海商法課件第四章3

（4）Thestandardofseaworthiness:relativeseaworthy,

exerciseduediligence

ItisthesameastheHarterAct1893oftheUSHowever,inthecommonlawsystemthestandardofabsoluteseaworthinesshasbeenadopted

(5)Theindependentcontractor

(6)Thecausalrelationshipbetweendamageofgoodsandunseaworthiness

Case10ThechangeofdutyofmakingtheshipseaworthyundertheRotterdamRulesHowtounderstandsuchresponsibility(1)Toprovideashipasagreed(2)themeaningofmakingtheshipseaworthy:

narrowsensebroadsenseABCDErangerangerangerangevoyageDifferentlegaleffects:Case93.withoutunreasonabledeviationCMCarticle49

Anydeviationinsavingorattemptingtosavelifeorpropertyatseaoranyreasonabledeviationshallnotbedeemedtobeanactdeviatingfromtheprovisionsoftheprecedingparagraph.ReasonableDeviation

（1）It’sreasonableforbothparties（2）There’sadeviationclauseinB/Landactualdeviationdoesn’texceedthisscope.（3）There’snoseriousconflictbetweendeviationandthetaskofvoyage.（4）Otherreasonablecauses

Case11Thecarriershallcarrythegoodstotheportofdischargeontheagreedorcustomaryorgeographicallydirectroute.4.toreasonabledispatch

Theliabilitiesofdelayindelivery（CMC50（1）

）Article290ofContractLawSuggestionofamendments:PlanA:add"reasonabletime”PlanB:makeitclearthatdelayreferstofailtodeliverythegoodsinagreeddischargingportwithinagreedperiod.Article21oftheRotterdamRulesstatesthatdelayindeliverymeansfailtodeliverythegoodsinagreedplaceofthecontractwithinagreedperiod.agreedtimeorreasonabletime5.Liabilitytocompensatedamage

CMCArticle46(1)Payattentiontothecompensationforthedamagecausedbymixedcaused（CMC54）Itisdifferentfromarticle9ofUSCOGSA1999對(duì)可免責(zé)與不可免責(zé)的原因造成的貨損，承運(yùn)人或船舶對(duì)（1）索賠方能夠證明歸因于承運(yùn)人違反義務(wù)或過失造成的滅失或損壞負(fù)責(zé)；（2）承運(yùn)人證明歸因于免責(zé)的原因造成的滅失、損壞不負(fù)責(zé)。如果不能區(qū)分，則負(fù)一半責(zé)任。Duringtheperiodthecarrierisinchargeofthegoods,thecarriershallbeliableforthelossofordamagetothegoods,exceptasotherwiseprovidedforinthisSection.

UNCITRALTransportLawDraft:thecarrierisresponsibleforhalfoftheliability

Article17(6)oftheRotterdamRules:Whenthecarrierisrelievedofpartofitsliabilitypursuanttothisarticle,thecarrierisliableonlyforthatpartoftheloss,damageordelaythatisattributabletotheeventorcircumstanceforwhichitisliablepursuanttothisarticle.

Theliabilityfordelayindeliveryofthecarrier

CMC50（2）（3）（4）：

Theliabilityforliveanimalsofthecarrier

CMC52

Theliabilityfordeckcargoofthecarrier

CMC53

Hb.R:Art.9RmR:Article25(2)Thebasicrightsofthecarrier

1.Therightofclaimsforfreight,deadfreight,demurrageandothercharges

advancefreight/freightprepaidFreight

freighttocollect/freightpayableatdestination

Article314ofContractLawWherethegoodsaredestroyedduetoforcemajeureduringtheperiodofcarriageandthefreighthasnotbeencollected,thecarriermaynotrequestthepaymentofthefreight.Wherethefreighthasbeencollected,theshippermayrequesttherefundofthefreight.

