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2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter1I.Historicalbackground1.TheHundredYears’WarbetweenEnglandandFrance(1337---1453)cause:fortheFrenchthroneresult:awakeningofnationalconsciousnessinEnglandFrenchlanguagegraduallyreplacedbythenativetongue2.thepeasantuprisingof1381cause:theexploitationandoppressionofthepeasantsbythefeudallordsleader:spiritualleader:JohnBall2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter2Literaryworks
JohnWycliff(1324?–1384):fatherofEnglishproseFirstfiguretodemandedtoreformthechurchtodoawaywiththecorruptionandrottennessTranslatedtheBibleintostandardEnglishAgreatcontributiontoEnglishliteratureandEnglishlanguageFixanationalstandardforEnglishinsteadofdialects
WilliamLangland(1330?–1400)Works:TheVisionofPiersPlowman
Form:allegory--isastoryordescriptioninwhichthecharactersandeventssymbolizesomedeeperunderlyingmeaning,andservetospreadmoralteaching.Doublemeaning:Abstractqualitiesorideasarepersonifiedascharactersinthestory2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter3MedievalLiterature(continued)
—Chaucer
(1340?—1400)Chaucer:somebasicfactsChaucer’smasterpiece:TheCanterburyTalesOverview;Structure;Textualstudy:theopeninglinesoftheGeneralProloguetheimageoftheNunScansion韻律分析2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter4Chaucer:somebasicfactsFullname:GeoffreyChaucerBirth&death:1340?—1400Career:Awiderangeofcareerascourtier,soldier,diplomat,andcivilservantPlaceinBritishliterature:“fatherofEnglishpoetry”andoneofthegreatestnarrativepoetsofEnglandForerunnerofhumanismThefirstrealisticwriterMasteroftheEnglishlanguageThefirsttobeburiedinthePoet’sCornerofWestminsterAbbey2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter5LiteraryCareer1.Thefirstperiod(the1360s-about1372)HewasinfluencedbytheFrenchpoetryoftheMiddleAgesandhetranslatedworksfromFrench.
RomanceoftheRose/TheBookoftheDuchess2.Thesecondperiod(1372-1386)HewasinfluencedbythegreatliteraryfiguresofearlyRenaissanceinItaly,suchasDante.TroilusandCryseydethelongestcoupletpoemTheParliamentofFowlsTheHouseofFame3.Thethirdperiod(1386-1400)HeproducedhisworkfullmaturityfreefromanydominantforeigninfluenceTheCanterburyTales2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter6TheCanterburyTales:anoverviewTheCanterburyTalesisacollectionofstorieswrittenbyGeoffreyChaucerinthe14thcentury(twooftheminprose,therestinverse).ThetalesaretoldbyagroupofpilgrimsontheirwayfromTabardInninSouthwarktoCanterburytovisittheshrineofSaintThomasBecketatCanterburyCathedral.TheCanterburyTalesarewritteninMedievalEnglish.2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter7CanterburyTales:anoverviewOnedayinApril,thepoetcomestotheTabardInninthesouthernsuburbofLondon.Bynightfall,29pilgrimsarriveattheinnandtheygetreadytogotoCanterbury.HarryBailey,thehostoftheTabardInn,proposesthateachpilgrimshouldtelltwostoriesonthewaytoCanterburyandtwomoreonthewayback.Thebeststory-telleristobegivenafreesupper,atthecostofalltherest.Thehostofferstogowiththemastheirjudgeandguide.Accordingtotheplan,thereshouldbe120stories,butactually24talesarefinished.2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter8PortraitofChaucerasapilgrim2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter9TheCanterburyTales:itsstructureTheCanterburyTalesismadeupofthreeparts:
