機(jī)電專業(yè)英語(yǔ)第2版4Unit4HeatTreatmentandHotWorkingofMetals

HeatTreatment&HotWorkingofMetalsUnit4金屬的熱處理和熱加工HeatTreatmentandWorkingEquipmentTestingBeforeClass：Whatthemeaningof“Shaping”?(radio)HeatTreatment&HotWorkingofMetals

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Unit4HeatTreatment&HotWorkingofMetals

Wecanalterthecharacteristicsofsteelinvariousways.Inthefirstplace,steelwhichcontainsverylittlecarbon,willbemilderthansteel,whichcontainsahigherpercentageofcarbon,uptothelimitofabout1.5％.Secondly,wecanheatthesteelaboveacertaincriticaltemperature,andthenallowittocoolatdifferentrates.Atthiscriticaltemperature,changesbegintotakeplaceinthemolecularstructureofthemeta1.Intheprocessknownasannealingweheatthesteelabovethecriticaltemperatureandpermitittocoolveryslowly.Thiscausesthemetaltobecomesofterthanbefore,andmucheasiertomachine.

Annealinghasasecondadvantage.Ithelpstorelieveanyinternalstresseswhichexistinthemetal.Thesestressesareliabletooccurthroughhammeringorworkingthemetal,orthroughrapidcooling.Metalwhichwecausetocoolrapidlycontractsmorerapidlyontheoutsidethanontheinside.Thisproducesunequalcontraction,whichmaygiverisetodistortionorcracking.Metalwhichcoolsslowlyislessliabletohavetheseinternalstressesthanmetal,whichcoolsquickly.Ontheotherhand,wecanmakesteelharderbyrapidcooling.Weheatitupbeyondthecriticaltemperature,andthenquenchitinwaterorsomeotherliquid.Therapidtemperaturedropfixesthestructuralchangeinthesteel,whichoccurredatthecriticaltemperature,andmakesitveryhard.Butabarofthishardenedsteelismoreliabletofracturethannormalsteel.Wethereforeheatitagaintoatemperaturebelowthecriticaltemperature,andcoolitslowly.Thistreatmentiscalledtempering.Ithelpstorelievetheinternalstresses,andmakesthesteellessbrittlethanbefore.ThepropertiesoftemperedsteelenableUStouseitinthemanufactureoftools,whichneedafairlyhardsteel.Highcarbonsteelisharderthantemperedsteel,butitismuchmoredifficulttowork.Theseheattreatmentstakeplaceduringthevariousshapingoperations.Wecanobtainbarsandsheetsofsteelbyrolling

themetalthroughhugerollsinarollingmill.Therollpressuresmustbemuchgreaterforcoldrollingthanforhotrolling,butcoldrollingenablestheoperatorstoproducerollsofgreataccuracyanduniformity,andwithabettersurfacefinish.Othershapingoperationsincludedrawingintowire,castinginmoulds,andforging.Themechanicalworkingofmetalistheshapingofmetalineitheracoldorahotstatebysomemechanicalmeans.Thisdoesnotincludetheshapingofmetalsbymachiningorgrinding,inwhichprocessesmetalisactuallymachinedoff,nordoesitincludethecastingofmoltenmetalintosomeformbyuseofmolds.Inmechanicalworkingprocesses,themetalisshapedbypressure---acutelyforging,bending,squeezing,drawing,orshearingittoitsfinalshape.Intheseprocessesthemetalmaybeeithercoldorhotworked.Althoughnormalroomtemperaturesareordinarilyusedforcoldworkingofsteel,temperaturesuptothere-crystallizationrangearesometimesused.Hotworkingofmetalstakesplaceabovethere-crystallizationorwork—hardeningrange.Forsteel,re-crystallizationstartsaround650to700~C,althoughmosthotworkonsteelisdoneattemperaturesconsiderablyabovethisrange.Thereisnotendencyforhardeningbymechanicalworkuntilthelowerlimitofthere-crystallinerangeisreached.Somemetals,suchasleadandtin,havealowre-crystallinerangeandcanbehotworkedatroomtemperature,butmostcommercialmetalsrequiresomeheating.Alloycompositionhasagreatinfluenceupontheproperworkingrange,theusualresultbeingtoraisethere-crystallinerangetemperature.Thisrangemayalsobeincreasedbypriorcoldworking.