2.Lienoncargo:

CMC87，CMC88

Art315ofContractLaw：Wheretheshipperortheconsigneefailstopaythefreight,storageexpenseandothercarriageexpenses,thecarrierisentitledtolienontherelevantcarriedgoodsexceptasotherwiseagreeduponinthecontract.Article49oftheRotterdamRules:RetentionofgoodsNothinginthisConventionaffectsarightofthecarrieroraperformingpartythatmayexistpursuanttothecontractofcarriageortheapplicablelawtoretainthegoodstosecurethepaymentofsumsdue.3.Rightsofimmunities：CMC51

HagueRules:Art.4(2).

Thebasisofliabilityofthecarrier:incompletefaultliabilitysystemRmR：Article17(1)exceptionsofmanagementandnavigationoftheshipthedifferencebetweenmanagingshipandmanaginggoods:thetheoryofbehavioralobjectandthetheoryofpurpose(2)exemptionoffireTheburdenofproof:theclaimershouldproveit’sthefaultofthecarrier.(3)otherexemptions4.RightsofLOL（1）Theamountofcompensationforthegoodsandlimitofliabilitya.theamountofcompensationCMC55b.limitofliabilityCMC56，CMC57

HRarticle4(5):

Inanycaselimitofliabilityshouldn’texceed100poundsperpackageorpershippingunit.

HvRarticle4(5):

10000francsperpackageor30francsperkilogram,whicheveristhehigher;

The1979protocolofHvR:666.67SDRperpackageor2SDRperkilogram,whicheveristhehigher;

HbR:835SDRperpackageor2.5SDRperkilogramthelimitofliabilityofdelayindelivery:2.5timesofthefreight

Rm.R:875SDRperpackageor3SDRperkilogram

COSCOB/L：beforetheCMCwasenteredintoforce,article12:700RMBperpackageorpershippingunit.Currently,theLOLundertheCMCisapplied.Themeaningofpackage（圖）（CMC56（2）（3））（2）Thesituationsunderwhichlimitofliabilitycan’tbequoted:

CMC56（3）Theconditionsofthelossoflimitofliability:

CMC59（sameasHvR、HbR）InanycaselimitofliabilityunderHRwon’tbelostunless

fundamentalbreachofcontract

happens:unreasonabledeviation,wrongdeliveryofgoodswithoutB/L,privateloadingofdeckcargoes,embezzlementoftheshippartyCase9Loadingofgoodshadbeencompleted.TheissuedbillofladingprovidedthatCMCwasapplicable.

Thepipesofonesideofrailsoftheshipwasfoundfrozenandblockedbeforethevoyage

Oneonshoreworkerwasinvitedonboardformeltingjobwithopenfires

Thethirdofficerdidn’ttelltheonshoreworkerthataroundthepipestherewerewoodenplates

Thepipeswereover-heatedanditcausedafireonboardwhichdamagedthegoods

Theshipperclaimedagainstthecarrierforthedamageofgoods.Questions:Whetherthecarriershouldbeliableforthedamage?Why?Iftheaccidenthappenedatintermediateport,wasthereanydifference?Testpoint:thecarrier’sobligationofmakingshipseaworthybeforethevoyageCMC第50（1）條

CMCArticle50(1)

貨物未能在明確約定的時(shí)間內(nèi)，在約定的卸貨港交付的，為遲延交付。Delayindeliveryoccurswhenthegoodshavenotbeendeliveredatthedesignatedportofdischargewithinthetimeexpresslyagreedupon.CMC第54條

CMCArticle54

貨物的滅失、損壞或者遲延交付是由于承運(yùn)人或者承運(yùn)人的受雇人、代理人的不能免除賠償責(zé)任的原因和其他原因共同造成的，承運(yùn)人僅在不能免除賠償責(zé)任的范圍內(nèi)負(fù)賠償責(zé)任；但是，承運(yùn)人對(duì)其他原因造成的滅失、損壞或者遲延交付應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)舉證責(zé)任。

