海商法課件第四章3

（4）Thestandardofseaworthiness:relativeseaworthy,

exerciseduediligence

ItisthesameastheHarterAct1893oftheUSHowever,inthecommonlawsystemthestandardofabsoluteseaworthinesshasbeenadopted

(5)Theindependentcontractor

(6)Thecausalrelationshipbetweendamageofgoodsandunseaworthiness

Case10ThechangeofdutyofmakingtheshipseaworthyundertheRotterdamRulesHowtounderstandsuchresponsibility(1)Toprovideashipasagreed(2)themeaningofmakingtheshipseaworthy:

narrowsensebroadsenseABCDErangerangerangerangevoyageDifferentlegaleffects:Case93.withoutunreasonabledeviationCMCarticle49

Anydeviationinsavingorattemptingtosavelifeorpropertyatseaoranyreasonabledeviationshallnotbedeemedtobeanactdeviatingfromtheprovisionsoftheprecedingparagraph.ReasonableDeviation

（1）It’sreasonableforbothparties（2）There’sadeviationclauseinB/Landactualdeviationdoesn’texceedthisscope.（3）There’snoseriousconflictbetweendeviationandthetaskofvoyage.（4）Otherreasonablecauses

Case11Thecarriershallcarrythegoodstotheportofdischargeontheagreedorcustomaryorgeographicallydirectroute.4.toreasonabledispatch

Theliabilitiesofdelayindelivery（CMC50（1）

）Article290ofContractLawSuggestionofamendments:PlanA:add"reasonabletime”PlanB:makeitclearthatdelayreferstofailtodeliverythegoodsinagreeddischargingportwithinagreedperiod.Article21oftheRotterdamRulesstatesthatdelayindeliverymeansfailtodeliverythegoodsinagreedplaceofthecontractwithinagreedperiod.agreedtimeorreasonabletime5.Liabilitytocompensatedamage

CMCArticle46(1)Payattentiontothecompensationforthedamagecausedbymixedcaused（CMC54）Itisdifferentfromarticle9ofUSCOGSA1999對可免責與不可免責的原因造成的貨損，承運人或船舶對（1）索賠方能夠證明歸因于承運人違反義務或過失造成的滅失或損壞負責；（2）承運人證明歸因于免責的原因造成的滅失、損壞不負責。如果不能區(qū)分，則負一半責任。Duringtheperiodthecarrierisinchargeofthegoods,thecarriershallbeliableforthelossofordamagetothegoods,exceptasotherwiseprovidedforinthisSection.

UNCITRALTransportLawDraft:thecarrierisresponsibleforhalfoftheliability

Article17(6)oftheRotterdamRules:Whenthecarrierisrelievedofpartofitsliabilitypursuanttothisarticle,thecarrierisliableonlyforthatpartoftheloss,damageordelaythatisattributabletotheeventorcircumstanceforwhichitisliablepursuanttothisarticle.

Theliabilityfordelayindeliveryofthecarrier

CMC50（2）（3）（4）：

Theliabilityforliveanimalsofthecarrier

CMC52

Theliabilityfordeckcargoofthecarrier

CMC53

Hb.R:Art.9RmR:Article25(2)Thebasicrightsofthecarrier

1.Therightofclaimsforfreight,deadfreight,demurrageandothercharges

advancefreight/freightprepaidFreight

freighttocollect/freightpayableatdestination

Article314ofContractLawWherethegoodsaredestroyedduetoforcemajeureduringtheperiodofcarriageandthefreighthasnotbeencollected,thecarriermaynotrequestthepaymentofthefreight.Wherethefreighthasbeencollected,theshippermayrequesttherefundofthefreight.

2.Lienoncargo:

CMC87，CMC88

Art315ofContractLaw：Wheretheshipperortheconsigneefailstopaythefreight,storageexpenseandothercarriageexpenses,thecarrierisentitledtolienontherelevantcarriedgoodsexceptasotherwiseagreeduponinthecontract.Article49oftheRotterdamRules:RetentionofgoodsNothinginthisConventionaffectsarightofthecarrieroraperformingpartythatmayexistpursuanttothecontractofcarriageortheapplicablelawtoretainthegoodstosecurethepaymentofsumsdue.3.Rightsofimmunities：CMC51

HagueRules:Art.4(2).