molecular[m?'lekj?l?]a.由分子組成的,分子的annealing[?'ni:li?]n.(低溫)退火，燜火，磨煉relieve[ri'li:v]v.解除，減輕，使不單調(diào)乏味liable['lai?bl]a.有責(zé)任的，有義務(wù)的，應(yīng)受罰的，有…傾向的contract['k?n'tr?kt]v.收縮，縮緊，感染，訂約rise[raiz]v.上升，增強(qiáng)，起立，高聳shaping[?eipi?]n.成形，造型，塑造mechanical[mi'k?nik?l]a.機(jī)械的，呆板的，力學(xué)的machining[m?'?i:ni?]n.切肖，制造，機(jī)械加工grinding[ɡraindi?]n.磨肖力工machined[m?'?i:nd]a.機(jī)械加工的pressure['pre??]n.壓力，壓強(qiáng)bend[bend]v.使彎曲，使屈服，使致力，使朝向bending['bendi?]n.彎曲(度)，扭曲(度)Newwordsandphrases

squeeze[skwi:z]v.擠(壓，干)，壓榨，勒索，緊握prior['prai?]a.在先的，在前的，優(yōu)先的distortion[dis't?:??n]n.變形，扭曲，曲解，失真crack[kr?k]v.&n．破裂，裂紋，打開(kāi)beyond[bi'j?nd]prep.超過(guò)……的范圍,超過(guò),越過(guò)quench[kwent?]v.&n．熄滅，[機(jī)]淬火,解渴；fix[fiks]v.&n.安裝,修理，使固定，準(zhǔn)備tempering['temp?ri?]v.回火rolls[r?uls]n.薄板卷，泛指鋼材draw[dr?:]v.拉,畫(huà),吸引drawing['dr?:i?]n.沖壓成形shear[?i?]v.剪斷，切斷，修剪，剝奪recrystallization[ri:,krist?lai'zei??n]n.再結(jié)晶hardening['hɑ:d?ni?]n.硬化，淬火,鍛煉crystalline['krist?lain]a.結(jié)晶的凡．結(jié)晶體influence['influ?ns]n.影響，作用Newwordsandphrases

mechanicalmeans機(jī)械設(shè)備(工具)beknownas…稱為……work—hardeningrange淬火溫度區(qū)TechnicalTerms

Thisproducesunequalcontractions，whichmaygiverisetodistortionorcracking．譯文：這將引起不均勻壓縮，增加其出現(xiàn)畸變和破裂的可能。說(shuō)明：此句為非限定性定語(yǔ)從句?！癢hich”引導(dǎo)的從句時(shí)對(duì)“unequalcontractions”的進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明。Languagepoints2.Thisdoesnotincludetheshapingofmetalsbymachiningorgrinding，inwhichprocessesmetalisactuallymachinedoff，nordoesitincludethecastingofmoltenmetalintosomeformbyuseofmolds．譯文：這既不包括金屬已經(jīng)過(guò)機(jī)械或磨削加工的成形，也不包括熔化的金屬注入鑄造模所進(jìn)行的成形。說(shuō)明：“inwhichprocessesmetalisactuallymachinedoff”為非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，對(duì)前面的主句起進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明作用。“nordoesitincludethecastingofmoltenmetalintosomeformbyuseofmolds”此句為倒裝句，由于“nor”提前，整個(gè)句子發(fā)生了部分倒裝。Languagepoints3.Thesestressesareliabletooccurthroughhammeringorworkingthemetal,orthroughrapidcooling.金屬在鍛打加工或快速冷卻時(shí)外層收縮比內(nèi)層收縮速度快，極易導(dǎo)致內(nèi)應(yīng)力。beliableto:易于…的；有…傾向的；應(yīng)付有責(zé)任，應(yīng)遵守…(1)Athirdparty,whosefaultcausesthefuelgasaccident,shallbeliabletopaydamagesaccordingtolaw.因第三人的過(guò)錯(cuò)造成燃?xì)馐鹿实?，第三人?yīng)當(dāng)依法承擔(dān)損害賠償責(zé)任。(2)Non-complyingtrustsarealsodeemedtobeliabletotaxationonthetrust'sworldwideincome.“非照辦信托”同時(shí)也被推定為按其信托之全球收入征稅。Languagepoints4.Weheatitupbeyondthecriticaltemperature,andthenquenchitinwaterorsomeotherliquid.我們將金屬加熱到超過(guò)極限溫度，然后在水或其他液體中淬火。heatup：加熱（1）Theelectronicheatercanheatupfastandsafely.Italsofunctionsasasteamer.以電熱為燃料能源，既方便，而且加熱速度快，有蒸氣鍋爐之同功效。（2）Materialspiralingintoablackholecanheatuptomillionsofdegreesandglowbrightly.捲入黑洞中的物質(zhì)，將會(huì)被加熱至數(shù)百萬(wàn)度并放出耀眼的光芒。