Wherelossordamageordelayindeliveryhasoccurredfromcausesfromwhichthecarrierorhisservantoragentisnotentitledtoexonerationfromliability,togetherwithanothercause,thecarriershallbeliableonlytotheextentthattheloss,damageordelayindeliveryisattributabletothecausesfromwhichthecarrierisnotentitledtoexonerationfromliability;however,thecarriershallbeartheburdenofproofwithrespecttotheloss,damageordelayindeliveryresultingfromtheothercause.《鹿特丹規(guī)則》下的管貨義務(wù)

theobligationofmanaginggoods第13條特定義務(wù)一、在第十二條規(guī)定的責(zé)任期內(nèi)，除須遵循第二十六條的規(guī)定外，承運(yùn)人應(yīng)妥善而謹(jǐn)慎地接收、裝載、操作、積載、運(yùn)輸、保管、照料、卸載并交付貨物。二、雖有本條第一款規(guī)定，在不影響第四章其他規(guī)定以及第五章至第七章規(guī)定的情況下，承運(yùn)人與托運(yùn)人可以約定由托運(yùn)人、單證托運(yùn)人或收貨人裝載、操作、積載或卸載貨物。此種約定應(yīng)在合同事項(xiàng)中載明.Article13Specificobligations1.Thecarriershallduringtheperiodofitsresponsibilityasdefinedinarticle12,andsubjecttoarticle26,properlyandcarefullyreceive,load,handle,stow,carry,keep,carefor,unloadanddeliverthegoods.2.Notwithstandingparagraph1ofthisarticle,andwithoutprejudicetotheotherprovisionsinchapter4andtochapters5to7,thecarrierandtheshippermayagreethattheloading,handling,stowingorunloadingofthegoodsistobeperformedbytheshipper,thedocumentaryshipperortheconsignee.Suchanagreementshallbereferredtointhecontractparticulars.Case11ThebillofladingissuedbyshippingcompanyprovidedthatCMCwasapplicable.Questions:Whetherthecarriershouldbeliableforthelossofgoods?Why?Thepointofthiscase:unreasonabledeviationSwanLake

Destination：Constantinople

CallingportTheshipwerewreckedonareefandsank

twoshippingengineerswhotestedenergy-savingdevicesgetoffboard

thenegligenceofnavigator

CMC第50條

CMCArticle50貨物未能在明確約定的時(shí)間內(nèi)，在約定的卸貨港交付的，為遲延交付。除依照本章規(guī)定承運(yùn)人不負(fù)賠償責(zé)任的情形外，由于承運(yùn)人的過失，致使貨物因遲延交付而滅失或者損壞的，承運(yùn)人應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)賠償責(zé)任。除依照本章規(guī)定承運(yùn)人不負(fù)賠償責(zé)任的情形外，由于承運(yùn)人的過失，致使貨物因遲延交付而遭受經(jīng)濟(jì)損失的，即使貨物沒有滅失或者損壞，承運(yùn)人仍然應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)賠償責(zé)任。承運(yùn)人未能在本條第一款規(guī)定的時(shí)間屆滿六十日內(nèi)交付貨物，有權(quán)對(duì)貨物滅失提出賠償請(qǐng)求的人可以認(rèn)為貨物已經(jīng)滅失。Delayindeliveryoccurswhenthegoodshavenotbeendeliveredatthedesignatedportofdischargewithinthetimeexpresslyagreedupon.Thecarriershallbeliableforthelossofordamagetothegoodscausedbydelayindeliveryduetothefaultofthecarrier,exceptthosearisingorresultingfromcausesforwhichthecarrierisnotliableasprovidedforintherelevantArticlesofthisChapter.Thecarriershallbeliablefortheeconomiclossescausedbydelayindeliveryofthegoodsduetothefaultofthecarrier,evenifnolossofordamagetothegoodshadactuallyoccurred,unlesssucheconomiclosseshadoccurredfromcausesforwhichthecarrierisnotliableasprovidedforintherelevantArticlesofthisChapter.Thepersonentitledtomakeaclaimforthelossofgoodsmaytreatthegoodsaslostwhenthecarrierhasnotdeliveredthegoodswithin60daysfromtheexpiryofthetimefordeliveryspecifiedinparagraph1ofthisArticle.