Thebasisofliabilityofthecarrier:incompletefaultliabilitysystemRmR：Article17(1)exceptionsofmanagementandnavigationoftheshipthedifferencebetweenmanagingshipandmanaginggoods:thetheoryofbehavioralobjectandthetheoryofpurpose(2)exemptionoffireTheburdenofproof:theclaimershouldproveit’sthefaultofthecarrier.(3)otherexemptions4.RightsofLOL（1）Theamountofcompensationforthegoodsandlimitofliabilitya.theamountofcompensationCMC55b.limitofliabilityCMC56，CMC57

HRarticle4(5):

Inanycaselimitofliabilityshouldn’texceed100poundsperpackageorpershippingunit.

HvRarticle4(5):

10000francsperpackageor30francsperkilogram,whicheveristhehigher;

The1979protocolofHvR:666.67SDRperpackageor2SDRperkilogram,whicheveristhehigher;

HbR:835SDRperpackageor2.5SDRperkilogramthelimitofliabilityofdelayindelivery:2.5timesofthefreight

Rm.R:875SDRperpackageor3SDRperkilogram

COSCOB/L：beforetheCMCwasenteredintoforce,article12:700RMBperpackageorpershippingunit.Currently,theLOLundertheCMCisapplied.Themeaningofpackage（圖）（CMC56（2）（3））（2）Thesituationsunderwhichlimitofliabilitycan’tbequoted:

CMC56（3）Theconditionsofthelossoflimitofliability:

CMC59（sameasHvR、HbR）InanycaselimitofliabilityunderHRwon’tbelostunless

fundamentalbreachofcontract

happens:unreasonabledeviation,wrongdeliveryofgoodswithoutB/L,privateloadingofdeckcargoes,embezzlementoftheshippartyCase9Loadingofgoodshadbeencompleted.TheissuedbillofladingprovidedthatCMCwasapplicable.

Thepipesofonesideofrailsoftheshipwasfoundfrozenandblockedbeforethevoyage

Oneonshoreworkerwasinvitedonboardformeltingjobwithopenfires

Thethirdofficerdidn’ttelltheonshoreworkerthataroundthepipestherewerewoodenplates

Thepipeswereover-heatedanditcausedafireonboardwhichdamagedthegoods

Theshipperclaimedagainstthecarrierforthedamageofgoods.Questions:Whetherthecarriershouldbeliableforthedamage?Why?Iftheaccidenthappenedatintermediateport,wasthereanydifference?Testpoint:thecarrier’sobligationofmakingshipseaworthybeforethevoyageCMC第50（1）條

CMCArticle50(1)

貨物未能在明確約定的時間內(nèi)，在約定的卸貨港交付的，為遲延交付。Delayindeliveryoccurswhenthegoodshavenotbeendeliveredatthedesignatedportofdischargewithinthetimeexpresslyagreedupon.CMC第54條

CMCArticle54

貨物的滅失、損壞或者遲延交付是由于承運人或者承運人的受雇人、代理人的不能免除賠償責任的原因和其他原因共同造成的，承運人僅在不能免除賠償責任的范圍內(nèi)負賠償責任；但是，承運人對其他原因造成的滅失、損壞或者遲延交付應當負舉證責任。

Wherelossordamageordelayindeliveryhasoccurredfromcausesfromwhichthecarrierorhisservantoragentisnotentitledtoexonerationfromliability,togetherwithanothercause,thecarriershallbeliableonlytotheextentthattheloss,damageordelayindeliveryisattributabletothecausesfromwhichthecarrierisnotentitledtoexonerationfromliability;however,thecarriershallbeartheburdenofproofwithrespecttotheloss,damageordelayindeliveryresultingfromtheothercause.《鹿特丹規(guī)則》下的管貨義務

