《化學(xué)工程與工藝專業(yè)英語(yǔ)》課文翻譯

Unit1

Chemical

Industry化學(xué)工業(yè)Beforereadingthetextbelow,trytoanswerfollowingquestion:1.Whendidthemodernchemicalindustrystart?2.Canyougiveadefinitionforthechemicalindustry?3.Whatarethecontributionwhichthechemicalindustryhasmadetomeetandsatisfyourneeds?4.Isthechemicalindustrycapital-orlabor-intensive?Why?1.OriginsoftheChemicalIndustryAlthoughtheuseofchemicalsdatesbacktotheancientcivilizations,theevolutionofwhatweknowasthemodernchemicalindustrystartedmuchmorerecently.ItmaybeconsideredtohavebegunduringtheIndustrialRevolution,about1800,anddevelopedtoprovidechemicalsroeusebyotherindustries.Examplesarealkaliforsoapmaking,bleachingpowderforcotton,andsilicaandsodiumcarbonateforglassmaking.Itwillbenotedthattheseareallinorganicchemicals.Theorganicchemicalsindustrystartedinthe1860swiththeexploitationofWilliamHenryPerkin’sdiscoveryifthefirstsyntheticdyestuff—mauve.AtthestartofthetwentiethcenturytheemphasisonresearchontheappliedaspectsofchemistryinGermanyhadpaidoffhandsomely,andby1914hadresultedintheGermanchemicalindustryhaving75%oftheworldmarketinchemicals.ThiswasbasedonthediscoveryofnewdyestuffsplusthedevelopmentofboththecontactprocessforsulphuricacidandtheHaberprocessforammonia.Thelaterrequiredamajortechnologicalbreakthroughthatofbeingabletocarryoutchemicalreactionsunderconditionsofveryhighpressureforthefirsttime.TheexperiencegainedwiththiswastostandGermanyingoodstead,particularlywiththerapidlyincreaseddemandfornitrogen-basedcompounds(ammoniumsaltsforfertilizersandnitricacidforexplosivesmanufacture)withtheoutbreakofworldwarⅠin1914.Thisinitiatedprofoundchangeswhichcontinuedduringtheinter-waryears(1918-1939).1．化學(xué)工業(yè)的起源盡管化學(xué)品的使用可以追溯到古代文明時(shí)代，我們所謂的現(xiàn)代化學(xué)工業(yè)的發(fā)展卻是非常近代（才開(kāi)始的）?？梢哉J(rèn)為它起源于工業(yè)革命其間，大約在1800年，并發(fā)展成為為其它工業(yè)部門提供化學(xué)原料的產(chǎn)業(yè)。比如制肥皂所用的堿，棉布生產(chǎn)所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造業(yè)所用的硅及Na2CO3.我們會(huì)注意到所有這些都是無(wú)機(jī)物。有機(jī)化學(xué)工業(yè)的開(kāi)始是在十九世紀(jì)六十年代以WilliamHenryPerkin發(fā)現(xiàn)第一種合成染料—苯胺紫并加以開(kāi)發(fā)利用為標(biāo)志的。20世紀(jì)初，德國(guó)花費(fèi)大量資金用于實(shí)用化學(xué)方面的重點(diǎn)研究，到1914年，德國(guó)的化學(xué)工業(yè)在世界化學(xué)產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)上占有75%的份額。這要?dú)w因于新染料的發(fā)現(xiàn)以及硫酸的接觸法生產(chǎn)和氨的哈伯生產(chǎn)工藝的發(fā)展。而后者需要較大的技術(shù)突破使得化學(xué)反應(yīng)第一次可以在非常高的壓力條件下進(jìn)行。這方面所取得的成績(jī)對(duì)德國(guó)很有幫助。特別是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆發(fā)，對(duì)以氮為基礎(chǔ)的化合物的需求飛速增長(zhǎng)。這種深刻的改變一直持續(xù)到戰(zhàn)后（1918-1939）。datebaketo/from:回溯到dated:過(guò)時(shí)的，陳舊的standsb.ingoodstead:對(duì)。。。很有幫助Since1940thechemicalindustryhasgrownataremarkablerate,althoughthishasslowedsignificantlyinrecentyears.Thelion’sshareofthisgrowthhasbeenintheorganicchemicalssectorduetothedevelopmentandgrowthofthepetrochemicalsareasince1950s.Theexplosivesgrowthinpetrochemicalsinthe1960sand1970swaslargelyduetotheenormousincreaseindemandforsyntheticpolymerssuchaspolyethylene,polypropylene,nylon,polyestersandepoxyresins.1940年以來(lái)，化學(xué)工業(yè)一直以引人注目的速度飛速發(fā)展。