CMC第52條

CMCArticle52因運(yùn)輸活動(dòng)物的固有的特殊風(fēng)險(xiǎn)造成活動(dòng)物滅失或者損害的，承運(yùn)人不負(fù)賠償責(zé)任。但是，承運(yùn)人應(yīng)當(dāng)證明業(yè)已履行托運(yùn)人關(guān)于運(yùn)輸活動(dòng)物特別要求，并證明根據(jù)實(shí)際情況，滅失或者損害是由于此種固有的特殊風(fēng)險(xiǎn)造成的。Thecarriershallnotbeliableforthelossofordamagetotheliveanimalsarisingorresultingfromthespecialrisksinherentinthecarriagethereof.However,thecarriershallbeboundtoprovethathehasfulfilledthespecialrequirementsoftheshipperwithregardtothecarriageoftheliveanimalsandthatunderthecircumstancesoftheseacarriage,thelossordamagehasoccurredduetothespecialrisksinherenttherein.CMC第53條

CMCArticle53

承運(yùn)人在艙面上裝載貨物，應(yīng)當(dāng)同托運(yùn)人達(dá)成協(xié)議，或者符合航運(yùn)慣例，或者符合有關(guān)法律、行政法規(guī)的規(guī)定。承運(yùn)人依照前款規(guī)定將貨物裝載在艙面上，對(duì)由于此種裝載的特殊風(fēng)險(xiǎn)造成的貨物滅失或者損壞，不負(fù)賠償責(zé)任。承運(yùn)人違反本條第一款規(guī)定將貨物裝載在艙面上，致使貨物遭受滅失或者損壞的，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)賠償責(zé)任。Incasethecarrierintendstoshipthegoodsondeck,heshallcomeintoanagreementwiththeshipperorcomplywiththecustomofthetradeortherelevantlawsoradministrativerulesandregulations.Whenthegoodshavebeenshippedondeckinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheprecedingparagraph,thecarriershallnotbeliableforthelossofordamagetothegoodscausedbythespecialrisksinvolvedinsuchcarriage.Ifthecarrier,inbreachoftheprovisionsofthefirstparagraphofthisArticle,hasshippedthegoodsondeckandthegoodshaveconsequentlysufferedlossordamage,thecarriershallbeliabletherefor.Hb.R:Art.9