theobligationofmanaginggoods第13條特定義務一、在第十二條規(guī)定的責任期內(nèi)，除須遵循第二十六條的規(guī)定外，承運人應妥善而謹慎地接收、裝載、操作、積載、運輸、保管、照料、卸載并交付貨物。二、雖有本條第一款規(guī)定，在不影響第四章其他規(guī)定以及第五章至第七章規(guī)定的情況下，承運人與托運人可以約定由托運人、單證托運人或收貨人裝載、操作、積載或卸載貨物。此種約定應在合同事項中載明.Article13Specificobligations1.Thecarriershallduringtheperiodofitsresponsibilityasdefinedinarticle12,andsubjecttoarticle26,properlyandcarefullyreceive,load,handle,stow,carry,keep,carefor,unloadanddeliverthegoods.2.Notwithstandingparagraph1ofthisarticle,andwithoutprejudicetotheotherprovisionsinchapter4andtochapters5to7,thecarrierandtheshippermayagreethattheloading,handling,stowingorunloadingofthegoodsistobeperformedbytheshipper,thedocumentaryshipperortheconsignee.Suchanagreementshallbereferredtointhecontractparticulars.Case11ThebillofladingissuedbyshippingcompanyprovidedthatCMCwasapplicable.Questions:Whetherthecarriershouldbeliableforthelossofgoods?Why?Thepointofthiscase:unreasonabledeviationSwanLake

Destination：Constantinople

CallingportTheshipwerewreckedonareefandsank

twoshippingengineerswhotestedenergy-savingdevicesgetoffboard

thenegligenceofnavigator

CMC第50條

CMCArticle50貨物未能在明確約定的時間內(nèi)，在約定的卸貨港交付的，為遲延交付。除依照本章規(guī)定承運人不負賠償責任的情形外，由于承運人的過失，致使貨物因遲延交付而滅失或者損壞的，承運人應當負賠償責任。除依照本章規(guī)定承運人不負賠償責任的情形外，由于承運人的過失，致使貨物因遲延交付而遭受經(jīng)濟損失的，即使貨物沒有滅失或者損壞，承運人仍然應當負賠償責任。承運人未能在本條第一款規(guī)定的時間屆滿六十日內(nèi)交付貨物，有權對貨物滅失提出賠償請求的人可以認為貨物已經(jīng)滅失。Delayindeliveryoccurswhenthegoodshavenotbeendeliveredatthedesignatedportofdischargewithinthetimeexpresslyagreedupon.Thecarriershallbeliableforthelossofordamagetothegoodscausedbydelayindeliveryduetothefaultofthecarrier,exceptthosearisingorresultingfromcausesforwhichthecarrierisnotliableasprovidedforintherelevantArticlesofthisChapter.Thecarriershallbeliablefortheeconomiclossescausedbydelayindeliveryofthegoodsduetothefaultofthecarrier,evenifnolossofordamagetothegoodshadactuallyoccurred,unlesssucheconomiclosseshadoccurredfromcausesforwhichthecarrierisnotliableasprovidedforintherelevantArticlesofthisChapter.Thepersonentitledtomakeaclaimforthelossofgoodsmaytreatthegoodsaslostwhenthecarrierhasnotdeliveredthegoodswithin60daysfromtheexpiryofthetimefordeliveryspecifiedinparagraph1ofthisArticle.

CMC第52條

CMCArticle52因運輸活動物的固有的特殊風險造成活動物滅失或者損害的，承運人不負賠償責任。但是，承運人應當證明業(yè)已履行托運人關于運輸活動物特別要求，并證明根據(jù)實際情況，滅失或者損害是由于此種固有的特殊風險造成的。Thecarriershallnotbeliableforthelossofordamagetotheliveanimalsarisingorresultingfromthespecialrisksinherentinthecarriagethereof.However,thecarriershallbeboundtoprovethathehasfulfilledthespecialrequirementsoftheshipperwithregardtothecarriageoftheliveanimalsandthatunderthecircumstancesoftheseacarriage,thelossordamagehasoccurredduetothespecialrisksinherenttherein.CMC第53條

