2023年自考00832英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)考試概念題整理

1.Word：Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.(1)aminimalfreeformofalanguage(2)asoundunity(3)aunitofmeaning(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence2.vocabulary：（1）Totalnumberofthewordsinalanguage（2）Wordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod（3）Allthewordsofadialect，abook，adiscipline...3.Thebasicwordstock：isthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.4.Terminology：consistsoftechnicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareasasinmedicine、inmathematics、inmusic、ineducation.5.Jargon：referstothespecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticulararts,sciences,tradesandprofessionscommunicateamongthemselves6.Slang：belongstothesub-standardlanguage,acategorythatseemstostandbetweenthestandardgeneralwordsincludinginformalonesavailabletoeveryoneandin-groupwordslikecant,jargon,andargot7.Contentwords：denoteclearnotionsandthusareknownasnotionalwords.Theyincludenouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbsandnumerals8.Functionalwords：donothavenotionsoftheirown.Therefore,theyarealsocalledemptywords.Astheirchieffunctionistoexpresstherelationbetweennotions,therelationbetweenwordsaswellasbetweensentences9.borrowedwords：arewordstakenoverfromforeignlanguages，knownasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms10.Denizens：arewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowwellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.11.Aliens：areborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling12.Translation-loans：arewordsandexpressionsformedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodelledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.13.Semantic-loans：Wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform.Buttheirmeaningsareborrowed14.Creation：referstotheformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelyroots,affixesandotherelements15.Semanticchange：meansanoldformwhichtakesonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed16.morpheme：is'thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords'17.monomorphemicwords：coincidewithwordsastheycanstandbythemselvesandfunctionfreelyinasentence18.allomorphs：arealternativemorphsrealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword19.FreeMorphemes自由詞素：havecompletemeaninginthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.Afreemorphemeisonethatcanstandbyitself.(whichareindependentofothermorphemesareconsideredtobefree).20.BoundMorphemes(粘著語(yǔ)素)：Aboundmorphemeisonethatcannotstandbyitself.Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwords.Boundmorphemesarechieflyfoundinderivedwords.21.Affixes：areformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction22.affixescanbeputintotwogroups:1)Inflectionalaffixes(屈折詞綴)：affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectionalmorphemes.2)Derivationalaffixes(派生詞綴)：derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords.23.Aroot：isthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalysedwithouttotallossofidentity.Intermsofderivationalandinflectionalmorphology,a'rootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved'.Astem：canbedefinedasaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.24.Affixation：isgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation,fornewwordscreatedinthiswayarederivedfromoldforms.Thewordsformedinthiswayarecalledderivatives25.affixationfallsintotwosubclasses:prefixationandsuffixation.（1）Prefixation：istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthestembutonlymodifyitsmeaning.（2）Suffixation：istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.Unlikeprefixeswhichprimarilychangethemeaningofthestem,suffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticrole,theirprimaryfunctionbeingtochangethegrammaticalfunctionofstems.26.Compounding：istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems.alsocalledcomposition.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledcompounds.27.Conversion：istheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass28.Blending：istheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledblendsorpormanteauwords29.clippingistoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.30.Acronymy：istheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledinitialismsoracronyms,dependingonthepronunciationofthewords.31.Initialisms：arewordspronouncedletterbyletter.IncaseslikeA.D.