2012年全國碩士研究生招生考試英語(一)試題(完整版)及參考答案

SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.（10points）①TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.②Thecourtcannot1itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw2justicesbehavelikepoliticians.③Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat3thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentand69impartial.④JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.⑤Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe4asimpartialjudgments.⑥Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot5byanethicscode.⑦Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself6tothecodeofconductthat7totherestofthefederaljudiciary.⑧Thisandothersimilarcases8thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla9betweenthecourtandpolitics.⑨TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw10havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.⑩Theygavejusticespermanentpositions11theywouldbefreeto12thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto13politicalsupport.?Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely14.?Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial15likelibertyandproperty.?Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit16isinescapablypolitical—whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily17asunjust.?Thejusticesmust18doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves19tothecodeofconduct.?Thatwouldmaketheirrulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,20,convincingaslaw.[276words]1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]unless3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated4.[A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D]accepted5.[A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]leads[D]applies8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict10.[A]by[B]as[C]through[D]towards11.[A]so[B]since[C]provided[D]though12.[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace13.[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer14.[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied15.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conventions16.[A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls17.[A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D]distorted18.[A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D]ignore19.[A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable20.[A]byallmeans[B]atallcosts[C]inaword[D]asaresultSectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing［A］,［B］,［C］or［D］.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1①Comeon—Everybody’sdoingit.②Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.③Itusuallyleadstonogood—drinking,drugsandcasualsex.④ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheworld.①Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexamplesofthesocialcureinaction:In70SouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.②InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.①Theideaseemspromising,andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.②Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.③“Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers—teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.④Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.①Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.②JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.③Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.④RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.⑤EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.①There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.②Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits—aswellasnegativeones—spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.③Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.①Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.②It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.③Thetacticneverreallyworks.④Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.[432words]21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas[A]asupplementtothesocialcure.[B]astimulustogroupdynamics.[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress.[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors.22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublic-healthadvocatesshould[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers.[B]learnfromadvertisers’experience.[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers.[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements.23.Intheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfailsto[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors.[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure.[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding.[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect.24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends.[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies.[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit.[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits.25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis[A]harmful.[B]desirable.[C]profound.[D]questionable.71Text2①Adealisadeal—except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.②Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestate’sstrictnuclearregulations.①Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnot:challengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.②It’sastunningmove.①Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.②Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.③In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.④Then,too,thecompanywentalong.①EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.②Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin2007andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement—especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.③EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.①Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.②Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaytheVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.③Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.④ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.①ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.②Butthereshouldbeconsequences.③Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapublictrust.④Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.⑤PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.⑥ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecompany’sapplication,itshouldkeepinmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.[442words]26.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3,Para.1)isclosestinmeaningto[A]condemning.[B]reaffirming.[C]dishonoring.[D]securing.27.Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintendedto[A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.[B]seekfavorfromthefederallegislature.[C]acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense.[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.28.AccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits[A]managerialpractices.[B]technicalinnovativeness.[C]financialgoals.[D]businessvision29.Intheauthor’sview,theVermontcasewilltest[A]Entergy’scapacitytofulfillallitspromises.[B]thematureofstates’patchworkregulations.72[C]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.[D]thelimitsofstates’powerovernuclearissues.30.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]Entergy’sbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.[B]theauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.[D]Vermont’sreputationmightbedamaged.Text3①Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.②Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.③Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.④Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.⑤Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.①Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.②Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.③Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.④Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.⑤Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.①Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.②But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.③Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.④Asadiscoveryclaimworksitswaythroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.①Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.②First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.③Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.④Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.⑤Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.⑥Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.⑦NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertSzent-Gy?rgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”⑧Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.⑨Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.①Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim—aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.②“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits[A]uncertaintyandcomplexity.[B]misconceptionanddeceptiveness.[C]logicalityandobjectivity.[D]systematicnessandregularity.32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatthecredibilityprocessrequires[A]strictinspection.[B]sharedefforts.73[C]individualwisdom.[D]persistentinnovation.33.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit[A]hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.[B]hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.[C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.[D]hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.34.AlbertSzent-Gy?rgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat[A]scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.[B]discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.[C]effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.[D]scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetext?[A]NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment[B]CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery[C]EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience[D]ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScienceText4①IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservants.②WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.③In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica’spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.④InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.①Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions’thriving.②First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.③Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.④AquarterofAmerica’spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.⑤Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.⑥Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.⑦Britain’sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.⑧Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.①Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.②MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate’sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.③Theteachers’unionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.①Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.②Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.③Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded”public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.①Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostnotoriouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.②Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers’unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.①Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.②InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.③Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.①JohnDonahueatHarvard’sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.②TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.③Bankers’fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnot74rewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.36.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthat[A]Teamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers.[B]JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant.[C]unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership.[D]thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists.37.WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?[A]Public-sectorunionsareprudentintakingactions.[B]Educationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership.[C]LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions.[D]Public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions.38.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeinthestatesectoris[A]illegallysecured.[B]indirectlyaugmented.[C]excessivelyincreased.[D]fairlyadjusted.39.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunions[A]oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem.[B]canchangepeople’spoliticalattitudes.[C]maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms.[D]aredominantinthegovernment.40.JohnDonahue’sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneof[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.PartBDirections：Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41－45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA－Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealisethatyouareflying,higherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptop,thinnerthanabrown-paperenvelope,oryourcellphoneinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwotowonderatthosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses,warriors,entrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprintingpress,studioandtheatre,paintbrushandgallery,pianoandradio,themailaswellasthemailcarrier.（41）.Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice,thefirstmediamachinethatservesasthemodeofproduction,meansofdistribution,siteofreception,andplaceofpraiseandcritique.Thecomputeristhe21stcentury’sculturemachine.Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputer,wemustalsotreadwithcaution.（42）.Icallitasecretwarfortworeasons.First,mostpeopledonotrealisethattherearestrongcommercialagendasatworktokeeptheminpassiveconsumptionmode.Second,themajorityofpeoplewhousenetworkedcomputerstouploadarenotevenawareofthesignificanceofwhattheyaredoing.Allanimalsdownload,butonlyafewupload.Beaversbuilddamsandbirdsmakenests.Yetforthemostpart,theanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading.Humansareuniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundandusethemtocreatesuperfluousmaterialgoods—paintings,sculpture75andarchitecture—andsuperfluousexperiences—music,literature,religionandphilosophy.（43）.Forallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachines,mostpeoplearestillstuckindownloadmode.Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmedia,apyramidofproductionremains,withasmallnumberofpeopleuploadingmaterial,aslightlylargergroupcommentingonormodifyingthatcontent,andahugepercentageremainingcontenttojustconsume.（44）.Televisionisaone-waytapflowingintoourhomes.Thehardesttaskthattelevisionasksofanyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnediton.（45）.Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading?Mydefinitionrevolvesaroundtheconceptof“stickiness”—creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere.[A]Ofcourse,itispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureandultimatelywhatitistobehuman.Downloadingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskills,butfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituentofhumanity.[B]Applicationslike,whichallowuserstocombinepictures,wordsandothermediaincreativewaysandthensharethem,havethepotentialtoaddstickinessbyamusing,entertainingandenlighteningothers.[C]Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday.[D]Thisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetweendownloadinganduploading—betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreation—whoseoutcomewillshapeourcollectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegintoimagine.[E]ThechallengethecomputermountstotelevisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytooneformatbeingreplacedbyanotherinthemannerofrecordplayersbeingreplacedbyCDplayers.[F]Onereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepasthalf-century,muchoftheworld’smediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemedium—television—andtelevisionisdefinedbydownloading.[G]Thenetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchancein50yearstoreversetheflow,toencouragethoughtfuldownloadingand,evenmoreimportantly,meaningfuluploading.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)SincethedaysofAristotle,asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharacterizedthescientificenterprise.Insomeways,thisquestforcommonalitiesdefinesscience.Newton’slawsofmotionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferentphenomenaintoasingleexplicatoryframework.(46)Inphysics,oneapproachtakesthisimpulseforunificationtoitsextreme,andseeksatheoryofeverything—asinglegenerativeequationforallwesee.Itisbecominglessclear,however,thatsuchatheorywouldbeasimplification,giventhedimensionsanduniversesthatitmightentail.Nonetheless,unificationofsortsremainsamajorgoal.Thistendencyinthenaturalscienceshaslongbeenevidentinthesocialsciencestoo.(47)Here,Darwinismseemstoofferjustification,forifallhumanssharecommonorigins,itseemsreasonabletosupposethatculturaldiversitycouldalsobetracedtomoreconstrainedbeginnings.Justasthebewilderingvarietyofhumancourtshipritualsmightallbeconsideredformsofsexualselection,perhapstheworld’slanguages,music,socialandreligiouscustomsandevenhistoryaregovernedbyuniversalfeatures.(48)Tofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehavioraroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms.That,atleast,isthehope.Butacomparativestudyoflinguistictraitspu