Languagepoints5.ThepropertiesoftemperedsteelenableUStouseitinthemanufactureoftools,whichneedafairlyhardsteel.當(dāng)制造的工具需要高硬度的鋼鐵時(shí)，我們可以用回火鋼。enable…to…:使…;使…能夠;能夠

(1)UsingICONcontrollingcircuit,enabletodetectthestatusofthemechanismoperation.

本機(jī)采用ICON控制回路，可偵測(cè)機(jī)械操作狀況。

(2)Thespacebetweentheinnerandouterplateisfullofheatinsulationmaterialswhichenabletoprovidetheniceperformanceofheatinsulation.內(nèi)外板之間形成的空間可以填充保溫材料，能夠提供良好的保溫功能。Languagepoints6.Othershapingoperationsincludedrawingintowire,castinginmoulds,andforging.其他的塑性加工有拉絲、模鑄和鍛造。drawinginto:使卷入

(1)SMSDrawintegratesintothetargetapplicationandappearsasanewserviceinthetoolbar.短信抽獎(jiǎng)集成到目標(biāo)應(yīng)用，似乎作為一種新的服務(wù)工具欄。(2)Nowthepatternrepeatwithmanualtwist,willitselfdrawintotheactivelevelofthePhotoshopdatafileandtheoriginalismaintainedagainonaseparatelevel.現(xiàn)在的模式重復(fù)與手工捻，本身將提請(qǐng)進(jìn)入活躍水平的Photoshop的數(shù)據(jù)文件和原再次是保持在一個(gè)單獨(dú)的水平。

Languagepoints7.Thereisnotendencyforhardeningbymechanicalworkuntilthelowerlimitofthere-crystallinerangeisreached.在達(dá)到最低的再結(jié)晶溫度之前，機(jī)械加工的金屬?zèng)]有硬化的趨勢(shì)。tendency['tend?nsi]n.傾向，趨勢(shì)；癖好(1)Sincegravityworksequallyoneverything,therewouldbeatendencytopullthoseunevenplacesdown.由于重力作用于物體上是相等的，會(huì)有傾向于將受力不相等的地方拉平。(2)Thetendencyofmodernscienceistoreduceprooftoabsurditybycontinuallyreducingabsurditytoproof.現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的傾向，是不斷把謬論化為根據(jù)來(lái)使實(shí)證變得荒謬。

Languagepoints8.Alloycompositionhasagreatinfluenceupontheproperworkingrange,theusualresultbeingtoraisethere-crystallinerangetemperature.合金的成分對(duì)合適的加工范圍有極大的影響，通常會(huì)提高再結(jié)晶的溫度范圍。

have/hasinfluenceupon:有影響

(1)Thelevelofweightingratehasdirectinfluenceuponthefabricproperties.增重率的高低對(duì)織物性能有直接影響。

(2)Inthelegalsystemofterminationoflaborcontract,dismissalsystemhasgreatinfluenceuponemployee.勞動(dòng)法律關(guān)系解除法律制度中，解雇制度對(duì)勞動(dòng)者權(quán)益的影響尤其重大。LanguagepointsI.Answerthefollowingquestions.1.Explainthewaysthatcanalterthecharacteristicsofsteel．

Inthefirstplace,steelwhichcontainsverylittlecarbon,willbemilderthansteel,whichcontainsahigherpercentageofcarbon,uptothelimitofabout1.5％.Secondly,wecanheatthesteelaboveacertaincriticaltemperature,andthenallowittocoolatdifferentrates.Ontheotherhand,wecanmakesteelharderbyrapidcooling.keyExercises

2.Whataretheadvantagesofannealing?

