英漢翻譯之轉(zhuǎn)換

Conversion轉(zhuǎn)換

Warming

upActivity:Readthepassage“EnchantmentofSouthSeas”anddiscussinagroupastohowtotranslatetheunderlinedsentences. EnchantmentoftheSouthSeas

ThemightyPacificwashestheshoresoffivecontinents—NorthAmerica,SouthAmerica,Asia,Australia,andAntarctica.ItswatersmingleinthesoutheastwiththeAtlanticOceanandinthesouthwestwiththeIndianOcean.Itisnotontheshoresofcontinentsorinthecoastalislands,however,thatthesoulofthegreatPacificisfound.ItliesfaroutwherethefabledSouthSeaIslandsarescatteredoverthehugeoceanlikestarsinthesky.

Heregreatdisturbancesattheheartoftheearthcausedmountainsandvolcanoestoriseabovethewater.Forhundredsofyearstinycoralcreatureshaveworkedanddiedtomakethousandsofringshapedislandscalledatolls.

TheairthatsweepstheSouthSeaIslandsisfragrantwithflowersandspice.Brightwarmdaysfollowclearcoolnights,andtherollingswellsbreakinanever-endingroarontheshores.Overheadtheslendercoconutpalmswhispertheirdrowsysong.

WhenwhitemenfirstcametothePacificislands,theyfoundthatthepeoplelivingtherewerelikehappychildren.Theyweretallmenandbeautifulwomenwhoseemednottohaveacareintheworld.Coconutpalmsandbreadfruittreesgrewatthedoorsoftheirhuts.Theoceanwasfilledwithturtlesandfish,readyforthenet.

Theislandershadlittleneedforclothing.Therewasalmostnodisease.

Cruelandbloodywarssometimesbrokeoutbetweenneighboringtribes,andcanoeraidsweresometimesmadeonnearbyislands.Thestrongwarriorsenjoyedfighting.Manyoftheislanderswerecannibals,whocookedandatetheenemiestheykilled.Thiswaspartoftheirlawandreligion.Thesesavages,however,wereusuallyfriendly,courteous,andhospitable.SomeoftheearlyexplorersweresofascinatedwiththePacificislandsthattheyneverreturnedtotheirowncountries.Theypreferredtostay.

ThePacificislandshavechangedagreatdealsincewhitemenfirstlandedontheirshores.Thepeaceful-lookingislandsarestillthere,butthepeoplewhooncelivedinsuchcarefreehappinessarevanishing.Onislandswherethousandslivedahundredyearsago,onlyafewscoreareleft.EnchantmentoftheSouthSeasHeregreatdisturbancesattheheartoftheearthcausedmountainsandvolcanoestoriseabovethewater.TheairthatsweepstheSouthSeaIslandsisfragrantwithflowersandspice.南部諸海的魅力迷人的南部諸海在那里，由于地心劇烈活動(dòng)，使山脈和火山露出水面。散發(fā)著鮮花和香料芬芳的微風(fēng)輕輕地吹拂著南太平洋諸島。WarmingupActivitytherollingswellsbreakinanever-endingroarontheshores.Theyweretallmenandbeautifulwomenwhoseemednottohaveacareintheworld.