Hb.R:Art.91.承運(yùn)人只有按照同托運(yùn)人的協(xié)議或符合特定的貿(mào)易慣例，或依據(jù)法規(guī)的規(guī)章的要求，才有權(quán)在艙面上載運(yùn)貨物。2.如果承運(yùn)人和托運(yùn)人議定，貨物應(yīng)該或可以在艙面上載運(yùn)，承運(yùn)人必須在提單或證明海上運(yùn)輸合同的其他單證上載列相應(yīng)說明。如無(wú)此項(xiàng)說明，承運(yùn)人有責(zé)任證明，曾經(jīng)達(dá)成在艙面上載運(yùn)的協(xié)議。但承運(yùn)人無(wú)權(quán)援引這種協(xié)議對(duì)抗包括收貨人在內(nèi)的，相信并持有提單的第三方。3.如違反本條第1款的規(guī)定將貨物載運(yùn)在艙面上，或承運(yùn)人不能按照本條第2款援引在艙面上載運(yùn)的協(xié)議，盡管有第五條第1款的規(guī)定，承運(yùn)人仍須對(duì)僅由于在艙面上載運(yùn)而造成的貨物滅失或損壞以及延遲交付負(fù)賠償責(zé)任，而其賠償責(zé)任的限額，視情況分別按照本公約第六條或第八條的規(guī)定確定。4.違反將貨物裝載在艙內(nèi)的明文協(xié)議而將貨物裝載在艙面，應(yīng)視為第八條含義內(nèi)的承運(yùn)人的一種行為或不行為。1.Thecarrierisentitledtocarrythegoodsondeckonlyifsuchcarriageisinaccordancewithanagreementwiththeshipperorwiththeusageoftheparticulartradeorisrequiredbystatutoryrulesorregulations.2.Ifthecarrierandtheshipperhaveagreedthatthegoodsshallormaybecarriedondeck,thecarriermustinsertinthebillofladingorotherdocumentevidencingthecontractofcarriagebyseaastatementtothateffect.Intheabsenceofsuchastatementthecarrierhastheburdenofprovingthatanagreementforcarriageondeckhasbeenenteredinto;however,thecarrierisnotentitledtoinvokesuchanagreementagainstathirdparty,includingaconsignee,whohasacquiredthebillofladingingoodfaith.3.Wherethegoodshavebeencarriedondeckcontrarytotheprovisionsofparagraph1ofthisarticleorwherethecarriermaynotunderparagraph2ofthisarticleinvokeanagreementforcarriageondeck,thecarrier,notwithstandingtheprovisionsofparagraph1ofarticle5,isliableforlossofordamagetothegoods,aswellasfordelayindelivery,resultingsolelyfromthecarriageondeck,andtheextentofhisliabilityistobedeterminedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofarticle6orarticle8ofthisConvention,asthecasemaybe.4.Carriageofgoodsondeckcontrarytoexpressagreementforcarriageunderdeckisdeemedtobeanactoromissionofthecarrierwithinthemeaningofarticle8.第25條Article25Deckcargoonships

1.Goodsmaybecarriedonthedeckofashiponlyif:(a)Suchcarriageisrequiredbylaw;(b)Theyarecarriedinoroncontainersorvehiclesthatarefitfordeckcarriage,andthedecksarespeciallyfittedtocarrysuchcontainersorvehicles;or(c)Thecarriageondeckisinaccordancewiththecontractofcarriage,orthecustoms,usagesorpracticesofthetradeinquestion.2.TheprovisionsofthisConventionrelatingtotheliabilityofthecarrierapplytothelossof,damagetoordelayinthedeliveryofgoodscarriedondeckpursuanttoparagraph1ofthisarticle,butthecarrierisnotliableforlossofordamagetosuchgoods,ordelayintheirdelivery,causedbythespecialrisksinvolvedintheircarriageondeckwhenthegoodsarecarriedinaccordancewithsubparagraphs1(a)or(c)ofthisarticle.3.Ifthegoodshavebeencarriedondeckincasesotherthanthosepermittedpursuanttoparagraph1ofthisarticle,thecarrierisliableforlossofordamagetothegoodsordelayintheirdeliverythatisexclusivelycausedbytheircarriageondeck,andisnotentitledtothedefencesprovidedforinarticle17.4.Thecarrierisnotentitledtoinvokesubparagraph1(c)ofthisarticleagainstathirdpartythathasacquiredanegotiabletransportdocumentoranegotiableelectronictransportrecordingoodfaith,unlessthecontractparticularsstatethatthegoodsmaybecarriedondeck.5.Ifthecarrierandshipperexpresslyagreedthatthegoodswouldbecarriedunderdeck,thecarrierisnotentitledtothebenefitofthelimitationofliabilityforanylossof,damagetoordelayinthedeliveryofthegoodstotheextentthatsuchloss,damage,ordelayresultedfromtheircarriageondeck.CMC第87條

CMCArticle87

應(yīng)當(dāng)向承運(yùn)人支付的運(yùn)費(fèi)、共同海損分?jǐn)?、滯期費(fèi)和承運(yùn)人為貨物墊付的必要費(fèi)用以及應(yīng)當(dāng)向承運(yùn)人支付的其他費(fèi)用沒有付清，又沒有提供適當(dāng)擔(dān)保的，承運(yùn)人可以在合理的限度內(nèi)留置其貨物。