CMCArticle53

承運人在艙面上裝載貨物，應當同托運人達成協(xié)議，或者符合航運慣例，或者符合有關法律、行政法規(guī)的規(guī)定。承運人依照前款規(guī)定將貨物裝載在艙面上，對由于此種裝載的特殊風險造成的貨物滅失或者損壞，不負賠償責任。承運人違反本條第一款規(guī)定將貨物裝載在艙面上，致使貨物遭受滅失或者損壞的，應當負賠償責任。Incasethecarrierintendstoshipthegoodsondeck,heshallcomeintoanagreementwiththeshipperorcomplywiththecustomofthetradeortherelevantlawsoradministrativerulesandregulations.Whenthegoodshavebeenshippedondeckinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheprecedingparagraph,thecarriershallnotbeliableforthelossofordamagetothegoodscausedbythespecialrisksinvolvedinsuchcarriage.Ifthecarrier,inbreachoftheprovisionsofthefirstparagraphofthisArticle,hasshippedthegoodsondeckandthegoodshaveconsequentlysufferedlossordamage,thecarriershallbeliabletherefor.Hb.R:Art.9

Hb.R:Art.91.承運人只有按照同托運人的協(xié)議或符合特定的貿(mào)易慣例，或依據(jù)法規(guī)的規(guī)章的要求，才有權在艙面上載運貨物。2.如果承運人和托運人議定，貨物應該或可以在艙面上載運，承運人必須在提單或證明海上運輸合同的其他單證上載列相應說明。如無此項說明，承運人有責任證明，曾經(jīng)達成在艙面上載運的協(xié)議。但承運人無權援引這種協(xié)議對抗包括收貨人在內(nèi)的，相信并持有提單的第三方。3.如違反本條第1款的規(guī)定將貨物載運在艙面上，或承運人不能按照本條第2款援引在艙面上載運的協(xié)議，盡管有第五條第1款的規(guī)定，承運人仍須對僅由于在艙面上載運而造成的貨物滅失或損壞以及延遲交付負賠償責任，而其賠償責任的限額，視情況分別按照本公約第六條或第八條的規(guī)定確定。4.違反將貨物裝載在艙內(nèi)的明文協(xié)議而將貨物裝載在艙面，應視為第八條含義內(nèi)的承運人的一種行為或不行為。1.Thecarrierisentitledtocarrythegoodsondeckonlyifsuchcarriageisinaccordancewithanagreementwiththeshipperorwiththeusageoftheparticulartradeorisrequiredbystatutoryrulesorregulations.2.Ifthecarrierandtheshipperhaveagreedthatthegoodsshallormaybecarriedondeck,thecarriermustinsertinthebillofladingorotherdocumentevidencingthecontractofcarriagebyseaastatementtothateffect.Intheabsenceofsuchastatementthecarrierhastheburdenofprovingthatanagreementforcarriageondeckhasbeenenteredinto;however,thecarrierisnotentitledtoinvokesuchanagreementagainstathirdparty,includingaconsignee,whohasacquiredthebillofladingingoodfaith.3.Wherethegoodshavebeencarriedondeckcontrarytotheprovisionsofparagraph1ofthisarticleorwherethecarriermaynotunderparagraph2ofthisarticleinvokeanagreementforcarriageondeck,thecarrier,notwithstandingtheprovisionsofparagraph1ofarticle5,isliableforlossofordamagetothegoods,aswellasfordelayindelivery,resultingsolelyfromthecarriageondeck,andtheextentofhisliabilityistobedeterminedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofarticle6orarticle8ofthisConvention,asthecasemaybe.4.Carriageofgoodsondeckcontrarytoexpressagreementforcarriageunderdeckisdeemedtobeanactoromissionofthecarrierwithinthemeaningofarticle8.第25條Article25Deckcargoonships

