閱讀-2月精讀團講義上

3A邏輯第24【請密切留意講座課程通知】請關(guān)：托福閱公 ：威學(xué)托個 ：22月精讀團如果想學(xué)習(xí)之前精讀團的內(nèi)容，也可以享受半驚！驚！24 我們課程時間安排是：1252730224710點。安排如下：1.25-P1文章精讀講解1.27-P2P3文章精讀講1.30P4P5文章精讀講2.2P6P7文章精讀講2.4P8P9P10每次上課前要自己完成題目，把文章的生詞查出來，句子一句話一句話翻譯出，，盡量來，如果實在沒法來上課，第二天會發(fā)錄屏，錄屏是加密的，一人一臺機器使用，注意：蘋mac沒法，需要按照虛擬機或者雙系統(tǒng)1.25a)570詞匯書《570個單詞輕松征服托福；當(dāng)當(dāng)網(wǎng)亞馬遜京東都可以買到不管你之前背了多少詞匯，570是我們精讀團的詞匯基礎(chǔ)，必須要熟練掌握買好570詞匯之后，就聽570詞霸營配套的錄屏；地址 /s/1kTs13fT570搞定之后就可以開始試聽詞霸營的單詞啦：地址 /s/1nty2UvB /s/1o6vdiSq詞匯問題解決之后，然后就開始做句子簡化題（在群共享）句子簡化題現(xiàn)階段就是翻譯句子，P1:MatingSongsofThecallingorsingingplaysanimportantroleintheirreproduction-specifically,inhelindividualsfindandselectmates.Soundhasmanyadvantagesasacommunicationsignal.Whensoundsarebroadcast,theauditoryreceptorsdonotneedtobeinaparticularorientationrelativetothesoundsourceinordertoreceivestimulation.Loudsongs,Soundstravelaroundlargeobstacles.Theseadvantagesarenotfoundinthevisualmodality,wherethereceivermustbeattentiveandhaveitsvisualreceptororientatedinthecorrectdirection.Further,mostandtoadsbreedatnight,whenlightlevelsarelowbutsoundscanbeeasilylocalized.Wecanconcludethatauditorysignalsareusedbyandtoadsbecausetheycanbeeffectiveoverlongdistancesatnight.Maledomostofthecourtshipcalling.Othermalecanrespondbyaddingtheirvoicestoformacallingchorus.Malecanalsovocalizetoeachotheraspartofaggressivedisplays.Aggressivecallscanbedistinctfromtheadvertisementcallsusedtoattractfemales.Femalescanrespondtomalesongsbymovingtowardthesoundsourceorbyselectingcertainmalesasreproductivepartners.Insomespeciesfemalesalsorespondtomalesbycalling:receptivepairscanevenperformduets.Predatorsmayalsocueinoncallingaspotentialprey.canindicatethesizeoftheindividualthatiscalling.Sincemanyexhibitindeterminategrowth(i.e.Theykeepgettingbiggerastheygetolder),sizeisagoodpredictorofrelativeage.Inmanyspecies,callamplitudeisincreasedbyspecializedvocalsacsthatcanenlargeastheanimalgrows;thus,olderproduceloudercalls.Themale’sagematterstothefemalebecauseolderhavesuccessfullysurvivedtheenvironmentalhazardsthattheoffspringtheysirewillsoonbefacing.Amplitudecanalsoconveyinformationonhowfarawaythecallingisor,forchoruseshowmanyarecallingtogether.Anintenselyvocalizingchorusmayindicateaparticularlybreedingsite.Soundamplitude(subjectively:loudness)canbeanambiguouscueforafemale,however.Averyintensesoundcanindicateanoldmateatsomedistanceorayoungermalethatisclose.Aclose,smallchoruscouldbeconfusedwithalouderchorusthatisfartheraway.Soundfrequencies-orpitch-canalsoconveyinformationaboutthecallingmalebecausethevocalapparatusgrowslargerasthefroggrowsolder.■Insome,thepitchofindividualsoundsvarieswithage,sothatolderpitchoflarger,oldermalesbycallingfromcolderlocations.■Finally,thelengthoftimethatanindMcanaffordtospendcallingisagoodindicatorofhishealth.Manyinvestconsiderableenergyincalling,bothbecausetheydonotfeedandbecauseitisaphysicallydemandingbehaviorthatreliesonrapidmuscularcontractionsofthevocalizationapparatus.Thiseffortcanbedebilitatinginamalefrogthatisnotintopphysicalcondition.Callingintreeissaidtobethemostenergeticallyexpensivebehavioryetmeasuredanyvertebrate.Soundfrequenciesandtheoveralltemporalpattern(rhythmandrate)ofthesongcanalsorevealthespeciesofthecallingmale.Thefrequenciesoffrogsoundsandtheirtemporalpatternsarespecies-specific.Thespeciesofapotentialmateisextremelyimportanttothefemale.Femalesthatchoosetomatewithmembersofanotherspeciesrisklosingtheenergyinvesteggsbecausethehybridoffspringwillnotsurviveandreproduce.Thecomplexityofafrogsongcanalsoaffecthowattractiveitistoafemale.Thesongsofmaletungara,forexample,canconsistsimplyofshorthigh-frequency”whines”orbyseverallower-frequency“chucks”.Morefemalesapproachloudspeakersplayingwhinespluschucksthanwhinesalone.Theadditionofchucks,however,alsohasthedisadvantageofattractingbatsthateatthe.Accordingtoparagraph1,allofthefollowingarementionedastrueofthematingcallsofTheycanreachinfar-offTheyarenotblockedbyobjectsofsubstantialTheyareoftencombinedwithnonauditoryTheycanbereceivedwithoutthefrog’sneedingtoorientitselftowardthedirectionoftheTheauthorprovidesinformationabout“thevisualmodality”inordertoEmphasizethatvisualinformationplaysasignificantpartinfrogbreedingB.Explainwhysomebreedatnight.WhileothersbreedduringtheC:indicatetheresourcefulnesswithwhicheobstaclesinsoundtravelduringthebreedingprocesssD:arguethatauditorysignalshaveadvantageovervisualsignalsforfrogreproductionTheword“potential”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningTheword“favorable”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningwellAccordingtoparagraph3,femalewholistentofrogsongsaretryingtodeterminewhetherafuturecanprotectfutureoffspringfromhasanimportantsocialpositionwithinthemalehasreachedanagethatindicatestheabilitytosurviveenvironmentalisyoungenoughtobeabletoproducemanyItcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatfemaleareseekingmatescaninhabitavarietyofbreedingcanoccupyhabitatsatadistancefromthoseofyoungermalehaveprotectedpreviousmatesfromenvironmentalarelikelytopassontraitsthatstrengthentheiroffspring’schancesofTheword“ambiguous”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningTheword“convey”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningaddParagraph4impliesthatyoungmaycallfromcoldareasforwhichofthefollowingToindicatesuperiorstrengthoverolderToappearmoreattractivetofemalesbysoundingolderthanactuallyTobeabletospendlessenergyinproducingtheirTocompeteagainstfewermalesforafemale’sInparagraph4,whydoestheauthormentionthattreefrogcallingissaidtobe“themostenergeticallyexpensivebehavioryetmeasuredinanyvertebrate”?ToexplainwhyitisimportantfortreetobeintopphysicalTodistinguishtreefromotherspeciesofToindicatethatsurvivalismoredifficultforthanforotherToemphasizehowmuchphysicaleffortcallingItcanbeinferredfromparagraph5thathavingspeciesspecificsongsbenefitsinwhichofthefollowingItenablestobetterprotecteggsfrombeingdamagedbymembersofotherItmakesitpossiblefortojudgetheirdistancefrompotentialIthelpstoavoidhavingoffspringthatcannotsurviveandItmakesitpossiblefortoinvestmoreoftheirenergyintoproducingAccordingtoparagraph6,tungaraaddachucksoundtotheircallinordermakethemselvesmoreattractivetokeeppredatorsatasafeattractiveofdifferentincreasetheloudnessoftheirLookatthefoursquaresXthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Butafrog’sageisnottheonlyinfluenceonthepitchofafrog’scall.WherewouldthesentencebestDirections:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.ThecallingorsingingofisaformofForandtoads,soundhasanumberofadvantagesovervisualsignalsasamediumofcommunicationoverlongdistancesatnight.Callingisperformedprimarilybymaletoattractmatesforreproductionandtoactivelycompetewithothermaleforfemales.Dependingonthespecies,femalecanobtaininformationfromamale’ssongaboutage,health,andspeciesofthecaller.InsomespeciesbothmalesandfemalesproducematingsongseitherasIndividualpairsoraschoruses,thoughthechorusesarelikelytoattractPredators.Frogcallsaredifficulttointerpretbecauseoldandyoung