(AnnoDomini=intheyearafterthebirthofJesusChrist),B.C.(BeforeChrist)andC.O.D.(cashondelivery)32.Acronyms：arewordsformedfrominitiallettersbutpronouncedasanormalword,forexampleradar(radiodetectingandranging),andWAVES(WomenAppointedforVoluntaryEmergencyService),etc33.Back-formation：isconsideredtobetheoppositeprocessofsuffixation.Asweknow,suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestobases,andback-formation：istheformationofnewwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes.34.Reference(所指):Itistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.Thereferenceofawordisarbitraryandconventional.Itisakindofabstraction,yetwiththehelpofcontext,itcanrefertosomethingspecific35.Concept（概念）：whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition(認(rèn)識(shí)),reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.Meaningandconcept:Theyarebothrelateddirectlytoreferentsandarenotionsofthewordsbutbelongtodifferentcategories.Meaningsoisrestrictedtolanguageuse.36.Sense:Itdenotestherelationshipinsidethelanguage.‘Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.37.SenseandReference：Unlikereference,'sense'denotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguage.'Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.'(ibid)Sincethesenseofanexpressionisnotathing,itisoftendifficulttosaywhatsortofidentityitis.Itisalsoanabstraction.Everywordthathasmeaninghassense(noteverywordhasreference).38.Motivation(動(dòng)機(jī))：accountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.Asweknow,therelationshipbetweentheword-formandmeaningisconventionalandarbitrary,andmostwordscanbesaidtobenon-motivated.39.Onomatopoeicmotivation（象聲動(dòng)機(jī)）：wordswhosesoundssuggesttheirmeaning,forthesewordswerecreatesbyimitatingthenaturalsoundsornoises.Knowingthesoundsofthewordsmeansunderstandingthemeaning.40.Morphologicalmotivation（詞素動(dòng)機(jī)）：Compoundsandderivedwordsaremulti-morphemicwordsandthemeaningofmanyarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombines.E.g.:airmail41.Semanticmotivation（語(yǔ)義動(dòng)機(jī)）：referstothementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.Itexplainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsenseandfigurativesenseoftheword.E.g:thefootofthemountain(foot)42.Etymologicalmotivation（語(yǔ)源動(dòng)機(jī)）：Themeaningsofmanywordsoftenrelatedirectlytotheirorigins.Inotherwordsthehistoryofthewordexplainsthemeaningoftheword.E.g:pen-feather43.GrammaticalMeaning（語(yǔ)法意義）：referstothatpartofthemeaningofthewordwhichindicatesgrammaticalconceptorrelationshipssuchaspartofspeechofwords,singularandpluralmeaningofnouns,tensemeaningofverbsandtheirinflectionalforms.Grammaticalmeaningofawordbecomesimportantonlywhenitisusedinactualcontext.44.Lexicalmeaningitselfhastwocomponents:conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning.45.Conceptualmeaning(概念意義)：alsoknownasdenotativemeaning(外延意義)isthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofword-meaning46.Associativemeaning(關(guān)聯(lián)意義)：isthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.47.Connotative（內(nèi)涵意義）：Incontrasttodenotativemeaning,overtonesorassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaning,traditionallyknownasconnotations.48.Stylistic（文體意義）：Apartfromtheirconceptualmeanings,manywordshavestylisticfeatures,whichmakethemappropriatefordifferentcontexts.49.Affective（感情意義）：indicatesthespeaker’sattitudetowardsthepersonorthinginquestion.50.Collocative（搭配意義）：Thismeaningconsistsoftheassociationsawordacquiresinitscollocation.Inotherwords,itisthepartoftheword-meaningsuggestedbythewordsbeforeorafterthewordindiscussion.51.Awordwhichisrelatedtootherwordsisrelatedtotheminsense,hencesenserelations52.Polysemy：thesamesymbolmustbeusedtoexpressmoremeanings53.diachronicapproach(歷時(shí)措施)：fromthediachronicpointofview,polysemyisassumedtobetheresultofgrowthanddevelopmentofthesemanticstructureofoneandsameword.Firstmeaningistheprimarymeaning,thelatermeaningsarecalledderivedmeanings54.synchronicapproach(共時(shí)措施):synchronically,polysemyisviewedasthecoexistenceofvariousmeaningsofthesamewordinacertainhistoricalperiodoftime55.radiation（輻射型）：isasemanticprocessinwhichtheprimarymeaningstandsatthecentreandthesecondarymeaningsproceedoutofitineverydirectionlikerayes(e.g:face,neck)56.concatenation（連鎖型）：meaning'linkingtogether',isthesemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovegraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshiftsuntilthereisnotasignofconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandthatwhichthetermhadatthebeginning.(e.g:treacle)57.區(qū)別：Unlikeradiationwhereeachofthederivedmeaningsisdirectlyconnectedtotheprimarymeaning,concatenationdescribesaprocesswhereeachofthelatermeaningisrelatedonlytotheprecedingonelikechains.Thoughthelatestsensecanbetracedbacktotheoriginal,thereisnodirectconnectioninbetween.聯(lián)絡(luò)：Theyarecloselyrelated,beingdifferentstagesofthedevelopmentleadingtopolysemy.Generally,radiationprecedesconcatenation.Inmanycases,thetwoprocessesworktogether,complementingeachother.58.Homonymy（同音異義關(guān)系）:wordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspelling.59.Perfecthomonyms（完全同音同形異義詞）：wordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning.Homographs（同形異義詞）:wordsidenticalonlyinspelling,butdifferentinsoundandmeaning.Homophones（同音異義詞）：wordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning.(最多最常見(jiàn))60.DifferentiationofHomonymsfromPolysemants（同音同形異義詞和多義詞旳區(qū)別)：Perfecthomonymsandpolysemantsarefullyidenticalwithregardtospellingandpronunciation.Thiscreatestheproblemofdifferentiation.1)Thefundamentaldifferencebetweenhomonymsandpolysemantsliesinthefactthattheformerreferstodifferentwordswhichhappentosharethesameformandthelatteristheoneandsamewordwhichhasseveraldistinguishablemeanings.2)Oneimportantcriterionistoseetheiretymology,i.e.homonymsarefromdifferentsourceswhereasapolysemantisfromthesamesourcewhichhasacquireddifferentmeaningsinthecourseofdevelopment.3)Thesecondprincipalconsiderationissemanticrelatedness.Thevariousmeaningsofapolysemantarecorrelatedandconnectedtoonecentralmeaningtoagreaterorlesserdegree,e.g.neck4）meaningsofdifferenthomonymshavenothingtodowithoneanother.Indictionaries,apolysemanthasitsmeaningsalllistedunderoneheadwordwhereashomonymsarelistedasseparateentries.61.Synonymy(同義關(guān)系):oneoftwoormorewordsintheEnglishlanguagewhichhavethesameorverynearlythesameessentialmeaning.62.Antonymy(反義關(guān)系):itisconcernedwithsemanticopposition.Antonymscanbedefinedaswordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.63.Hyponymy(上下義關(guān)系):（1）Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.64.SemanticField(語(yǔ)義場(chǎng))：anintegratedsystemoflexemesinterrelatedinsense.wordsoflanguagecanbeclassifiedintosemanticallyrelatedsetsorfields65.Extension/generalization(詞義旳擴(kuò)大):,isthenamegiventothewideningofmeaningwhichsomewordsundergo.Itisaprocessbywhichoriginallyhadaspecializedmeaninghasnowbecomegeneralized.66.Narrowing/specialization(詞義旳縮小)：istheoppositeofwideningmeaning.Itisaprocessbywhichawordofwidemeaningacquiresanarrowerorspecializedsense.Inotherwords,awordwhichusedtohaveamoregeneralsensebecomesrestrictedinitsapplicationandconveysaspecialmeaninginpresent-dayEnglish.67.Elevation/amelioration(詞義旳升華):referstotheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumble（粗陋旳）beginningstopositionsofimportance.68.Degradation/pejoration(詞義旳降格):istheoppositeofsemanticelevation.Itisaprocesswherebywordsofgoodoriginfallintoillreputationornon-affectivewordscometousedinderogatory（貶損旳）sense.69.Transfer(詞義旳轉(zhuǎn)移):Wordswhichwereusedtodesignate指明onethingbutlaterchangedtomeansomethingelsehaveexperiencedtheprocessofsemantictransfer.Itisaprocessbywhichwordswereusedtodesignateonethingbutlaterchangedtomeansomethingelse70.associatedtransfer：atermusedinrelationtochangesinwordmeaninginwhichthemeaningistransferredthroughassociation，e.gpursefor‘money’dishfor‘food’etc71.Context：isusedindifferentsenses.Inanarrowsense,itreferstothewords,clauses,sentencesinwhichawordappears.Thisisknownaslinguisticcontext,whichmaycoveraparagraph,awholechapterandeventheentirebook.Inabroadsense,itincludesthephysicalsituationaswell.Thisiscalledextra-linguisticornon-linguisticcontext,whichembracesthepeople,time,place,andeventhewholeculturalbackground.72.Lexicalcontext（詞匯語(yǔ)境）：referstothewordthatoccurstogetherwiththewordinquestion.73.Grammaticalcontext（語(yǔ)法語(yǔ)境）：refersthesituationwhenthemeaningofawordmaybeinfluencedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs.74.contextualclues上下文線索：Contextmayproveextremelyvaluableinguessingthemeaningsofnewwords.Inmanycases,whenanewword(thoughttobe)appearsforthefirsttime,theauthorgenerallymanagestogivehintswhichmighthelpthereaderstograsptheconceptorunderstandtheidea.75.Idioms（習(xí)語(yǔ)旳定義）:Strictlyspeaking,idiomsareexpressionsthatarenotreadilyunderstandablefromtheirliteral