1.Goodsmaybecarriedonthedeckofashiponlyif:(a)Suchcarriageisrequiredbylaw;(b)Theyarecarriedinoroncontainersorvehiclesthatarefitfordeckcarriage,andthedecksarespeciallyfittedtocarrysuchcontainersorvehicles;or(c)Thecarriageondeckisinaccordancewiththecontractofcarriage,orthecustoms,usagesorpracticesofthetradeinquestion.2.TheprovisionsofthisConventionrelatingtotheliabilityofthecarrierapplytothelossof,damagetoordelayinthedeliveryofgoodscarriedondeckpursuanttoparagraph1ofthisarticle,butthecarrierisnotliableforlossofordamagetosuchgoods,ordelayintheirdelivery,causedbythespecialrisksinvolvedintheircarriageondeckwhenthegoodsarecarriedinaccordancewithsubparagraphs1(a)or(c)ofthisarticle.3.Ifthegoodshavebeencarriedondeckincasesotherthanthosepermittedpursuanttoparagraph1ofthisarticle,thecarrierisliableforlossofordamagetothegoodsordelayintheirdeliverythatisexclusivelycausedbytheircarriageondeck,andisnotentitledtothedefencesprovidedforinarticle17.4.Thecarrierisnotentitledtoinvokesubparagraph1(c)ofthisarticleagainstathirdpartythathasacquiredanegotiabletransportdocumentoranegotiableelectronictransportrecordingoodfaith,unlessthecontractparticularsstatethatthegoodsmaybecarriedondeck.5.Ifthecarrierandshipperexpresslyagreedthatthegoodswouldbecarriedunderdeck,thecarrierisnotentitledtothebenefitofthelimitationofliabilityforanylossof,damagetoordelayinthedeliveryofthegoodstotheextentthatsuchloss,damage,ordelayresultedfromtheircarriageondeck.CMC第87條

CMCArticle87

應當向承運人支付的運費、共同海損分攤、滯期費和承運人為貨物墊付的必要費用以及應當向承運人支付的其他費用沒有付清，又沒有提供適當擔保的，承運人可以在合理的限度內(nèi)留置其貨物。

Ifthefreight,contributioningeneralaverage,demurragetobepaidtothecarrierandothernecessarychargespaidbythecarrieronbehalfoftheownerofthegoodsaswellasotherchargestobepaidtothecarrierhavenotbeenpaidinfull,norhasappropriatesecuritybeengiven,thecarriermayhavealien,toareasonableextent,onthegoods.CMC第88條

CMCArticle88

承運人根據(jù)本法第八十七條規(guī)定留置的貨物，自船舶抵達卸貨港的次日起滿六十日無人提取的，承運人可以申請法院裁定拍賣；貨物易腐爛變質(zhì)或者貨物的保管費用可能超過其價值的，可以申請?zhí)崆芭馁u。拍賣所得價款，用于清償保管、拍賣貨物的費用和運費以及應當向承運人支付的其他有關費用；不足的金額，承運人有權向托運人追償；剩余的金額，退還托運人；無法退還、自拍賣之日起滿一年又無人領取的，上繳國庫。

IfthegoodsunderlieninaccordancewiththeprovisionsofArticle87ofthisCodehavenotbeentakendeliveryofwithin60daysfromthenextdayoftheship'sarrivalattheportofdischarge,thecarriermayapplytothecourtforanorderonsellingthegoodsbyauction.wherethegoodsareperishableortheexpensesforkeepingsuchgoodswouldexceedtheirvalue,thecarriermayapplyforanearliersalebyauction.Theproceedsfromtheauctionsaleshallbeusedtopayofftheexpensesforthestorageandauctionsaleofthegoods,thefreightandotherrelatedchargestobepaidtothecarrier.Iftheproceedsfallshortofsuchexpenses,thecarrierisentitledtoclaimthedifferencefromtheshipper,whereasanyamountinsurplusshallberefundedtotheshipper.Ifthereisnowaytomaketherefundandsuchsurplusamounthasnotbeenclaimedattheendofonefullyearaftertheauctionsale,itshallgototheStateTreasury.CMC第51條