Intheprocessknownasannealingweheatthesteelabovethecriticaltemperatureandpermitittocoolveryslowly.Thiscausesthemetaltobecomesofterthanbefore,andmucheasiertomachine.Annealinghasasecondadvantage.Ithelpstorelieveanyinternalstresseswhichexistinthemetal.Thesestressesareliabletooccurthroughhammeringorworkingthemetal,orthroughrapidcooling.keyExercises3.Whatisthemeaningoftempering?

Weheatupthesteelbeyondthecriticaltemperature,andthenquenchitinwaterorsomeotherliquid.Therapidtemperaturedropfixesthestructuralchangeinthesteel,whichoccurredatthecriticaltemperature,andmakesitveryhard.Butabarofthishardenedsteelismoreliabletofracturethannormalsteel.Wethereforeheatitagaintoatemperaturebelowthecriticaltemperature,andcoolitslowly.Thistreatmentiscalledtempering.keyExercises4.Whatisthetemperatureatwhichsteelstartstore-crystallize?

Forsteel,re-crystallizationstartsaround650to700~C.keyExercises

金屬的分子結(jié)構(gòu)

2.不均勻壓縮3.快速冷卻4.各種塑性加工II．TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish．structureofthemeta1unequalcontractionrapidcoolingvariousshapingoperationskeykeykeykey5.金屬的機(jī)械加工6.金屬的冷熱加工mechanicalworkingofmetalcoldorhotworkingofsteelkeykeyⅡ.PutthephrasesintoEnglish:

在翻譯過(guò)程中，由于英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)方式不同，不能逐詞對(duì)譯。原文中有些詞在譯文中須要轉(zhuǎn)換詞性，才能使譯文通順流暢。詞性轉(zhuǎn)譯的幾種情況如下：一、英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞譯成漢語(yǔ)名詞1.Telecommunicationsmeanssomuchinmodernlifethatwithoutitourmodernlifewouldbeimpossible.電信在現(xiàn)代生活中意義重大，沒(méi)有它就不可能有我們現(xiàn)在的生活。

詞性轉(zhuǎn)譯Translating2.Gasesdifferfromsolidsinthattheformerhasgreatercompressibilitythanthelatter.氣體和固體的區(qū)別在于氣體的可壓縮性比固體大。3.Theinstrumentischaracterizedbyitscompactnessandportability.這個(gè)儀器的特點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，攜帶方便。Translating二、英語(yǔ)名詞、介詞、形容詞、副詞譯成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞1.SubstitutionofmanualfinishingisoneexampleofHSMapplication.替代手工精加工是高速加工應(yīng)用的一個(gè)例子。2.Scientistsareconfidentthatallmatterisindestructible.科學(xué)家們深信一切物質(zhì)是不滅的。3.Theapplicationofelectroniccomputersmakesforatremendousriseinlaborproductivity.使用電子計(jì)算機(jī)可以大大提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。Translating三、英語(yǔ)的名詞、副詞和動(dòng)詞譯成漢語(yǔ)形容詞