Theoceanwasfilledwithturtlesandfish,readyforthenet.Theislandershadlittleneedforclothing.奔騰的巨浪拍打著海岸,咆哮不止。男人身材高大，婦女婀娜多姿，他們無憂無慮，好像對世界上的一切都不操心似的。海洋里魚鱉成群，張網(wǎng)可得。島上人幾乎不需要什么衣服。WarmingupActivityCruelandbloodywarssometimesbrokeoutbetweenneighboringtribes,SomeoftheearlyexplorersweresofascinatedwiththePacificislandsthattheyneverreturnedtotheirowncountries.Thepeaceful-lookingislandsarestillthere,butthepeoplewhooncelivedinsuchcarefreehappinessarevanishing.鄰近部落之間有時(shí)會(huì)爆發(fā)殘酷的流血戰(zhàn)爭。一些早期的探險(xiǎn)家因?yàn)樘詰龠@些太平洋島嶼而不再返回自己的國家和平寧靜的島嶼依然如故，但那些曾經(jīng)在島嶼上無憂無慮地生活過的人正在消失。WarmingupActivityReflection:Cantheitalicizedwordsineachsentencebetranslateddirectlyinitsoriginalpartofspeech?Howcanwetranslatetheminanaturalway?Whattechniquedidyouuseintranslatingthem?Whyisitnecessaryforatranslatortoconvertpartsofspeechintranslation?WarmingupActivity8Conversion(詞類轉(zhuǎn)換)Whatisconversion?Whyconvert?Transitionofpartofspeech9Conversion(詞類轉(zhuǎn)換)DefinitionofconversionV.converttochange(something)intoanotherform,substance,state,orproduct;transform;Tochange(something)fromoneuse,function,orpurposetoanother;adapttoanewordifferentpurposeToexchangeforsomethingofequalvalue10convertwaterintoiceconvertforestintofarmlandconvertassetintocashconversionawordinsourcelanguageusedasacertainpartofspeechhasoftentobechangedintoadifferentpartofspeechinconformitywiththeusageofthetargetlanguage.Conversion(詞類轉(zhuǎn)換)11Conversion(詞類轉(zhuǎn)換)Whyconvert?

differenceinsyntacticstructureandidiomsbetweenEnglishandChineseinEnglishnouns/nounphrasespronounsprepositionusedfrequentlyconjunctionspassivevoice12Conversion(詞類轉(zhuǎn)換)Someexamples:Itwasbeyondexpectationforamanofyourtaste.遇到像你這么風(fēng)趣（有品位）的人，真是出乎預(yù)料。Theearthistheshapeofapear.地球是梨形的。Thestreetsweresocrowdedthatourcarhadtogoveryslowly.街上太擁擠了，汽車只好慢慢開了。13Conversion(詞類轉(zhuǎn)換)inChineseverbsusedfrequentlyadjectivesarticles usedinEnglishabsentinChinesequalifiersmayabsentinEnglishusedinChineseConversion---Qualifiers中文里有很多量詞，常見的如“只”、“個(gè)”，其中有幾十個(gè)量詞在英語里沒有對應(yīng)詞一個(gè)人兩個(gè)小孩

一個(gè)鼻子一個(gè)耳朵一個(gè)手指頭一個(gè)蘋果一個(gè)橘子一個(gè)月亮一個(gè)太陽洗個(gè)澡敬個(gè)禮一個(gè)小時(shí)兩個(gè)月四個(gè)星期

15Conversion(詞類轉(zhuǎn)換)tensesshowedinverbforms(English)notshowninverbfromorabsent(Chinese)repetitiontendtobeavoided(English)

preferred(Chinese)

subjectmaynotbeomitted(English)

maybeomitted(Chinese)

16Conversion(詞類轉(zhuǎn)換)Someexamples:Hissuccessisoutofquestion.他必成功。Hissuccessisoutofthequestion.他必失敗。Heisastudent,andmustbetreatedassuch.他是一個(gè)學(xué)生，就一定要按學(xué)生來對待。17Conversion(詞類轉(zhuǎn)換)Inconclusion：英語重形合，漢語重意合Englishisalanguageofphoneme,inwhichhypotaxis(從屬關(guān)系)isthestructuremainlyused.Chineseisalanguageofideograph,inwhichparataxis(并列關(guān)系)isthestructuremainlyused.Conversion英語語法可以說是一種“形合”語法，即注重形式聯(lián)系，以動(dòng)詞為中心，通過詞型變化和各種連詞、介詞來表現(xiàn)詞與詞之間的相互關(guān)系，通過句子成份的“各居其位”來體現(xiàn)意義漢語語法可以說是一種“意合”語法，即詞語間的組合以達(dá)意為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對詞的形式，順序沒有太多特定的要求19Conversion(詞類轉(zhuǎn)換)Therefore,atranslationwithawordforwordcorrespondencemaynotresultinasmoothandnaturalsentence.itisnecessarytochangethepartofspeechofaparticularword詞類轉(zhuǎn)換是英漢翻譯很重要的手段之一，運(yùn)用得當(dāng)，可以使可能生硬晦澀的譯文更加靈活變通，不必拘泥于原文形式，卻能更準(zhǔn)確傳達(dá)出原文內(nèi)涵。教學(xué)內(nèi)容：英譯漢的常用詞類轉(zhuǎn)換形式

