unit1語法：句子成分和句子結(jié)構(gòu)

句子成分MembersofaSentence*句子成分由詞或詞組充當(dāng)英語句子的基本成分有七種：____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________—————————————主語（subject）、謂語（predicate）、表語（predicative）。賓語（object）、定語（attribute）、狀語(adverbial)、補(bǔ)語（complement）、首先，讓我們來了解一下主語，謂語，賓語，表語。1.主語(Subject)表示句子說的是“什么人”或“什么事”。通常由名詞、代詞、主語從句或動(dòng)名詞短語等充當(dāng)。例如：

1.Myteacherhatestellinglies.（指老師這個(gè)人）

2.GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChinainthepastthirtyyears.（所發(fā)生的事情—很多大的變化）2.謂語(Predicate)

說明主語“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么樣”。通常由動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語結(jié)合時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣等充當(dāng)。要弄清兩個(gè)概念：

及物動(dòng)詞：后面直接接賓語的動(dòng)詞；

不及物動(dòng)詞：后面不能直接接賓語的動(dòng)詞。例如：

1.Childrenlikeplayinggames.2.Theyweretalkingaboutanewfilm.3.賓語(Object)常指及物動(dòng)詞或介詞后面使之意思完整的詞或短語。常由名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)名詞短語等充當(dāng)。例如：1.Shehasfinisheddoingtheexperiment.2.WelikeEnglishandaregoodatit.4.表語(Predicative)與系動(dòng)詞連用，一起構(gòu)成謂語，說明主語的性質(zhì)特征等。常由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、短語或從句等充當(dāng)。例如：1.Hergrandfatherisanengineer.2.Thetwocountrieswereatwarthen.3.Thefactseemsthathedidn’tnoticethecar.常見的連系動(dòng)詞1.表示感覺的動(dòng)詞5個(gè)---必須翻譯為…起來feel感到excited;smellgood;tastedelicious;soundinteresting;lookhappy2.表示變化的動(dòng)詞6個(gè)：有固定的搭配get

smaller;growolder;becomestronger;turnyellow;gobad;cometrue必須是這四類專門的詞，而且必須表達(dá)這個(gè)特殊的含義時(shí)才是系動(dòng)詞。3.表示狀態(tài)保持的動(dòng)詞：stayhealthy;keepwarm;remain保持be(am,is.are,was,were)是；4.seem似乎；appear但常用的英語句子并不都象基本句型這樣簡(jiǎn)短，除了基本句型的成分不變外，通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語而加以擴(kuò)大。這些修飾語可以是單詞（adj./adv./num.數(shù)詞）、短語（主要是介詞短語、不定式短語和分詞短語）。我們稱之為：定語、狀語補(bǔ)語Thelittleboyneedsabluepen.

5.定語：定語是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，譯為‘‘……的’’

常由形容詞、形容詞性物主代詞、名詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式或分詞短語等充當(dāng)。常放位置：定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。復(fù)合不定代詞（something/nothing）之后；不定式/分詞短語/從句作定語時(shí)要放在被修飾的成分后；副詞用作定語時(shí)須放在名詞之后。Twoboysneedtwopens.HisnameisTom.TheboyinblueisTom.Theboythereneedsapen.Theboyneedsaballpen.

Thereisnothingtodotoday.ThepenboughtbyherismadeinChina.TheboyyouwillknowisTom.6、狀語：狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，說明方式、因果、條件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、讓步、方向、程度、目的等--Theboyneedsapennow.--Theboyneedsapenverymuch.可用作狀語的有副詞,不定式，分詞，介詞短語，從句等。

Intheclassroom,theboyneedsapen.

在教室里，男孩需要一支鋼筆。（地點(diǎn)狀語）Beforehismother,Tomisalwaysaboy.

在母親面前,湯姆總是一個(gè)男孩子.(條件狀語)OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom.

星期天,教室里沒有學(xué)生.(時(shí)間狀語)介詞短語作狀語：Hesitsthere,askingforapen.他坐在那兒要一支筆。（表示伴隨狀態(tài)）Havingtofinishhishomework,theboyneedsapen.因?yàn)椴坏貌煌瓿勺鳂I(yè)，男孩需要一支筆。（原因狀語）Frightened,hesitstheresoundlessly.（因?yàn)椋┦芰梭@嚇，他無聲地坐在那兒。（原因狀語）分詞（短語）作狀語：Theboyneedsapentodohishomework.男孩需要一支筆寫家庭作業(yè)。（目的狀語）Tomakehisdreamcometrue,Tombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness.為實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想,湯姆變得對(duì)商業(yè)很有興趣.不定式作狀語：狀語從句：時(shí)間狀語從句、地點(diǎn)狀語從句、原因狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、目的狀語從句、比較狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句

--Wechattedaswewalkedalong.--Evenifshelaughsathim,headoresher.

