who為主語(yǔ)開頭的疑問句，變被動(dòng)時(shí)，用bywhom放在句首：Whowrotethestory?誤：Whowasthestorywritten?

正：Bywhomwasthestorywritten?

第13頁(yè)/共18頁(yè)9.有些動(dòng)詞既是及物又是不及物，當(dāng)它們和well,badly,easily等副詞連用時(shí)，表示主語(yǔ)內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及物動(dòng)詞，用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)，這時(shí)不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，常見的有：write,read,clean,sell,wash,cook等。如：Theclothwasheseasily.這布很好洗。Thenewproductsellswell.這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。Thepenwritessmoothly.這支筆寫字很流暢。對(duì)比：Thebookssellwell.(主動(dòng)句)Thebooksweresoldout.(被動(dòng)句)Themeatdidn’tcookwell.(主動(dòng)句)Themeatwascookedforalongtimeoverlowheat.(被動(dòng)句)第14頁(yè)/共18頁(yè)10.下列情況主動(dòng)句不能改為被動(dòng)句：

第一，感官系動(dòng)詞一般用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，如：feel，look,seem,taste,sound,remain等?！狣oyoulikethematerial?—Yes,itfeelsverysoft.誤：Itisfeltverysoft.Thefoodtastesdelicious.誤：Thefoodistasteddelicious.Thepopmusicsoundsbeautiful.誤：Thepopmusicissoundedbeautiful.第二，謂語(yǔ)是及物動(dòng)詞leave,enter,reach,suit,have,benefit,lack,own等。如：Heenteredtheroomandgothisbook.誤：Theroomwasenteredandhisbookwasgot.Shehadherhandburned.誤：Herhandwashadburned.第15頁(yè)/共18頁(yè)第三，一些不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)沒有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如：takeplace,breakout,belongto,loseheart,consistof,addupto等。如：Thefirebrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.誤：Thefirewasbrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.第四，不及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如：rise,happen,succeed,remain,lie