1.Thiswaveguidetubeischieflycharacterizedbyitssimplicityofstructure.這種波導(dǎo)管的主要特點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單。2.Themaidenvoyageofthenewlybuiltsteamshipwasasuccess.那艘新造輪船的處女航是成功的。3.Itisafactthatnostructuralmaterialisperfectlyelastic.事實(shí)上沒(méi)有一種結(jié)構(gòu)材料是十全十美的彈性體。Translating四、英語(yǔ)形容詞、名詞譯成漢語(yǔ)副詞1.Quasi-starswerediscoveredin1963asaresultofanefforttoovercometheshortcomingsofradiotelescopes.類星體是1963年發(fā)現(xiàn)的，是人們努力克服射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡的缺點(diǎn)所取得的一項(xiàng)成果。2.Acontinuousincreaseinthetemperatureofagasconfinedinacontainerwillleadtoacontinuousincreaseintheinternalpressurewithinthegas.不斷提高密封容器內(nèi)氣體的溫度，會(huì)使氣體的內(nèi)壓力不斷增大。TranslatingSolderingandWeldingThereareanumberofmethodsofjoiningmetalarticlestogether,dependingonthetypeofmetalandthestrengthofthejointthatisrequired.1.SolderingandBrazing釬焊和焊接

金屬連接在一起的方法很多，選用哪種方法要取決于金屬的類別和所要求的接縫強(qiáng)度。1.軟釬焊與硬釬焊

ReadingSolderinggivesasatisfactoryjointforlightarticlesofsteel,copperorbrass,butthestrengthofsolderedjointisratherlessthanajointwhichisbrazed,rivetedorwelded.Thesemethodsofjoiningmetalarenormallyadoptedforstrongpermanentjoint.Solderingistheprocessofjoiningtwometalsbyathirdmetaltobeappliedinthemoltenstate.Solderconsistsoftinandlead,whilebismuthandcadmiumareoftenincludedtolowerthemeltingpoint.Oneofthemostimportantoperationsinsolderingisthatofcleaningsurfacestobejoined,thismaybedonebysomeacidcleaner.

軟釬焊能使薄的鋼件、銅件或黃銅件獲得合乎要求的接縫。但軟釬焊的接縫強(qiáng)度比硬釬焊、鉚接或焊接的接縫強(qiáng)度低的多，硬釬焊、鉚接或焊接等這些接合方法通常用于高強(qiáng)度的永久接合。軟釬焊是靠施加熔融狀態(tài)的第三中金屬使兩塊金屬連接在一起的焊接方法。焊料由錫，鉛組成，而加入鉍和鎘是為了降低焊料的熔點(diǎn)。釬焊的重要工序之一是將需要焊接的接縫表面洗擦干凈，這一工序可用某種酸洗液進(jìn)行。

ReadingAlthoughtheoxidesareremovedbythecleaningoperation,anewoxidecoatingformsimmediatelyaftercleaning,thusispreventingthesoldertounitewiththesurfaceofthemetal.Fluxisusedtoremoveandpreventoxidationofthemetalsurfacetobesoldered,allowingthesoldertoflowfreelyandunitewiththemetal.Zinc

chlorideisthebestfluxtouseforsolderingmostferrousandnon-ferrousmetals,forsolderingaluminum

stearinacidorvase-lineistobeusedasfluxes.

雖然通過(guò)清理操作，氧化物被除去，但清洗完畢之后，會(huì)立即產(chǎn)生新的氧化膜，從而阻礙了焊料與金屬件表面的連接。助焊劑是用來(lái)去除氧化物和防止需要焊接的金屬表面的氧化，以使焊料能自由地流動(dòng)并于金屬件連接。在釬焊大多數(shù)黑色金屬和有色金屬時(shí)氯化鋅是最好的助焊劑，釬焊鋁時(shí)，用硬脂酸和凡士林作為助焊劑。

ReadingInsomecasesitmaybenecessarytoconnectmetalsurfacesbymeansofhardzincsolderwhichfusesathightemperature.Thiskindofsolderingiscalledbrazing.2.Welding在有些情況下，用高熔點(diǎn)的硬鋅焊料來(lái)焊接金屬是必要的，這種釬焊稱之為硬釬焊。2)焊接

ReadingWeldingisthejoiningoftwometalpiecesbysofteningwithheatandthenpressing,hammering,offusingthemtogether.Manypartsofmachines,automobiles,airplanes,ships,bridges,andbuildingsarewelded.焊接是借助于熱量，使金屬軟化后加壓、錘鍛或使金屬熔合將兩塊金屬連接在一起的一種工藝方法。機(jī)器、汽車、飛機(jī)、船舶、橋梁及各種建筑物的許多構(gòu)件都是焊接的。ReadingOxyacetyleneweldingistheheatingoftwopiecesofmetalwithaflamethatburnsamixtureofoxygenandacetylenegas.Theoxygenandacetylenegasarekeptittwoseparatesteeltanksfromwhichtheyflowtoatorch;therethetwogasesmixandthenpassintotheflame.Itisthehottestflameknownforordinaryuse;itstemperatureisabout6,300degreesFahrenheit.Theoxyacetyleneflamemaybeusedtocutironandsteel.