incoolplacesproducethesamesong,andnearthatareoldandweakcansoundlikefityoung callingfromadistance.Becausecallingissuchatiringactivityfor,itisusedtocommunicateonlyaboutbiologicallynecessaryactivitiesandofteningroupsthatdistributethecallingeffortamongmanyindividual.P2:ThesurfaceofThesurfaceofMarsshowsawiderangeofgeologicfeatures,includinghugevolcanoes-thelargestknowninthesolarsystem-andextensiveimpactcratering.ThreeverylargevolcanoesarefoundontheTharsisanenormousgeologicareanearMars’sequator.NorthwestofTharsisisthelargestvolcanoofall:OlympusMons,withaheightof25kilometersandmeasuringsome700kilometersindiameteratitsbase.ThethreelargevolcanoesontheTharsisbulgearealittlesmaller-a“mere”18kilometershigh.NoneofthesevolcanoeswasformedasaresultofcollisionsbetweenplatesoftheMartiancrust-thereisnoplatemotiononMars.Instead,theyareshieldvolcanoes—volcanoeswithbroad,sloslidesformedbymoltenrock.AllfourshowdistinctivelavachannelsandotherflowfeaturessimilartothosefoundonshieldvolcanoesonEarth.ImagesoftheMartiansurfacerevealmanyhundredsofvolcanoes.MostofthelargestvolcanoesareassociatedwiththeTharsisbulge,butmanysmalleronesarefoundinthenorthernplains.ThegreatheightofMartianvolcanoesisadirectconsequenceoftheplanet’slowsurfacegravity.Aslavaflowsandspreadstoformashieldvolcano,thevolcano’seventualheightdependsonthenewmountain’sabilitytosupportitsownweight.Thelowerthegravity,thelessertheweightandthegreatertheheightofthemountain.ItisnoaccidentthatMaxwellMonsonVenusandtheHawaiianshieldvolcanoesonEarthrisetoaboutthesameheight(about10kilometers)abovetheirrespectivebases-EarthandVenushavesimilarsurfacegravity.Mars’sgravityisonly40percentthatofEarth,sovolcanoesriseroughly2.5timesashigh.AretheMartianshieldstillactive?Scientistshavenodirectevidenceforrecentorongoingeruptions,butifthesevolcanoeswereasrecentlyas100millionyearsago(anestimateofthetimeoflasteruptionbasedontheextentofcrateringontheirslopes),someofthemmaystillbeatleastintermittentlyactive.Millionsofyears,though,maypassbetweeneruptions.AnotherprominentfeatureofMars’ssurfaceiscratering.TheMarinerspacecraftfoundthatthesurfaceofMars,aswellasthatofitstwomoons,ispittedwithimpactcratersformedbymeteoroidsfallinginfromspace.Asonourlessthan100metersacross(correspondingtodepthsofabout20meters)havebeenobliterated,primarilybymeteoriticerosion.OnMars,therearerelativelyfewcraterslessthan5kilometersindiameter.TheMartianatmosphereisanefficienterosiveagent,withMartianwindstransportingdustfromplacetoplaceanderasingsurfacefeaturesmuchfasterthanmeteoriticimpactsalonecanobliteratethem.AsontheMoon,theextentoflargeimpactcratering(i.e.craterstoobigtohavebeenfilledinbyerosionsincetheywereformed)servesasanageindicatorfortheMartiansurface.AgeestimatesrangingfromfourbillionyearsforMars’ssouthernhighlandstoafewhundredmillionyearsintheyoungestvolcanicareaswereobtainedinthisway.ThedetailedappearanceofMartianimpactcratersprovidesanimportantpieceofinformationaboutconditionsjustbelowtheplanet’ssurface.Martiancratersaresurroundedbyejecta(debrisformedasaresultofanimpact)thatlooksquitedifferentfromitslunarcounterparts.AcomparisonoftheCopernicuscraterontheMoonwiththe(fairlytypical)craterYutyonMarsdemonstratesthedifferences.Theejectasurroundingthelunarcraterisjustwhatonewouldexpectfromanexplosionejectingalargevolumeofdust,soil,andboulders.However,theejectaonMarsgivesthedistinctimpressionofaliquidthathassplashedorflowedoutofcrater.Geologiststhinkthatthisfluidizedejectacraterindicatesthatalayerofpermafrost,orwaterice,liesjustafewmetersunderthesurface.Explosiveimpactsheatedandliquefiedtheice,resultinginthefluidappearanceoftheejecta.Theword“enormous”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningABExtremelyCHighlyDAccordingtoparagraph1,OlympusMonsdiffersfromvolcanoesontheTharsisbulgeinthatOlympusAHasmorecomplexgeologicBShowslessimpactCIsDWasformedatalaterTheword“distinctive”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningABCDAccordingtoparagraphs1and2,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueoftheshieldvolcanoesontheTharsisATheyhavebroad,sloBTheyaresmallerthanthelargestvolcanoonCTheyhavechannelsthatresemblethelavachannelsofvolcanoesonDTheyareover25kilometersTheword“roughly”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningABCATohelpexplaintherelationshipbetweensurfacegravityandvolcanoBToexplainwhyMars’ssurfacegravityisonly40percentofCTopointoutdifferencesbetweenthesurfacegravityofEarthandthesurfacegravityofDToarguethattherearemoresimilaritiesthandifferencesbetweenvolcanoesondifferentWhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.AAlthoughdirectevidenceofrecenteruptionsislacking,scientistsbelievethatthesevolcanoeswereactiveasrecentlyas100millionyearsago.ontheirslopes.CIf,assomeevidencesuggests,thesevolcanoeseruptedasrecentlyas100millionyearsago,theymaycontinuetobeintermittentlyactive.DAlthoughthesevolcanoeswereactiveasrecentlyas100millionyearsago,thereisnodirectevidenceofrecentorongoingeruptions.Theword“considerably”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningABCDAccordingtoparagraph4,whatisdemonstratedbythefactthatcratersfillinmuchfasteronMarsthanonthe AErosionfrommeteoriticimpactstakesplacemorequicklyonMarsthanontheMoon.BThereismoredustonMarsthanontheCThesurfaceofMarsisadryDWindisapowerfulerodingforceonInparagraph4,whydoestheauthorpointoutthatMarshasfewancientcratersthatarelessthan5kilometersindiameter?AToexplainwhyscientistsbelievethatthesurfacematterfillingMartiancratersismostlyBToexplainwhyscientistsbelievethattheimpactcratersonMarswerecreatedbyCTosupporttheclaimthattheMartianatmosphereisanefficienterosiveDToarguethatMarsexperiencedfewerancientimpactsthantheMoonAccordingtoparagraph5,whathavescientistsbeenabletodeterminefromstudiesoflargeimpactcrateringonASomeMartianvolcanoesaremucholderthanwasonceBTheageofMars’ssurfacecanvaryfromareatoCLargeimpactcratersarenotreliableindicatorsofageinareaswithhighvolcanicDSomeareasoftheMartiansurfaceappeartobeolderthantheyactuallyinthattheejectaoftheYutycraterAHas epartofapermafrostBContainsalargevolumeofdust,soilandCSuggeststhatliquidoncecameoutofthesurfaceatthecraterDWasthrownacomparativelylongdistancefromthecenteroftheThedetailedappearanceofMartianimpactcratersprovidesanimportantpieceofinformationaboutconditionsjustbelowtheplanet’ssurface.Martiancratersaresurroundedbyejecta(debrisformedasaresultofanimpact)thatlooksquitedifferentfromitslunarcounterparts.AcomparisonoftheCopernicuscraterontheMoonwiththe(fairlytypical)craterYutyonMarsdemonstratesthedifferences.Theejectasurroundingthelunarcraterisjustwhatonewouldexpectfromanexplosionejectingalargevolumeofdust,soil,andboulders.▌However,theejectaonMarsgivesthedistinctimpressionofaliquidthathassplashedorflowedoutofcrater.▌Geologiststhinkthatthisfluidizedejectacraterindicatesthatalayerofpermafrost,orwaterice,liesjustafewmetersunderthesurface.▌Explosiveimpactsheatedandliquefiedtheice,resultinginthefluidappearanceoftheejecta.