Ifthefreight,contributioningeneralaverage,demurragetobepaidtothecarrierandothernecessarychargespaidbythecarrieronbehalfoftheownerofthegoodsaswellasotherchargestobepaidtothecarrierhavenotbeenpaidinfull,norhasappropriatesecuritybeengiven,thecarriermayhavealien,toareasonableextent,onthegoods.CMC第88條

CMCArticle88

承運(yùn)人根據(jù)本法第八十七條規(guī)定留置的貨物，自船舶抵達(dá)卸貨港的次日起滿六十日無(wú)人提取的，承運(yùn)人可以申請(qǐng)法院裁定拍賣；貨物易腐爛變質(zhì)或者貨物的保管費(fèi)用可能超過其價(jià)值的，可以申請(qǐng)?zhí)崆芭馁u。拍賣所得價(jià)款，用于清償保管、拍賣貨物的費(fèi)用和運(yùn)費(fèi)以及應(yīng)當(dāng)向承運(yùn)人支付的其他有關(guān)費(fèi)用；不足的金額，承運(yùn)人有權(quán)向托運(yùn)人追償；剩余的金額，退還托運(yùn)人；無(wú)法退還、自拍賣之日起滿一年又無(wú)人領(lǐng)取的，上繳國(guó)庫(kù)。

IfthegoodsunderlieninaccordancewiththeprovisionsofArticle87ofthisCodehavenotbeentakendeliveryofwithin60daysfromthenextdayoftheship'sarrivalattheportofdischarge,thecarriermayapplytothecourtforanorderonsellingthegoodsbyauction.wherethegoodsareperishableortheexpensesforkeepingsuchgoodswouldexceedtheirvalue,thecarriermayapplyforanearliersalebyauction.Theproceedsfromtheauctionsaleshallbeusedtopayofftheexpensesforthestorageandauctionsaleofthegoods,thefreightandotherrelatedchargestobepaidtothecarrier.Iftheproceedsfallshortofsuchexpenses,thecarrierisentitledtoclaimthedifferencefromtheshipper,whereasanyamountinsurplusshallberefundedtotheshipper.Ifthereisnowaytomaketherefundandsuchsurplusamounthasnotbeenclaimedattheendofonefullyearaftertheauctionsale,itshallgototheStateTreasury.CMC第51條

Thecarriershallnotbeliableforthelossofordamagetothegoodsoccurredduringtheperiodofcarrier'sresponsibilityarisingorresultingfromanyofthefollowingcauses:(1)FaultoftheMaster,crewmembers,pilotorservantofthecarrierinthenavigationormanagementoftheship;(2)Fire,unlesscausedbytheactualfaultofthecarrier;(3)Forcemajeureandperils,dangersandaccidentsoftheseaorothernavigablewaters;(4)Warorarmedconflict;(5)Actofthegovernmentorcompetentauthorities,quarantinerestrictionsorseizureunderlegalprocess;(6)Strikes,stoppagesorrestraintoflabour(7)Savingorattemptingtosavelifeorpropertyatsea;(8)Actoftheshipper,ownerofthegoodsortheiragents;(9)Natureorinherentviceofthegoods;(10)Inadequacyofpackingorinsufficiencyorillegibilityofmarks;(11)Latentdefectoftheshipnotdiscoverablebyduediligence;(12)AnyothercausesarisingwithoutthefaultofthecarrierorhisservantoragentThecarrierwhoisentitledtoexonerationfromtheliabilityforcompensationasprovidedforintheprecedingparagraphshall,withtheexceptionofthecausesgiveninsub-paragraph(2),beartheburdenofproof.第17條

Article17賠償責(zé)任基礎(chǔ)一、如果索賠人證明，貨物滅失、損壞或遲延交付，或造成、促成了滅失、損壞或遲延交付的事件或情形是在第四章規(guī)定的承運(yùn)人責(zé)任期內(nèi)發(fā)生的，承運(yùn)人應(yīng)對(duì)貨物滅失、損壞和遲延交付負(fù)賠償責(zé)任。二、如果承運(yùn)人證明，滅失、損壞或遲延交付的原因或原因之一不能歸責(zé)于承運(yùn)人本人的過失或第十八條述及的任何人的過失，可免除承運(yùn)人根據(jù)本條第一款所負(fù)的全部或部分賠償責(zé)任。Basisofliability