Conversion轉(zhuǎn)換

ConversioninEnglish-ChineseTranslation

英譯漢的常用詞類轉(zhuǎn)換形式1、ConvertingintoVerbs2、ConvertingintoNouns3、ConvertingintoAdjectives4、ConvertingintoAdverbs5、ConversionofSentenceElements

英語句子中只能有一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞，因此傾向于多用名詞、形容詞和介詞表達(dá)意思?，F(xiàn)代漢語中動(dòng)詞占優(yōu)勢，一個(gè)句子不限于只用一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，可以連續(xù)使用幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞，即所謂的動(dòng)詞連用，這是現(xiàn)代漢語句法的顯著特征之一。Familiesupstairshavetocarrypailstothehydrantdownstairsforwater.

住在樓上的人家得提著水桶去樓下的水龍頭打水。1、ConvertingintoVerbsTheycomeoutontothevillagegreenandphotographeachotherinastonearmchair,

saidtobethethroneofArtila.

(NancyMitford:TheWaterBeetle)譯文：他們踏上村中草地，看到一張石椅，聽說是匈奴王阿提拉的寶座，就要照相；一個(gè)個(gè)登上大位，你給我照，我給你照。（翁顯良譯）賞析：原文里只使用了兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞，而譯文中卻有六七個(gè)動(dòng)詞之多，前面幾個(gè)動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)連用，中間不用任何連接詞，純靠動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后而產(chǎn)生語義上的關(guān)聯(lián)，讀來順暢，自然。從另一個(gè)角度來看，原文信息焦點(diǎn)在"photographeachother"，如將原文后半部譯為"互相在據(jù)說是匈奴王阿提拉的寶座的石椅上照相"，未免有頭重腳輕之嫌，用"一個(gè)個(gè)登上大位,你給我照,我給你照"稍稍展開一下，既彌補(bǔ)了這種缺陷，又使敘述更加生動(dòng)，形象。1、ConvertingintoVerbs1）NounsConvertedintoVerbs含有動(dòng)作意味的名詞：Thesightandsoundofourjetplanesfilledmewithspeciallonging.

看到我們的噴氣式飛機(jī)，聽見隆隆的機(jī)聲，我感到心馳神往。由動(dòng)詞派生的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞：Rocketshavefoundapplicationfortheexplorationoftheuniverse.

火箭己被用來探索宇宙。1、ConvertingintoVerbs表示動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者的名詞表達(dá)動(dòng)詞意義：IthinkmylittlesisterisabetterteacherthanI.

我認(rèn)為我的妹妹比我教得好。當(dāng)指職業(yè)時(shí)一般不轉(zhuǎn)譯：Sheisawell-knownsinger.Someofmyclassmatesaregoodsingers.1、ConvertingintoVerbs使句子通順、語義完整Highbloodpressureisacontraindicationforthisdrug.

高血壓患者忌服此藥。2）PrepositionsConvertedintoVerbsAforceisneededtomoveanobjectagainstinertia.

為使物體克服慣性而運(yùn)動(dòng)，就需要個(gè)力。Partyofficialsworkedlonghoursonmeagerfood,incoldcaves,bydimlamps.

黨的干部每天長時(shí)間工作，吃的是粗茶淡飯，住的是冰冷的窯洞，點(diǎn)的是昏暗的油燈。1、ConvertingintoVerbs3）AdjectivesConvertedintoVerbs作表語的形容詞如果是表示意識(shí)、感覺、感情、欲望等等，經(jīng)常譯作動(dòng)詞。這些形容詞包括：confident，certain，

careful，cautious，angry，sure，ignorant，afraid，doubtful，aware，concerned，glad，delighted，sorry，ashamed，thankful，anxious，grateful，able，etc.Doctorshavesaidthattheyarenotsuretheycansavehislife.