盡管這種發(fā)展的速度近年來(lái)已大大減慢?；瘜W(xué)工業(yè)的發(fā)展由于1950年以來(lái)石油化學(xué)領(lǐng)域的研究和開(kāi)發(fā)大部分在有機(jī)化學(xué)方面取得。石油化工在60年代和70年代的迅猛發(fā)展主要是由于人們對(duì)于合成高聚物如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、尼龍、聚脂和環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂的需求巨大增加。Thechemicalindustrytodayisaverydiversesectorofmanufacturingindustry,withinwhichitplaysacentralrole.Itmakesthousandsofdifferentchemicalswhichthegeneralpubliconlyusuallyencounterasendorconsumerproducts.Theseproductsarepurchasedbecausetheyhavetherequiredpropertieswhichmakethemsuitableforsomeparticularapplication,e.g.anon-stickcoatingforpansoraweedkiller.Thuschemicalsareultimatelysoldfortheeffectsthattheyproduce.今天的化學(xué)工業(yè)已經(jīng)是制造業(yè)中有著許多分支的部門，并且在制造業(yè)中起著核心的作用。它生產(chǎn)了數(shù)千種不同的化學(xué)產(chǎn)品，而人們通常只接觸到終端產(chǎn)品或消費(fèi)品。這些產(chǎn)品被購(gòu)買是因?yàn)樗麄兙哂心承┬再|(zhì)適合（人們）的一些特別的用途，例如，用于盆的不粘涂層或一種殺蟲(chóng)劑。這些化學(xué)產(chǎn)品歸根到底是由于它們能產(chǎn)生的作用而被購(gòu)買的。2.DefinitionoftheChemicalIndustryAttheturnofthecenturytherewouldhavebeenlittledifficultyindefiningwhatconstitutedthechemicalindustrysinceonlyaverylimitedrangeofproductswasmanufacturedandthesewereclearlychemicals,e.g.,alkali,sulphuricacid.Atpresent,however,manyintermediatestoproductsproduced,fromrawmaterialslikecrudeoilthrough(insomecases)manyintermediatestoproductswhichmaybeuseddirectlyasconsumergoods,orreadilyconvertedintothem.Thedifficultyconesindecidingatwhichpointinthissequencetheparticularoperationceasestobepartofthechemicalindustry’ssphereofactivities.Toconsideraspecificexampletoillustratethisdilemma,emulsionpaintsmaycontainpoly(vinylchloride)/poly(vinylacetate).Clearly,synthesisofvinylchloride(oracetate)anditspolymerizationarechemicalactivities.However,ifformulationandmixingofthepaint,includingthepolymer,iscarriedoutbyabranchofthemultinationalchemicalcompanywhichmanufacturedtheingredients,isthisstillpartofthechemicalindustryofdoesitmowbelonginthedecoratingindustry?2．化學(xué)工業(yè)的定義在本世紀(jì)初，要定義什么是化學(xué)工業(yè)是不太困難的，因?yàn)槟菚r(shí)所生產(chǎn)的化學(xué)品是很有限的，而且是非常清楚的化學(xué)品，例如，燒堿，硫酸。然而現(xiàn)在有數(shù)千種化學(xué)產(chǎn)品被生產(chǎn)，從一些原料物質(zhì)像用于制備許多的半成品的石油，到可以直接作為消費(fèi)品或很容易轉(zhuǎn)化為消費(fèi)品的商品。困難在于如何決定在一些特殊的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中哪一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)不再屬于化學(xué)工業(yè)的活動(dòng)范疇。舉一個(gè)特殊的例子來(lái)描述一下這種困境。乳劑漆含有聚氯乙烯/聚醋酸乙烯。顯然，氯乙烯（或醋酸乙烯）的合成以及聚合是化學(xué)活動(dòng)。然而，如果這種漆，包括高聚物，它的配制和混合是由一家制造配料的跨國(guó)化學(xué)公司完成的話，那它仍然是屬于化學(xué)工業(yè)呢還是應(yīng)當(dāng)歸屬于裝飾工業(yè)中去呢？Itisthereforeapparentthat,becauseofitsdiversityofoperationsandcloselinksinmanyareaswithotherindustries,thereisnosimpledefinitionofthechemicalindustry.Insteadeachofficialbodywhichcollectsandpublishesstatisticsonmanufacturingindustrywillhaveitsdefinitionastowhichoperati