1.Thecarrierisliableforlossofordamagetothegoods,aswellasfordelayindelivery,iftheclaimantprovesthattheloss,damage,ordelay,ortheeventorcircumstancethatcausedorcontributedtoittookplaceduringtheperiodofthecarrier’sresponsibilityasdefinedinchapter4.2.Thecarrierisrelievedofallorpartofitsliabilitypursuanttoparagraph1ofthisarticleifitprovesthatthecauseoroneofthecausesoftheloss,damage,ordelayisnotattributabletoitsfaultortothefaultofanypersonreferredtoinarticle18.三、除證明不存在本條第二款所述的過失之外，如果承運(yùn)人證明下列一種或數(shù)種事件或情形造成、促成了滅失、損壞或遲延交付，也可免除承運(yùn)人根據(jù)本條第一款規(guī)定所負(fù)的全部或部分賠償責(zé)任：㈠天災(zāi)；㈡海上或其他通航水域的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、危險(xiǎn)和事故；㈢戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、敵對(duì)行動(dòng)、武裝沖突、海盜、恐怖活動(dòng)、暴亂和內(nèi)亂；㈣檢疫限制；政府、公共當(dāng)局、統(tǒng)治者或民眾的干涉或造成的障礙，包括非由承運(yùn)人或第十八條述及的任何人所造成的滯留、扣留或扣押；㈤罷工、關(guān)廠、停工或勞動(dòng)受限；㈥船上發(fā)生火災(zāi)；㈦雖恪盡職守仍無(wú)法發(fā)現(xiàn)的潛在缺陷；

Thecarrierisalsorelievedofallorpartofitsliabilitypursuanttoparagraph1ofthisarticleif,alternativelytoprovingtheabsenceoffaultasprovidedinparagraph2ofthisarticle,itprovesthatoneormoreofthefollowingeventsorcircumstancescausedorcontributedtotheloss,damage,ordelay:(a)ActofGod;(b)Perils,dangers,andaccidentsoftheseaorothernavigablewaters;(c)War,hostilities,armedconflict,piracy,terrorism,riots,andcivilcommotions;(d)Quarantinerestrictions;interferencebyorimpedimentscreatedbygovernments,publicauthorities,rulers,orpeopleincludingdetention,arrest,orseizurenotattributabletothecarrieroranypersonreferredtoinarticle18;(e)Strikes,lockouts,stoppages,orrestraintsoflabour;(f)Fireontheship;(g)Latentdefectsnotdiscoverablebyduediligence;㈧托運(yùn)人、單證托運(yùn)人、控制方或根據(jù)第三十三條或第三十四條托運(yùn)人或單證托運(yùn)人對(duì)其作為承擔(dān)責(zé)任的其他任何人的作為或不作為；㈨按照第十三條第二款所述及的約定進(jìn)行的貨物裝載、操作、積載或卸載，除非承運(yùn)人或履約方代表托運(yùn)人、單證托運(yùn)人或收貨人實(shí)施此項(xiàng)活動(dòng)；㈩由于貨物固有缺陷、品質(zhì)或瑕疵而造成的數(shù)量或重量損耗或其他任何滅失或損壞；(十一)非由承運(yùn)人或代其行事的人所做包裝不良或標(biāo)志欠缺、不清；(十二)海上救助或試圖救助人命；(十三)海上救助或試圖救助財(cái)產(chǎn)的合理措施；(十四)避免或試圖避免對(duì)環(huán)境造成危害的合理措施；或(十五)承運(yùn)人根據(jù)第十五條和第十六條所賦權(quán)利的作為。（完）(h)Actoromissionoftheshipper,thedocumentaryshipper,thecontrollingparty,oranyotherpersonforwhoseactstheshipperorthedocumentaryshipperisliablepursuanttoarticle33or34;(i)Loading,handling,stowing,orunloadingofthegoodsperformedpursuanttoanagreementinaccordancewitharticle13,paragraph2,unlessthecarrieroraperformingpartyperformssuchactivityonbehalfoftheshipper,thedocumentaryshipperortheconsignee;(j)Wastageinbulkorweightoranyotherlossordamagearisingfrominherentdefect,quality,orviceofthegoods;(k)Insufficiencyordefectiveconditionofpackingormarkingnotperformedbyoronbehalfofthecarrier;(l)Savingorattemptingtosavelifeatsea;(m)Reasonablemeasurestosaveorattempttosavepropertyatsea;(n)Reasonablemeasurestoavoidorattempttoavoiddamagetotheenvironment;or(o)Actsofthecarrierinpursuanceofthepowersconferredbyarticles15and16.CMC第55條