醫(yī)生說他們不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。Thefactthatshewasabletosendamessagewasahint.ButIhadtobecautious.

她能夠給我?guī)€(gè)信兒這件事就是個(gè)暗示，但是我必須小心謹(jǐn)慎。1、ConvertingintoVerbs4）AdverbsConvertedintoVerbsWhentheswitchisoff,thecircuitisopenandelectricitydoesn'tgothrough.

當(dāng)開關(guān)斷開時(shí)，電路就形成開路，電流不能通過。Inthiscasethetemperatureinthefurnaceisup.

這種情況下，爐溫就升高。Thatdayhewasupbeforesunrise.

那天他在日出以前就起床了。1、ConvertingintoVerbs“Whatthedevilareyoudoingawayfromyourworkatthistimeo‘day?”(ThomasHardy:Tessofthed'Urbervilles)譯文：“你他媽怎么這時(shí)跑開了，不快快干活？”（張谷若譯）

賞析：原文語言鄙俗，譯文語言也當(dāng)鄙俗，故有“你他媽”放在句前?！安豢炜旄苫睢比サ粢参磭L不可，只是這樣的話，句子讀來便有點(diǎn)太局促了，語氣舒展不開。1、ConvertingintoVerbsHeshowedwithhiseyesthatheheard,butmadenosignofassentordissent.

從他的眼神看得出他聽到了，但沒有表示同意與否。Theyweresuspiciousandresentfulofhim.

他們不信任他，怨恨他。Ifwewereignorantofthestructureoftheatom,itwouldbeimpossibleforustostudynuclearphysics.如果我們不知道原子的結(jié)構(gòu)，就不可能研究原子物理學(xué)。TimetoPracticeWiththepassageoftime,myadmirationforhimgrewmoreandmore.

隨著時(shí)間的消逝，我對他越來越敬慕。（我對他仰慕之情與日俱增）Ifliedstraightahead,acrosstheharbourandoutoverthesea.

我筆直地向前飛行，越過港口，飛到海面上空。TimetoPracticeTheseproblemsdefyeasyclassification.

這些問題難以歸類。Hehadsurfacedwithlessvisibilityinthepolicydecisions.

在決策過程中，他已經(jīng)不那么拋頭露面了。Anacquaintanceofworldhistoryishelpfultothestudyofcurrentaffairs.

了解世界歷史有助于研究時(shí)事。TimetoPracticeLaserisoneofthemostsensationaldevelopmentsinrecentyears,becauseofitsapplicabilitytomanyfieldsofscienceanditsadaptabilitytopracticaluses.

激光可以應(yīng)用于許多科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，又適合于各種用途，因此成了近年來轟動(dòng)一時(shí)的科學(xué)成就之一。Heisno

smoker,buthisfatherisachain-smoker.

他不抽煙，但他父親抽起來沒完。TimetoPractice1）VerbsConvertedintoNouns有些名詞派生的動(dòng)詞無法直譯為動(dòng)詞：Suchmaterialsarecharacterizedbygoodinsulationandhighresistancetowear.這些材料的特點(diǎn)是：絕緣性好，耐磨性強(qiáng)。2、ConvertingintoNouns為了譯文流暢 Theearthonwhichweliveisshapedaball.

我們居住的地球，形狀象一個(gè)大球。Thefilmimpressedhimdeeply.

這部電影給他留下了深刻的印象。2）AdjectivesConvertedintoNounsthe+adj.:Theydidtheirbesttohelpthesickandthewounded.

他們盡了最大的努力幫助病號和傷員。自然屬性Inthefissionprocessthefissionfragmentsareveryradioactive.