TheGeneralPrologue;24tales,twoofwhichleftunfinished;separateprologuestoeachtalewithlinks,comments,quarrels,etc.inbetween.2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter10ProloguePrologueprovidesaframeworkforthetales.Itcreatesagalleyofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflife,exceptthehighest(thekingandthetopnobility)andthelowest(theverypoorlabouringfolk),thenassignstoeachofthemappropriatetalesthatshedlightontherespectivenarrator’sdistinctivepersonality.2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter11Textualstudy:GeneralPrologueThestructureofthegeneralprologue:Lines1-34:anelaborateintroductionLines35-719:portraitsofpilgrimsLines720-821:thehost’ssuggestionofatale-tellingcontestanditsacceptanceLines822-858:thedecisionthattheknighttellthefirsttale2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter12Textualstudy:GeneralPrologue1.Whatisthestructureoftheopening18lines? Theopening18linesmakeup1sentenceintheoriginal.2.Whatistheimageryexpressedintheselines? spring’srenewalandrebirth3.Whichverbsdescribetheactionofnature? piercing(2),engendering(4),inspiring(5),pricking(11)4.Whatisthemainideaexpressedintheselines? amicrocosmof14th-centuryEnglishsociety;5.Howdoyouappreciatetheselines?2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter13TheliteraryformsoftalesThesetalescoverallthemajortypesofmedievalliteratureromance:folktale,beastfable,storyofadventure,allegoricaltale,Saint’slife,sermonandalchemicalaccountThewifeofBathlight-hearted,merry,vulgar,talkative2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter14SocialsignificanceChaucertakesthestandoftherisingbourgeoisie,becauseheaffirmsmenandwomen’srighttopursuetheirhappinessandopposesthedogmaofasceticism.AsaforerunnerofHumanism,hepraisesman’senergy,quickwitandloveoflife.Atthesametime,histalesexposeandsatirethesocialevilsathistime.WeaknessLivinginatransitionalperiod,Chaucerisnotentirelydevoidofmedievalprejudices.Thereisnothingrevolutionaryinhiswriting,thoughhelivedinaperiodofpeasantuprising,sosometimes,hecracksaroughjoke.2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter15ThesignificanceofTheCanterburyTalesItgivesacomprehensivepictureofChaucer’stimethedramaticstructureofthepoemhasbeenhighlycommendedbycriticsstoriesarecleverlywoventogetherbylinksbetweenthestoriesstoriesarerelatedtothepersonalitiesofthetellersChaucer’shumourChaucer“thesmylerwiththeknyfunderthecloke”Chaucer’scontributiontotheEnglishlanguageHewroteintheLondondialecttoprovethatEnglishlanguageisabeautifullanguageandcanbehandledtoexpressdifferentmoodsThusincreasedtheprestigeofehEnglishlanguage.2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter16ContributionChaucergreatlycontributestothefoundingoftheEnglishliterarylanguage.HislanguagenowiscalledMiddleEnglish.HeisthefirstgreatpoetwhowroteintheEnglishlanguage.HedidmuchinmakingthedialectofLondonthestandardforthemodernEnglishspeech.ChaucerintroducedheroiccoupletfromFrancetoEnglishpoetry,insteadofalliterativeverse.InTheLegendofGoodWomen,heusedforthefirsttimeinEnglishheroiccouplet.InTheRomanceoftheRose,hefirstintroducedtotheEnglishtheoctosyllabiccouplet.2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter17Couplets:coupletsaretwolinesofverse,usuallyconnectedbyarhyme.Poetsinthe18thC,inparticularusedcoupletsfrequently.Heroiccouplet:coupletsiniambicpentametere.g.Hereyesarewild,herheadisbore,Thesunhasburnthercoal-blackhair.Hereye-browhavearustystain,Andshecamefromfaroverthemain.---Wordsworth:TheMadMother2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter18Homework1.WhataretheartisticfeaturesandsignificancesofTheCanterburyTales?2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter19Scansion韻律分析Scansionistheprocessofmeasuring斟酌
verse,identifyingitsprevailingmeter韻律、格律
andrhythm節(jié)奏,andaccountingfordeviations偏轉fromthemetricalpattern.Inscanningapoem,wetrytodetermineitsdominantrhythmandmeter,andtoaccountforvariationsfromthenorm常規(guī).2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter20TheformofapoemNumberoflines2.Afewverseforms2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter21TheformofapoemNumberoflines Astanzaorpoemwith 1line:monostich2lines:couplet 3lines:tercet/triplet 4lines:quatrain 5lines:limerick6lines:hexastich 7lines:heptastich 8lines:octave
