英語語言學(xué)導(dǎo)論

Islanguageasystem?申Yes.Isthereintrinsicconnectionbetweenformandmeaning?No.It'sarbitrary.Languageisasystemwhosepartscanandmustbeconsideredintheirsynchronicsolidarity.(deSaussure,1916)[Languageis]aset(finiteorinfinite)ofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.(Chomsky,1957)Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Asystemelementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules.Theycannotbearrangedatwill.e.g.Hethetablecleaned. bkliArbitrarythereisnointrinsic(logic)connectionbetweenalinguisticformanditsmeaning.?Vocal theprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound,nomatterhowwelldevelopedtheirwritingsystemsare.Writingsystemscameintobeingmuchlaterthanthespokenforms.Peoplewithlittleornoliteracycanalsobecompetentlanguageusers.Symbolswordsarejustthesymbolsassociatedwithobjects,actions,andideasbyconvention.Humanlanguageishuman-specific.Humanbeingshavedifferentkindsofbrainsandvocalcapacity.“LanguageAcquisitionDevice”(LAD)語言習(xí)得機制OriginoflanguageThedivinetheory神論說Godcreatedlanguageforhumanbeings.Thebow-wowtheory擬聲說Languagedevelopedfromtheimitationofthecallsofanimals.Thepooh-poohtheory感嘆說Languagedevelopedfrominstinctivesoundsofpain,angerandjoyofhumanbeings.The“yo-he-ho”theory韻律說Languagedevelopedfromrhythmicgruntsofpeoplewhentheyworkedtogether.PropertiesofLanguage-DesignfeaturesArbitrariness[‘a(chǎn):bi,trorinis]任意性?Thearbitrarypropertyoflanguagemeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweensoundsandmeanings(formandmeaning).ArbitrarinessArbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaningArbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevel>Thesentenceislessarbitrarythanwords.Correspondencebetweenwordorderandnaturalevent.ArbitrarinessandconventionWhilearbitrarinessmakeslanguageflexibleandcreative,conventionmakesitstableandlaborioustolearn.Conventionalityismoreimportantthanarbitrarinessinlearningalanguage.Duality二元性Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels.TwolevelsofstructuresPrimarylevel:meaningfulunits(e.g.words)Secondarylevel:meaninglessunits(e.g.sounds)Productivity多產(chǎn)性Thespeakerisabletocombinethebasiclinguisticunitstoformaninfinitesetofsentences,mostofwhichareneverbeforeproducedorheard.Eg.Heboughtabook/whichwaswrittenbyateacher/whotaughtinaschool/whichwasknownforitsgraduates/who...Wecanspeakanendlessnumberofsentenceswithalimitedvocabulary,andonesentencecanexpandintoendlesstheoreticallypossiblesentencesinthewayofrecurring.Culturaltransmission文化傳遞性心Howdidyoulearnlanguage?Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,thedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnedanew.Itispasseddownfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.Displacement時間移位性Tosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.FunctionsofLanguagePracticalfunctionsTochat,tothink,tobuyandsell,toreadandwrite,togreetpeople...AbstractfunctionsTorefer,toinform,tocommunicate.-Halliday2003?Threebroadfunctionsoflanguage(Page10)?Jakobson

?Sixkeyelementsofcommunication?Sixbasicfunctionsoflanguage?Huetal:(7functions)FunctionsofLanguage心Halliday(born1925)FunctionalGrammarIdeationalFunction概念功能InterpersonalFunction人際功能TextualFunction語篇功能M.A.K.Halliday―Threebroadfunctionsoflanguage9IdeationalXLanguageexpressesourperceptionoftheworld9InterpersonalXLanguageenablesustocommunicatewithpeople9TextualXLanguageisusedtoorganisetexts:writtenandspokenFunctionsofLanguageJakobsonSixkeyelementsofcommunicationaddresser,addressee,context,message,code,contactFrameworkoflanguagefunctions-referential所指功能(toexpressattitudes,(topersuadeand(toconveymessage(toclearuppoetic詩學(xué)功能emotive情感功能conative意動功能phatic交感功能metalingual元語言功能(toexpressattitudes,(topersuadeand(toconveymessage(toclearupAddresseremotive情感feelingsandemotions)(e.g.'Oh!')Addressee—Conative意動influenceothersthroughcommandsandentreaties)(eg.imperatives:Comehere!)Context-referential所指andinformation)(eg.TheEarthisround;Waterboilsat100degrees.)Codemetalingual元語言intentions,wordsandmeanings).Whatdoyoumeanby'krill'?ContactPhatic交感 (toestablishcommunionwithothers)(e.g.Goodmorning!)Message---Poetic詩學(xué) (toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake)?(e.g.'Oh!')胡壯麟SevenbasicfunctionsoflanguageInformative信息功能Interpersonal人際功能Performative施為功能Emotive感情功能Phatic交感功能Recreational娛樂性功能Metalingual元語言功能InformativefunctionoflanguageThepredominantfunctionoflanguage,alsocalledideationalfunctionintheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar.LanguageexpressesourperceptionoftheworldInterpersonalfunctionoflanguageThemostimportantfunctioninsociologicaluseoflanguage.Toexpresstheidenttyoftheaddresserandaddressee.Forexample,Physicalidentity:age,sex,voiceprint,etc.Psychologicalidentity:language,personality,intelligence,etc.Geographicalidentity:accent,dialect,etc.Ethnicalandsocialidentity:class,status,role,solidarity,distance,etc.Toexpresstheaddresser'sattitudetowardwhathespeaksorwritesabout.(e.g.DearSir,DearProfessor,Johnny,yours,yourobedientservant)PerformativefunctionoflanguageTochangethesocialstatusofpersons.Inmarriageceremonies:NowIpronounceyoumanandwife.Inalawcourt:NowIsentenceyouto3threeyearsimprisonment.Inchurch:MayGodblessy'all.Inalaunchingceremony:NowInametheshipElizabethII.Incursingsomeone:Goddamnit.Tocontrolreality一inChinese：歲歲平安-Everyyearbesafeandhappy.EmotivefunctionoflanguageTochangetheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.一Whatasight,Wow,Ugh,Ow...Toexpressone'sownfeelingswithoutanyimplicationofcommunicatingwithothers一Damn!Man!Oh,boy!Andhurrah!PhaticfunctionoflanguageWeallusesuchsmall,seeminglymeaninglessexpressionstomaintainacomfortablerelationshipbetweenpeoplewi