▌Lookatthefoursquares[▌]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonasquaretoaddthesentencetothepassage.ThissurfacefeaturehasledtospeculationaboutwhatmaylieunderMars’sDirections:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.VolcanoesandimpactcratersaremajorfeaturesofMartiangeology.PlatemotiononMars,onceconsideredtohaveplayednoroleinshatheplanet’ssurface,isnowseenasbeingdirectlyassociatedwiththeplanet’searliestvolcanoes.Marshasshieldvolcanoes,someofwhichareextremelytallbecauseoftheplanet’slowsurfaceAlthoughtheerosivepoweroftheMartianatmosphereensuresthatMarshasfewercratersthanthedoes,impactcratersareprominentonMars’sScientistscannotyetreliablyestimatetheageoftheMartiansurfacebecausetherehasbeentoomucherosionofit.ScientistshavebeensurprisedtodiscoverthatconditionsjustbelowthesurfaceofMarsareverysimilartoconditionsjustbelowthesurfaceoftheMoonStudiesofcraterejectahaverevealedthepossibilityofalayerofpermafrostbelowthesurfaceofP3:AnimalSignalsintheRainThedaytimequalityoflightinforestsvarieswiththedensityofthevegetation,theangleoftheSun,andtheamountofcloudinthesky.Bothanimalsandplantshavedifferentappearancesinthesevariouslightingconditions.AorpatternthatisrelativelyindistinctinonekindoflightmaybequiteconspicuousinInthevariedandconstantlychanginglightenvironmentoftheforest,ananimalmustbeabletosendvisualsignalstomembersofitsownspeciesandatthesametimeavoidbeingdetectedbypredators.Ananimalcanhidefrompredatorsbychoosingthelightenvironmentinwhichitspatternisleastvisible.Thismayrequiremovingtodifferentpartsoftheforestatdifferenttimesofthedayorunderdifferentweatherconditions,oritmaybeachievedbychangingcoloraccordingtothechanginglightconditions.Manyspeciesofamphibians(andtoads)and(lizardsandsnakes)areabletochangetheircolorpatternstocamouflagethemselves.Somealsosignalbychangingcolor.Thechameleonlizardhasthemoststrikingabilitytodothis.Somechameleonspeciescanchangefromaratherdullappearancetoafullriotofcarnivalcolorsinseconds.Bythismeans,theysignaltheirlevelofaggressionorreadinesstomate.Otherspeciestakeintoaccountthechangingconditionsoflightbyperformingtheirvisualdisplaysonlywhenthelightisfavorable.Amalebirdofparadisemayputhimselfinthelimelightbydisplayinghisspectacularplumageinthebeststagesettingtoattractafemale.Certainbutterfliesmoveintospotsofsunlightthathavepenetratedtotheforestflooranddisplaybyopeningandclosingtheirbeautifullypatternedwingsinthebrightspotlights.Theyalsocompetewitheachotherforthebestspotofsunlight.Verylittlelightfiltersthroughthecanopyofleavesandbranchesinarainforesttoreachgroundlevel—orclosetotheground—andatthoselevelstheyellow-to-greenwavelengthspredominate.Asignalmightbemosteasilyifit allybright.Inthegreen-to-yellowlightingconditionsofthelowestlevelsoftheforest,yellowandwouldbethebrightestcolors,butwhenananimalissignaling,thesecolorswouldnotbeveryvisibleifthewassittinginanareawithayellowishorgreenishbackground.Thebestsignaldependsnotonlyonitsbrightnessbutalsoonhowwellitcontrastswiththebackgroundagainstwhichitmustbeseen.Inthispartoftherainforest,therefore,redandorangearethebestcolorsforsignaling,andtheyarethecolorsusedinsignalsbytheground-walkingAustralianbrushturkey.Thisspecies,whichlivesintherainforestsandscrublandsoftheeastcoastofAustralia,hasabrown-to-blackplumagewithbare,bright-redskinontheheadandneckandaneckcollaroforange-yellowlooselyhangingskin.Duringcourtshipandaggressivedisplays,theturkeyenlargesitscoloredneckcollarbyinflatingsacsintheneckregionandthenflingsaboutapendulouspartofthecoloredsignalingapparatusasitutterscallsdesignedtoattractorrepel.ThisimpressivedisplayisclearlyvisibleinthelightspectrumilluminatingtheforestLesscolorfulbirdsandanimalsthatinhabittherainforesttendtorelyonotherformsofsignalingotherthanthevisual,particularlyoverlongdistances.ThepiercingcriesoftherhinoceroshornbillcharacterizetheSoutheastAsianrainforest,asdotheunmistakablecallsofthegibbons.Indenselywoodedenvironments,soundisthebestofcommunicationoverdistancebecauseincomparisonwithlight,ittravelswithlittleimpedimentfromtreesandothervegetation.Inforests,visualsignalscanbeseenonlyatshortdistances,wheretheyarenotobstructedtrees.Themaleriflebirdexploits12bothofthesemodesofsignalingsimultaneouslyinhiscourtshipdisplay.Thesoundsmadeaseachwingisopenedcarryextremelywelloverdistanceandadvertisehispresencewidely.Theritualizedvisualdisplaycommunicatesinclosequarterswhenafemalehasapproached.ThephraseconspicuousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningAccordingtoparagraph2,whatisproblematicaboutananimal'ssendingvisualsignalstomembersofitsownSignsthatmakeananimalvisibletoitsspeciesalsomakeitvisibletoAnanimalthatchangescolortoavoidpredatorscanconfusemembersofitsChanginglightmayrequireananimaltomovethevisualrangeofotherTheanimalmaymistakenlysignalaggressionwhenitmeanttosignalreadinesstoThewordsignalinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoAccordingtoparagraph2,allofthefollowingarereasonsamphibiansandreptileschangecolorchangingtosignalothersoftheirtomatchthetohidefromAccordingtoparagraph3,butterfliesmoveintospotsofsunlightinordertoA.warmtheirwingsinordertoopenthempetewitheachC.takeadvantageoffavorablelightconditionsontheforestD.imitatebirdsofAccordingtoparagraph4,whatistrueaboutlightthatreachesgroundItrevealsonlytheyellowandgreencolorsanimalsusetosignaleachItreflectstheyellowandgreencolorstomakethefloorasbrightasItcamouflagesanimalswhosenaturalcolorsareyellowandItconsistsmostlyofyellow-to-greenIncorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.Whenananimalissignalinginanareawithgreen-toyellowlightingcondition.It’ssignalwillnotbevisibleifthebackgroundisbrightlylit.Inthelowestlevelsoftheforest,ananimal'ssignalsarenoteasilyseenunlessthereisayellowishorInthegreen-to-yellowlightingconditionsatthelowestlevelsoftheforest,onlysignalsthatarethemselvesgreenoryellowwillbebrightenoughtobeseeninmostareas.Althoughgreenandyellowwouldbethebrightestcolorsneartheforestfloor,thesecolorswouldmakepoorsignalswhenevertheforestbackgroundwasalsointhegreen-to-yellowrange.ThewordinflatinginthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph4aboutyellowandgreencolorscomparedwithredandorangecolorsatthebottomoftheforest?YellowandgreenarebettercolorsforsignalingthanredandorangeOrangeandredarebrightercolorsthanyellowandYellowandgreenarelikelytobemorecommoninthebackgroundthanredandOrangeandredcolorsdonotcontrastaswellwiththeforestfloorasyellowandgreenWhatcanbeinferredfromparagraph5aboutthelesscolorfulbirdsandanimalsthatinhabittheThesespeciesgenerallyliveinlessdenselywoodedenvironmentsthanmorecolorfulbirdsandanimalsThecriesofthesespeciesdonotcarryaswelloverdistancesasthecriesofmorecolorfulbirdsandThesespeciesdependmoreonnonvisualsignalsforcommunicationbecausetheyarelessvisibleintheirThewordimpedimentinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoThewordexploitsinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoB.makesuseC.increasestheintensityofLesscolorfulbirdsandanimalsthatinhabittherainforesttendtorelyonotherformsofsignalingotherthanthevisual,particularlyoverlongdistances.