Thecarriershallnotbeliableforthelossofordamagetothegoodsoccurredduringtheperiodofcarrier'sresponsibilityarisingorresultingfromanyofthefollowingcauses:(1)FaultoftheMaster,crewmembers,pilotorservantofthecarrierinthenavigationormanagementoftheship;(2)Fire,unlesscausedbytheactualfaultofthecarrier;(3)Forcemajeureandperils,dangersandaccidentsoftheseaorothernavigablewaters;(4)Warorarmedconflict;(5)Actofthegovernmentorcompetentauthorities,quarantinerestrictionsorseizureunderlegalprocess;(6)Strikes,stoppagesorrestraintoflabour(7)Savingorattemptingtosavelifeorpropertyatsea;(8)Actoftheshipper,ownerofthegoodsortheiragents;(9)Natureorinherentviceofthegoods;(10)Inadequacyofpackingorinsufficiencyorillegibilityofmarks;(11)Latentdefectoftheshipnotdiscoverablebyduediligence;(12)AnyothercausesarisingwithoutthefaultofthecarrierorhisservantoragentThecarrierwhoisentitledtoexonerationfromtheliabilityforcompensationasprovidedforintheprecedingparagraphshall,withtheexceptionofthecausesgiveninsub-paragraph(2),beartheburdenofproof.第17條

Article17賠償責任基礎一、如果索賠人證明，貨物滅失、損壞或遲延交付，或造成、促成了滅失、損壞或遲延交付的事件或情形是在第四章規(guī)定的承運人責任期內(nèi)發(fā)生的，承運人應對貨物滅失、損壞和遲延交付負賠償責任。二、如果承運人證明，滅失、損壞或遲延交付的原因或原因之一不能歸責于承運人本人的過失或第十八條述及的任何人的過失，可免除承運人根據(jù)本條第一款所負的全部或部分賠償責任。Basisofliability

1.Thecarrierisliableforlossofordamagetothegoods,aswellasfordelayindelivery,iftheclaimantprovesthattheloss,damage,ordelay,ortheeventorcircumstancethatcausedorcontributedtoittookplaceduringtheperiodofthecarrier’sresponsibilityasdefinedinchapter4.2.Thecarrierisrelievedofallorpartofitsliabilitypursuanttoparagraph1ofthisarticleifitprovesthatthecauseoroneofthecausesoftheloss,damage,ordelayisnotattributabletoitsfaultortothefaultofanypersonreferredtoinarticle18.三、除證明不存在本條第二款所述的過失之外，如果承運人證明下列一種或數(shù)種事件或情形造成、促成了滅失、損壞或遲延交付，也可免除承運人根據(jù)本條第一款規(guī)定所負的全部或部分賠償責任：㈠天災；㈡海上或其他通航水域的風險、危險和事故；㈢戰(zhàn)爭、敵對行動、武裝沖突、海盜、恐怖活動、暴亂和內(nèi)亂；㈣檢疫限制；政府、公共當局、統(tǒng)治者或民眾的干涉或造成的障礙，包括非由承運人或第十八條述及的任何人所造成的滯留、扣留或扣押；㈤罷工、關廠、停工或勞動受限；㈥船上發(fā)生火災；㈦雖恪盡職守仍無法發(fā)現(xiàn)的潛在缺陷；