在裂變過程中，裂變碎片具有強(qiáng)烈的放射性。2、ConvertingintoNouns3）PronounsConvertedintoNouns還原代詞所代替的名詞Thespecificresistanceofironisnotsosmallasthat

ofcopper.

鐵的電阻系數(shù)不如銅的電阻系數(shù)那樣小。Theresultofthisexperimentismuchbetterthanthose

ofpreviousones.

這次實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果比前幾次的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果都好得多。2、ConvertingintoNounsAwell-dressedman,wholookedandtalkedlikeanAmerican,gotintothecar.

一個(gè)穿著講究的人上了車，他的外表和談吐都象個(gè)美國人。Theyhavenotdonesowellideologically

asorganizationally.

他們的思想工作沒有他們的組織工作做得好。TimetoPracticeThedesignaimsatautomaticoperation,easyregulation,simplemaintenanceandhighproductivity.

設(shè)計(jì)的目的在于自動(dòng)操作，調(diào)節(jié)方便，維護(hù)簡易，生產(chǎn)率高。Heisphysicallyweakbutmentallysound.

他身體雖弱，但心智健全。

TimetoPractice1）NounsConvertedintoAdjectivesThepallorofherfaceindicatedclearlyhowshewasfeelingatthemoment.

她蒼白的臉色清楚地表明了她那時(shí)的情緒。Thisexperimentwasasuccess.

這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)很成功。Wefounddifficultyinsolvingthiscomplicatedproblem.

我們發(fā)現(xiàn)很難解決這個(gè)復(fù)雜的問題。Thesecurityandwarmthofthedestroyer'ssickbaywerewonderful.

驅(qū)逐艦的病室很安全也很溫暖，好極了。3、ConvertingintoAdjectives2)AdverbsConvertedintoAdjectivesEarthquakesarecloselyrelatedtofaulting.

地震與地層斷裂有密切的關(guān)系。ThePresidenthadpreparedmeticulouslyforhisjourney.

總統(tǒng)為這次出訪作了十分周密的準(zhǔn)備。3、ConvertingintoAdjectivesMyaudiencevariedfromtenstothousands.

我的聽眾少則幾十人，多則數(shù)千人。（聽我演講的人數(shù)從幾十人到數(shù)千人不等）Independentobservershavecommentedfavorablyontheachievementyouhavemadeinthisdirection.

有獨(dú)到見解的觀察家們對你們在這方面所取得的成就給與了好評。Sincehelosthisjob,he’sbeenaloner.

他失業(yè)以后，就很不合群了。TimetoPracticeAsheisaperfectstrangerinthecity,Ihopeyouwillgivehimthenecessaryhelp.

他對這個(gè)城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能給他必要的幫助。Hehadthekindnesstoshowmetheway.

他很好心地為我指路。Hespokewithfirmness,buthisfacewasverysadandhiseyesattimesweredim.

他講話時(shí)態(tài)度堅(jiān)決，但面帶愁容，時(shí)而眼神暗淡。TimetoPracticeShepromptlyshepherdedthemoutofthecrowdedlivingroomandintotheprivacyofthelibrary.

她迅速帶他們離開熙熙攘攘的客廳，來到私密的圖書室。Sometimeswehavetopaydearlyformistakes.

有時(shí)候我們不得不為錯(cuò)誤付出昂貴的代價(jià)。TimetoPractice1）AdjectivesConvertedintoAdverbs名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞時(shí)，修飾名詞的形容詞也就轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞Below4℃waterisincontinuousexpansioninsteadofcontinuouscontraction.

水在4攝氏度以下就不斷地膨脹，而不是不斷地收縮。Buckleywasinaclearminority.

巴克利顯然屬于少數(shù)。4、ConvertingintoAdverbs2)NounsandVerbsConvertedintoAdverbsIhavethehonortoinformyouthatyourrequestisgranted.

我榮幸地通知您，您的請求己得到批準(zhǔn)。Thenewmayorearnedsomeappreciationbythecourtesyofcomingtovisitthecitypoor.新市長禮貌地前來訪問城市貧民，獲得了他們的一些好感。4、ConvertingintoAdverbsTheintermittentflashesoflighteningmadeusturnapprehensiveglancestowards

thehighway.

斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的閃電使得我們不時(shí)憂慮地朝著高速公路方向望去。Ahelicopterisfreetogoalmostanywhere.

直升飛機(jī)幾乎可以自由地飛到任何地方去。Hewhoissubjecttotemptationstendstoerr.

不能抗拒誘惑的人往往會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤。TimetoPracticeThespeechwasaclearexplanationofthePresident'sreasonsforbeingwillingtobeginaChinese-Americandialogue.

這篇發(fā)言清楚地說明了總統(tǒng)希望開始中美對話的原因。Thisissheernonsense.

這完全是胡說。Thethiefmadeatremblingconfessionofhiswrongdoing.

小偷哆哆嗦嗦地招認(rèn)了自己的違法行為。TimetoPracticeAsthematchburns,heatandlightaregivenoff.

火柴燃燒時(shí)發(fā)出光和熱。(fromthesubjecttotheobject)Thissortofstonehasarelativedensityof2.7.

這種石頭的相對密度是2.7。(fromtheobjecttothesubject)Thebabydoubleditsweightinayear.

嬰兒的體重一年中長了一倍。(fromthesubjecttotheattributive)Shebehavesasifshewereachild.

她的舉止像是個(gè)孩子。(fromthepredicatetothesubject)5、ConversionofSentenceElementsThemasteryoflanguageisnoteasyandrequirespainstakingefforts.語言這東西不是隨便可以學(xué)好的，非下苦功不可。Theadoptionofthisnewdevicewillgreatlycutdownthepercentageofdefectiveproducts.采用這種新裝置可以大大降低廢品率。

TimetoPractice他在講話中特別強(qiáng)調(diào)提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。ThebookisareflectionofChinesesocietyinthe1930s.這本書反映了30年代的中國社會(huì)。 Boysthinkdifferentlyfromgirls.男孩與女孩的思維方式不同。

?Inhisspeechhelaidspecialemphasisonraisingthequalityoftheproducts.Theydonotknowathingaboutfactorywork,noraboutfarmwork.,noraboutmilitaryaffairs.他們一不會(huì)做工，二不會(huì)種地，三不會(huì)打仗

Hewasaregularvisitor.他以前經(jīng)常來。Independentthinkingisanabsolutenecessityinstudy.獨(dú)立思考對學(xué)習(xí)是絕對必需的。

TimetoPracticeAppreciation---PoetryTranslation明月幾時(shí)有，把酒問青天。不知天上宮闕，今夕是何年。我欲乘風(fēng)歸去，又恐瓊樓玉宇，高處不勝寒，

起舞弄清影，何似在人間。轉(zhuǎn)朱閣，低綺戶，照無眠。不應(yīng)有恨，何事長向別時(shí)圓。

人有悲歡離合，月有陰晴圓缺，此事古難全。但愿人長久，千里共嬋娟。水調(diào)歌頭

(蘇軾)明月幾時(shí)有，把酒問青天。不知天上宮闕，今夕是何年。Appreciation---PoetryTranslationWhenwillthemoonbeclearandbright?

Withacupofwineinmyhand,Iaskthebluesky.

Idon'tknowwhatseasonitwouldbeintheheavensonthisnight.Howlongwillthefullmoonappear？Winecupinhand,Iaskthesky.IdonotknowwhattimeoftheyearTwouldbetonightinthepalaceonhigh.

Howrarethemoon,soroundandclear!Withcupinhand,Iaskofthebluesky,"Idonotknowinthecelestial(天空的)sphereWhatnamethisfestivenightgoesby？”

許淵沖先生譯作林語堂先生譯作我欲乘風(fēng)歸去，又恐瓊樓玉宇，高處不勝寒，起舞弄清影，何似在人間。Appreciation---PoetryTranslationI‘dliketoridethewindtoflyhome.

YetIfearthecrystalandjade

mansionsaremuchtoohighand