氧—乙炔（氣焊）用氧氣和乙炔氣混合物燃燒產(chǎn)生的火焰加熱兩塊金屬。氧氣和乙炔分別貯存在兩個(gè)鋼制的貯氣瓶?jī)?nèi)，由貯氣瓶流入焊炬，這兩種氣體在焊炬內(nèi)混合后通向火焰。就通常使用的火焰而言，氧—乙炔是最熾熱的火焰，其溫度約6300F（3482C），氧—乙炔火焰還可用于切割鐵和鋼。

ReadingElectricoftheweldingistheheatingoftwopiecesofmetaltobeweldedbyelectricity.Thisheatisthehottestthatcanbeobtainedforengineeringpurposes;itisabout7,232degreesFahrenheit.Theendsarethusmeltedtogether,makingaweldedjoint.Spotweldingisweldingtwopiecesofmetalinspotswithelectricityandisdonewithamachinecalledspotwelder.Aforgedweldismadebysofteningtheendsoftwometalpiecesinafurnaceandthenhammeringthemtogether.電焊即電弧焊，是用電能對(duì)施焊的兩件金屬加熱。在工程方面所有獲得的最高熱量要算電弧熱量，它約為7232F（4000C），因而焊接端被熔合成焊縫。點(diǎn)焊是借助電能以焊點(diǎn)形式將兩塊金屬焊接在一起。人們采用稱作點(diǎn)焊機(jī)的機(jī)器來(lái)完成這一工作。鍛焊是將兩塊金屬焊接端在爐中加熱軟化,然后將它們錘擊在一起。Readingsolder['s?ld?]n.焊料，焊錫v.（錫）焊，焊接brass[brɑ:s]n.黃銅，黃銅制品braze[breiz]vt.用銅鋅合金焊接copper['k?p?]n.銅，銅幣；銅制物a銅的rivet['rivit]n.鉚釘vt.鉚，鉚接molten['m?ult?n]adj.融化的，熔融的bismuth['bizm?θ]n.鉍cadmium['k?dmi?m]n.鎘acid['?sid]n.酸adj.酸的，酸味的oxide['?ksaid]n.氧化物flux[fl?ks]n.焊劑，助焊劑oxidation[,?ksi'dei??n]n.氧化ReadingNewwordsandphraseszinc[zi?k]n.鋅chloride['kl?:raid]n.氯化物ferrous['fer?s]adj.含鐵的，鐵的aluminum[?'lju:min?m]n.鋁stearin['sti:?rin,'sti?-]n.[化]硬脂精；硬脂=stearinevaseline['v?sili:n]n.[化]石油凍；礦脂；凡士林（商品名）fuse[fju:z]v.熔（化），熔合n.保險(xiǎn)絲，熔絲soften['s?f?n,'s?:-]v.使軟化；使柔和；變軟弱oxyacetylene[,?ksi?'setili:n,-lin]adj.[化]氧乙炔的acetylene[?'setili:n]n.[化]乙炔tank[t??k]n.(盛液體盛氣體的)大容器,槽,罐,坦克torch[t?:t?]n.火炬，火把；[機(jī)]氣炬；吹管furnace['f?:nis]n.爐子，熔爐；[冶]鼓風(fēng)爐，高爐ReadingNewwordsandphrases

twoseparatesteeltanks分別兩個(gè)鋼制的儲(chǔ)氣瓶solderingiron焊鐵，烙鐵ferrousandnon-ferrousmetals

黑色及有色金屬ReadingNeww