Thecarrierisalsorelievedofallorpartofitsliabilitypursuanttoparagraph1ofthisarticleif,alternativelytoprovingtheabsenceoffaultasprovidedinparagraph2ofthisarticle,itprovesthatoneormoreofthefollowingeventsorcircumstancescausedorcontributedtotheloss,damage,ordelay:(a)ActofGod;(b)Perils,dangers,andaccidentsoftheseaorothernavigablewaters;(c)War,hostilities,armedconflict,piracy,terrorism,riots,andcivilcommotions;(d)Quarantinerestrictions;interferencebyorimpedimentscreatedbygovernments,publicauthorities,rulers,orpeopleincludingdetention,arrest,orseizurenotattributabletothecarrieroranypersonreferredtoinarticle18;(e)Strikes,lockouts,stoppages,orrestraintsoflabour;(f)Fireontheship;(g)Latentdefectsnotdiscoverablebyduediligence;㈧托運人、單證托運人、控制方或根據(jù)第三十三條或第三十四條托運人或單證托運人對其作為承擔責任的其他任何人的作為或不作為；㈨按照第十三條第二款所述及的約定進行的貨物裝載、操作、積載或卸載，除非承運人或履約方代表托運人、單證托運人或收貨人實施此項活動；㈩由于貨物固有缺陷、品質(zhì)或瑕疵而造成的數(shù)量或重量損耗或其他任何滅失或損壞；(十一)非由承運人或代其行事的人所做包裝不良或標志欠缺、不清；(十二)海上救助或試圖救助人命；(十三)海上救助或試圖救助財產(chǎn)的合理措施；(十四)避免或試圖避免對環(huán)境造成危害的合理措施；或(十五)承運人根據(jù)第十五條和第十六條所賦權利的作為。（完）(h)Actoromissionoftheshipper,thedocumentaryshipper,thecontrollingparty,oranyotherpersonforwhoseactstheshipperorthedocumentaryshipperisliablepursuanttoarticle33or34;(i)Loading,handling,stowing,orunloadingofthegoodsperformedpursuanttoanagreementinaccordancewitharticle13,paragraph2,unlessthecarrieroraperformingpartyperformssuchactivityonbehalfoftheshipper,thedocumentaryshipperortheconsignee;(j)Wastageinbulkorweightoranyotherlossordamagearisingfrominherentdefect,quality,orviceofthegoods;(k)Insufficiencyordefectiveconditionofpackingormarkingnotperformedbyoronbehalfofthecarrier;(l)Savingorattemptingtosavelifeatsea;(m)Reasonablemeasurestosaveorattempttosavepropertyatsea;(n)Reasonablemeasurestoavoidorattempttoavoiddamagetotheenvironment;or(o)Actsofthecarrierinpursuanceofthepowersconferredbyarticles15and16.CMC第55條

CMCArticle55貨物滅失的賠償額，按照貨物的實際價值計算；貨物損壞的賠償額，按照貨物受損前后實際價值的差額或者貨物的修復費用計算。貨物的實際價值，按照貨物裝船時的價值加保險費加運費計算。前款規(guī)定的貨物實際價值，賠償時應當減去因貨物滅失或者損壞而少付或者免付的有關費用。Theamountofindemnityforthelossofthegoodsshallbecalculatedonthebasisoftheactualvalueofthegoodssolost,whilethatforthedamagetothegoodsshallbecalculatedonthebasisofthedifferencebetweenthevaluesofthegoodsbeforeandafterthedamage,oronthebasisoftheexpensesfortherepair.Theactualvalueshallbethevalueofthegoodsatthetimeofshipmentplusinsuranceandfreight.Fromtheactualvaluereferredtointheprecedingparagraph,deductionshallbemade,atthetimeofcompensation,oftheexpensesthathadbeenreducedoravoidedasaresultofthelossordamageoccurred.CMC第56條

CMCArticle56

承運人對貨物的滅失或者損壞的賠償限額，按照貨物件數(shù)或者其他貨運單位數(shù)計算，每件或者每個其他貨運單位為666.67計算單位，或者按照貨物毛重計算，每公斤為2計算單位，以二者中賠償限額較高的為準。但是，托運人在貨物裝運前已經(jīng)申報其性質(zhì)和價值，并在提單中載明的，或者承運人與托運人已經(jīng)另行約定高于本條規(guī)定的賠償限額的除外。Thecarrier'sliabilityforthelossofordamagetothegoodsshallbelimitedtoanamountequivalentto666.67UnitsofAccountperpackageorothershippingunit,or2UnitsofAccountperkilogrammeofthegrossweightofthegoodslostordamaged,whicheveristhehigher,exceptwherethenatureandvalueofthegoodshadbeendeclaredbytheshipperbeforeshipmentandinsertedinthebilloflading,orwhereahigheramountthantheamountoflimitationofliabilitysetoutinthisArticlehadbeenagreeduponbetweenthecarrierandtheshipper.CMC第57條

CMCArticle57

承運人對貨物因遲延交付造成經(jīng)濟損失的賠償限額，為所遲延交付的貨物的運費數(shù)額。貨物的滅失或者損壞和遲延交付同時發(fā)生的，承運人的賠償責任限額適用本法第五十六條第一款規(guī)定的限額。Theliabilityofthecarrierfortheeconomiclos