2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter22Theformofapoem2.Afewverseforms: sonnet 十四行詩
blankverse無韻詩/素體詩
freeverse自由體詩
heroiccouplet英雄偶句體詩
doggerel打油詩
Triolet八行兩韻詩2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter23Rhythm1.Definition:theregularrecurrenceoftheaccentorstressinapoem2.Howdowemarktherhythmofapoem?Weuse’forastressedsyllableand﹀anunstressedsyllable.Forexample:﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀’ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter24MeterDefinition:thenumberoffootinapoeticlineTypesofmeter: 1)iambic抑揚格的:anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable; forexample:﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀’
AssoonasAprilpiercestotheroot﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀’ThedroughtofMarch,andbatheseachbudandshoot
2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter25TypesofmeterIamb 抑揚格Trochee 揚抑格Anapest 抑抑揚格Dactyl 揚抑抑格…2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter26TypesofmeterIamb抑揚格:anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable; iambic抑揚格的
forexample:
﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀’
AssoonasAprilpiercestotheroot
﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀’ThedroughtofMarch,andbatheseachbudandshoot2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter27Typesofmeter2.Trochee揚抑格:astressedsyllablefollowedbyanunstressedsyllable; trochaic揚抑格的
forexample:’﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀WhanthatAprilwithhisshouressoote2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter28Typesofmeter3.Anapest抑抑揚格:twounstressedsyllablesfollowedbyastressedsyllableanapestic:抑抑揚格的4.Dactyl揚抑抑格:astressedsyllablefollowedbytwounstressedsyllablesdactylic:揚抑抑格的 2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter29Foot音步DefinitionThebasicunitofmeasurementinalineofpoetry.Inscansion,afootrepresentsoneinstanceofametricalpatternandisshowneitherbetweenortotherightorleftofverticallines,asinthefollowing:﹀’︱﹀’︱﹀’︱﹀’
whosewoods︱theseare︱Ithink︱Iknow2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter30Foot2.Belowisalistofclassifications:
monometer:onefoot單音步
dimeter:twofeet兩音步
trimeter:threefeet三音步
tetrameter:fourfeet四音步
pentameter:fivefeet五音步
hexameter:sixfeet六音步
heptameter:sevenfeet七音步
octameter:eightfeet八音步2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter31FootThemeterinapoemisclassifiedaccordingbothtoitspatternandthenumberoffeettotheline.Thefollowinglineisoneofiambicpentameter﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀’
AssoonasAprilpiercestotherootThefollowinglineisoneoftrochaictetrameter:
’﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀
WhanthatAprilwithhisshouressoote
2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter32Rhyme1.Definition:thematchingoffinalvowelandconsonantsoundsintwoormorewords.2.Howdowerecordtherhymeschemeofapoem?Weusea,b,c,…Weusethesamelettertomarkthelineswiththesamerhyme.3.WhatistherhymeschemeofTheCanterburyTales?
2023/2/3Chaucer/rhythm&meter33HeroiccoupletDefinition: linesofiambicpentameterrhymedinpairs:aa,bb,cc,andsoon.ThisverseformwasintroducedintoEnglishpoetrybyChaucer,andhasbeeninconstantuseeversince.
forexample: AssoonasAprilpiercestotheroot ThedroughtofMarch,andbatheseachbudandshoot througheveryveinofsapwithgentleshowers fromwhoseengenderingliquorspringtheflow
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