▆ThepiercingcriesoftherhinoceroshornbillcharacterizetheSoutheastAsianrainforest,asdotheunmistakablecallsofthegibbons.▆Indenselywoodedenvironments,soundisthebestandothervegetation.▆Inforests,visualsignalscanbeseenonlyatshortdistances,wheretheyarenotobstructedbytrees.▆Themaleriflebirdexploits12bothofthesemodesofsignalingsimultaneouslyinhiscourtshipdisplay.Thesoundsmadeaseachwingisopenedcarryextremelywelloverdistanceandadvertisehispresencewidely.Theritualizedvisualdisplaycommunicatesinclosequarterswhenafemalehasapproached.Lookatthefoursquares▆thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Thereisalsothelong,ratherterrifyingcallofthemaleorangutan,whichcarriesoverconsiderabledistancestoadvertisehispresence.Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.Intherainforest,ananimalmustbeabletosendsignalstomembersofitsownspeciesandatthesametimeavoidbeingdetectedbypredatorsAnswerAnimalsthathavedifferentpredatorsatdifferenttimesofdaychangecolortoavoidbeingYellowandgreenarethemostcommoncolorsfoundintherainToescapenotice,ananimalmaymoveorchangecolorsothatitscolorpatternisnotAnimalsmusthavesignalsforaggressionaswellastoindicatereadinesstoAnanimalmayusesoundratherthancolortoattractattention,becausesoundsignalsarenothinderedbylightP4:CraftsintheAncientNearSomeoftheearliesthumancivilizationsaroseinsouthernMesopotamia,inwhatisnowsouthernIraq,inthefourthmillenniumB.C.E.Inthesecondhalfofthemillennium,inthesoutharoundthecityofUruk,therewasanenormousescalationintheareaoccupiedbypermanentsettlements.AlargepartofthatincreasetookplaceinUrukwhichbecamearealurbancentersurroundedbyasetofsecondarysettlements.Whilepopulationestimatesproductionofthefieldsurroundingthecity,whichcouldbereachedwithadailycommute.ButUruk’ssizeintheentireregion,farsurpassingthatofothersettlements,indicatesthatitwasaregionalcenterandatruecity.Indeed,itwasthefirstcityinhumanhistory.Thevastmajorityofitspopulationremainedactiveinagriculture,eventhosepeoplelivingwithinthecityitself.Butasmallsegmentoftheurbansocietystartedtospecializeinnonagriculturaltasksasaresultofthecity’sroleasaregionalcenter.Withintheproductivesector,therewasagrowthofavarietyofspecialistcraftspeople.EarlyintheUrukperiod,theuseofundecoratedutilitarianpotterywasprobablytheresultofspecializedmassproduction.Inanearlyfourth-millenniumleveloftheEannaarchaeologicalsiteatUruk,apotterystyleappearsthatismostcharacteristicofthisprocess,theso-calledbeveled-rimbowl.Itisarathershallowbowlthatwascrudelymadeinamold;hence,inonlyalimitednumberofstandardsizes.Forsomeunknownreason,manywerediscarded,oftenstillintact,andthousandshavebeenfoundallovertheNearEast.Thebeveled-rimbowlisoneofthemostlingdiagnosticfindsforidentifyinganUruk-periodsite.Ofimportanceisthefactthatitwasproducedrapidlyinlargeamounts,mostlikelybyspecialistsinacentrallocation.Avarietyofationindicatesthatcertaingoods,oncemadebyafamilymemberasoneofmanyduties,werelatermadebyskilledartisans.Certainimagesdepictgroupsofpeople,mostlikelywomen,involvedinweavingtextiles,anactivityweknowfromlaterthird-millenniumtextstohavebeenvitalintheeconomyandtohavebeencentrallyadministered.Also,aspecializedmetal-producingworkshopmayhavebeenexcavatedinasmallareaatUruk.Itcontainedanumberofchannelslinedbyasequenceofholes,about50centimetersdeep,allshowingburnmarksandfilledwithashes.Thishasbeeninterpretedastheremainsofaworkshopwheremoltenmet