7.賓語補(bǔ)足語英語有些及物動(dòng)詞，除了要有賓語之外，還要加上賓語補(bǔ)足語，才能使句子的意義完整。賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。

Theyelectedmecaptainoftheteam.Wetrytomakeourcountrystrong.Wefoundeverythingingoodorderthere.Ishouldadviseyoutogetthechance.Isawhimgoingupstairs.8.主語補(bǔ)足語如果上述結(jié)構(gòu)變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，原賓語成為主語，原賓語補(bǔ)足語相應(yīng)地變?yōu)橹髡Z補(bǔ)足語

Iwaselectedcaptainoftheteam.Ourcountrywillbemadestrong.9.同位語：同位語當(dāng)兩個(gè)指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置時(shí)，一個(gè)句子成分用來說明和解釋另一個(gè)句子成分，這個(gè)句子成分就叫做它的同位語。Westudentsshouldstudyhard.(students是we的同位語，都是指同一批‘學(xué)生’）Weallarestudents.

(all是we的同位語，都指同樣的‘我們’）

10、獨(dú)立成分：與全句沒有語法關(guān)系的句子成分叫做句子的獨(dú)立成分感嘆詞：oh,hello,aha,ah,等?？隙ㄔ~:yes否定詞:no稱呼語：稱呼人的用語。插入語：一些句中插入的Ithink,Ibelieve,等。如:Thestory,Ithink,hasnevercometotheend.

我相信,這個(gè)故事還遠(yuǎn)沒結(jié)束.

一)挑出下列句中的賓語①M(fèi)ybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?⑥Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.(二)挑出下列句中的表語--Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.--Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.--SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.(三)挑出下列句中的定語1.Whatisyourgivenname?2.Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.3.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.4.Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!(四)挑出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.②Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.③Shefounditdifficulttodothework.④TheycallmeLilysometimes.⑤IsawMrWanggetonthebus.(五)挑出下列句中的狀語①Therewasabigsmileonherface.②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.④Themanonthemotorbikewastravelingtoofast.⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.⑥Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.⑦Iamafraidthatifyou'velostit,youmustpayforit.⑧ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.劃分句子成分Youwilltellyourfriendthatyou’vegottoschool.Butasthemoongavefartoomuchlight,Ididn’tdareopenawindow.3.Anothertimefivemonthsago,Ihappenedtobeupstairsatduskwhenthewindowwasopen.4.Thedark,rainyevening,thewind,thethunderingcloudsheldmeentirelyintheirpower.1.You

willtell

（your）friend

thatyou’vegottoschool.2.But[asthemoongavefartoomuchlight],Ididn’tdareopenawindow.3.[Anothertimefivemonthsago],IhappenedtobeUpstairs

[atdusk](whenthewindowwasopen).4.The(dark,rainy)evening,thewind,thethunderingClouds

held

me

[entirely]

intheirpower.主語謂語間賓定語直接賓語原因狀語主語

謂語賓語

翻譯并指出其語言單位名稱

1.aheavyrain

2.inthelaboratory1什么叫句子？一場(chǎng)大雨語言單位名稱：名詞短語3.amanalwayswritingarticles一個(gè)常寫文章的人語言單位名稱：名詞短語在實(shí)驗(yàn)室

語言單位名稱：介詞短語4.mentallyandphysicallyhealthy5.seeafilm1

身心健康語言單位名稱：形容詞短語6.Mr.Liwillvisityouat2：00p．m.

李先生下午兩點(diǎn)會(huì)來拜訪你。語言單位名稱：句子看電影

語言單位名稱：動(dòng)詞短語

7.Standup！站起來！語言單位名稱：句子英語句子的類型簡(jiǎn)單句并列句復(fù)合句只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)一個(gè)主句加一個(gè)或幾個(gè)從句二.五種簡(jiǎn)單基本句型主語+謂語+賓語主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞不及物動(dòng)詞及物動(dòng)詞主語+系+表語主語+謂語Nobodywent.Shebecameadoctor.Thecarcaughtfire.Iwillwriteyoualongletter.Iwilllethimgo.1）Ourcity

is

atthecrossingofsomeimportantrailways.

主語系動(dòng)詞表語

2）Thecity

willbecome

rich.

主語系動(dòng)詞表語在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中最常用的系動(dòng)詞是：“變化”類：______________________________________________.“感官”類:______________________________________________.“持續(xù)”類：___________________________________________.

其他：（似乎）_______________(證明是)_________get/become/turn/grow/gotaste/smell/feel/look/soundstay/keep/remainseemappearturnout/prove(tobe)1．主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語Exercises你的故事聽起來很有趣。____________________________________.把魚放在冰箱里，否則它會(huì)變壞的。________________________________________.這種炎熱的天氣將會(huì)保持幾天。__________________________________________.這個(gè)計(jì)劃證明是可行的。__________________________________________.Yourstorysoundedveryinteresting.Putthefishintofridge,ortheywillgobad.Thehotdaywillremain/stay/keepafewdays.Theplanturnedout/proved（tobe)practical.2．主語+謂語1）Building

hasstarted.主語謂語2）Thetrain

leavesat7:40.主語謂語

搭配：Theteacherteacheswell.Thechildwalksveryslowly.