CMCArticle55貨物滅失的賠償額，按照貨物的實(shí)際價(jià)值計(jì)算；貨物損壞的賠償額，按照貨物受損前后實(shí)際價(jià)值的差額或者貨物的修復(fù)費(fèi)用計(jì)算。貨物的實(shí)際價(jià)值，按照貨物裝船時(shí)的價(jià)值加保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)加運(yùn)費(fèi)計(jì)算。前款規(guī)定的貨物實(shí)際價(jià)值，賠償時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)減去因貨物滅失或者損壞而少付或者免付的有關(guān)費(fèi)用。Theamountofindemnityforthelossofthegoodsshallbecalculatedonthebasisoftheactualvalueofthegoodssolost,whilethatforthedamagetothegoodsshallbecalculatedonthebasisofthedifferencebetweenthevaluesofthegoodsbeforeandafterthedamage,oronthebasisoftheexpensesfortherepair.Theactualvalueshallbethevalueofthegoodsatthetimeofshipmentplusinsuranceandfreight.Fromtheactualvaluereferredtointheprecedingparagraph,deductionshallbemade,atthetimeofcompensation,oftheexpensesthathadbeenreducedoravoidedasaresultofthelossordamageoccurred.CMC第56條

CMCArticle56

承運(yùn)人對(duì)貨物的滅失或者損壞的賠償限額，按照貨物件數(shù)或者其他貨運(yùn)單位數(shù)計(jì)算，每件或者每個(gè)其他貨運(yùn)單位為666.67計(jì)算單位，或者按照貨物毛重計(jì)算，每公斤為2計(jì)算單位，以二者中賠償限額較高的為準(zhǔn)。但是，托運(yùn)人在貨物裝運(yùn)前已經(jīng)申報(bào)其性質(zhì)和價(jià)值，并在提單中載明的，或者承運(yùn)人與托運(yùn)人已經(jīng)另行約定高于本條規(guī)定的賠償限額的除外。Thecarrier'sliabilityforthelossofordamagetothegoodsshallbelimitedtoanamountequivalentto666.67UnitsofAccountperpackageorothershippingunit,or2UnitsofAccountperkilogrammeofthegrossweightofthegoodslostordamaged,whicheveristhehigher,exceptwherethenatureandvalueofthegoodshadbeendeclaredbytheshipperbeforeshipmentandinsertedinthebilloflading,orwhereahigheramountthantheamountoflimitationofliabilitysetoutinthisArticlehadbeenagreeduponbetweenthecarrierandtheshipper.CMC第57條

CMCArticle57

承運(yùn)人對(duì)貨物因遲延交付造成經(jīng)濟(jì)損失的賠償限額，為所遲延交付的貨物的運(yùn)費(fèi)數(shù)額。貨物的滅失或者損壞和遲延交付同時(shí)發(fā)生的，承運(yùn)人的賠償責(zé)任限額適用本法第五十六條第一款規(guī)定的限額。Theliabilityofthecarrierfortheeconomiclos