搭配：Thegirllookedatthepicture.Thechildrenrantotheforest.動(dòng)詞副詞動(dòng)詞介詞Exercise我每天起的很早，走到小花園，坐在凳子上。小鳥在樹上歡快的歌唱，魚兒在池塘里自由的嬉戲，我玩得也高興.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.EverydayIgetupearly,walktotheparkandsitonthebench.Thebirdssingshappilyinthetree,thefishplaysfreelyinthepoolandIalsoenjoysmyself.3．主語+謂語+賓語1）Theboss

employed

fivemoreworkers.主語謂語賓2）Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden.3）Fewstudentsliketakingexams.4）Heforgottoclosethedoor.5）IhopeIcanspeakEnglishfluently.Exercise他因?yàn)檐囎娱_得太快而違反了交通規(guī)則。___________________________________.他拿出一瓶啤酒，很快將其喝光。___________________________________.他許諾給我一個(gè)禮物。___________________________________.Hedrovesofastthathebrokethetrafficrules.Hetookoutabeeranddrankitupquickly.Hepromisedtogivemeagift.4．主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語1）He

hasfetched

us

somenewtextbooks.主語謂語間接賓語直接賓語2）Grandma

cooked

us

anicemeal.主語謂語間接賓語直接賓語3）Themantoldthegirlthathewantstotestherthesubject.4）TheboyaskedmeifIcouldspeakChinese.可接雙賓語的常見動(dòng)詞有：ask,answer,give,offer,send,bring,pass,tell,show,teach,buy,promise

順便問一下，她把錢付給你了嗎？_____________________________.下學(xué)期誰教你們生物？_____________________________.Mr.White告訴我為什么他要出國。_____________________________.Bytheway,hasshepaidyoumoney?Whowillteachyoubiology?Mr.Whitetoldmewhyhewentabroad.Exercise他因?yàn)檐囎娱_得太快而違反了交通規(guī)則。___________________________________.他拿出一瓶啤酒，很快將其喝光。___________________________________.他許諾給我一個(gè)禮物。___________________________________.Hedrovesofastthathebrokethetrafficrules.Hetookoutabeeranddrankitupquickly.Hepromisedtogivemeagift.5主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語1）Thevillagers

didn’tallow

them

todothis.主語謂語賓語賓語補(bǔ)足語2）Iwillkeeptheboxintheshade.3）Wefoundhimaverygoodpupil.4）Sheletmestayinthecompany.Exercise他總是把他的臥室收拾得干干凈凈。______________________________________.我建議他多讀點(diǎn)書。__________________________________________.他修了機(jī)器。__________________________________________.我們選他當(dāng)班長。__________________________________________.HealwayskeepshisroomcleanIsuggesthimreadingmorebooks.Hehadhismachinerepaired.Wemadehimmonitor.分析下列句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)1.Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.2.Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou.3.Allofusconsideredhimhonest.4.Mygrandfatherboughtmeapairofsportsshoes.5.Hebrokeapieceofglass.6.Hemadeitclearthathewouldleavethecity.7.Iloveyoumorethanher,child.8.Treesturngreenwhenspringcomes.9.Theypushedthedooropen.10.Grammertoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.11.Hewrotecarefullysomeletterstohisfriends.12.Allthestudentsthinkhighlyofhisteaching.13.Weneedaplacetwicelargerthanthisone.14.HeaskedustosinganEnglishsong.15.Atlasthegothome,tiredandhungry.并列句用分號(hào)或并列連詞把兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句連接起來的句子。用分號(hào)：Wefishedallday;wedidn’tcatchathing.用并列連詞（如and、but、so、yet等）Wefishedallday,butwedidn’tcatchathing.Exercise:請(qǐng)用合適的并列連詞把每組句子合并為一個(gè)并列句。Hewastired,sohewenttobed.1.Hewastired.Hewenttobed.

2.Thechilddidn’tgoout.Hewasafraidofthedog.3.Hemadeapromise.Hedidn’tkeepit.Hemadeapromise,butHedidn’tkeepit.Thechilddidn’tgoout,becausehewasafraidofthedog.由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或者一個(gè)以上從句所構(gòu)成的句子,中間用從屬連詞連接。主句是一個(gè)完整的句子,它可以獨(dú)立存在。從句是一個(gè)不完整的句子,它必須和一個(gè)主句連用，不能獨(dú)立存在。復(fù)合句=主句+從屬連詞+從句復(fù)合句復(fù)合句是在簡(jiǎn)單句的基礎(chǔ)上，通過