用英文介紹英國政府

Unit3:TheGovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomAnIntroductiontotheSystemofGovernmentWhatis“government”? Government: politicalorganizationcomprising theindividualsandinstitutions authorizedtoformulatepublic policiesandconductaffairsof state.Classificationofgovernments:Monarchicgovernments—RepublicangovernmentsDemocraticgovernments—DictatorshipsFederalgovernments—Unitarygovernments

Monarchyisaformofgovernmentinwhichonepersonhasthehereditaryrighttoruleasheadofstateduringhisorherlifetime.Republicangovernmentisaformofstatebasedontheconceptthatsovereigntyresidesinthepeople.Democraticgovernmentisoneinwhichthesupremeauthorityisexercisedbyrepresentativeselectedbypopularsuffrage.

Federalismisanationalorinternationalpoliticalsysteminwhichtwolevelsofgovernmentcontrolthesameterritoryandcitizens.

Unitarysystems,withlawsgivingvirtuallyallauthoritytothecentralgovernment.1.TheSystemofGovernmentintheUK:1.ItisamonarchicgovernmentwiththeQueenastheheadofthestate(constitutionalmonarchy).2.Itisademocraticgovernmentwithelectedrepresentativesinitsparliament(ParliamentaryDemocracy).3.Itisaunitarygovernmentwithastrongcentralgovernment.BasicStructureofUKCentralGovernmentMonarch(non-political)Legislature---ParliamentExecutive

Judiciary

(non-political)HouseofCommons(political)HouseofLords(semi-political)PrimeMinister&Cabinet(political)Ministers&Civilservice(non-political)HouseofLordsCourtofAppeal2.TheSystemofGovernmentintheUSA: TheUnitedStatesisfederalcountrywithapresidentialgovernment.

Federalism—thedivisionofthepowersofgovernmentbetweenthenationandthestateintheUnitedStates. TheSeparationofPowers

—

theseparationofpowersamongthethreedepartmentsoftheFederalGovernment.BranchesoftheU.S.GovernmentTheUnitedStatesgovernmentisdividedintothreeseparatebranches—legislative,judicial,andexecutive—topreventabusesofpower.InparliamentarygovernmentoftheUnitedKingdom,theexecutivebranchissubordinatetothelegislature.InpresidentialgovernmentoftheUnitedStates,theexecutiveisindependentofthelegislature.II.AnIntroductiontoEarlyEnglishHistoryThegovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomhasformanycenturiesbeensharedbythreesupremeauthorities: theMonarch(i.e.theQueenorKing)theLords(i.e.thehereditarynobility) theCommons(i.e.theordinarypeople)

1. EnglandUndertheNormanandthe GreatCharterWilliamI,theConqueror(1066-1087)WilliamII,thethirdsonofWilliam

I(1087-1100)HenryI,theyoungestsonofWilliamI(1100-1135)Stephen,sonofWilliamI’sdaughter(1135-1154)HenryII,sonofHenryI’sdaughter(1154-1189)RichardI,sonofHenryII,crusader(1189-1199)John,sonofHenryII(1199-1216)ThemostimportantprovisionsoftheGreatCharter:1) Notaxshouldbemadewithouttheapprovalofthecouncil.2) Nofreemanshouldbearrestedorimprisonedunlessconvictedbyajuryofhisfellowcitizens.3) Merchantsshouldbepermittedtomoveaboutfreely.

2.

TheBirthofParliament

KingJohnHenryIII,sonofJohn(1216-1272) SimondeMontfort TheGreatCouncilParliament

3.TheHundredYears’War(1337-1453)

EdwardI,sonofHenryIII(1272-1307)

EdwardII,sonofEdwardI(1307-1327) EdwardIII,sonofEdwardII(1327-1377)

4.TheWarsoftheRoses(1455-1485)

RichardII,grandsonofEdwardIII(1377-1399) HenryIV,sonofEdwardIII’sson(1399-1413) HenryV,sonofHenryIV(1413-1422) HenryVI,sonofHenryV(1422-1461)

HouseofYorkEdwardIV,sonofDukeofYork,descendantofEdwardIII(1461-1483) EdwardV,sonofEdwardIV(murdered)(1483-1483) RichardIII,brotherofEdwardIV(1483-1485)

HouseofTudor

HenryVII,sonofEdmundTudor(1485-1509) HenryVIII,sonofHenryVII(1509-1547) EdwardVI,sonofHenryVIII(1547-1553) MaryI,daughterofHenryVIII(1553-1558)

ElizabethI,daughterofHenryVIII(1558-1603)

III.TheCentralGovernmentoftheUKTheBritishGovernment

Systemofthegovernment

thecentralgovernment(thecountygovernment)thelocalgovernment

TheEnglishCentralGovernmentincludestheMonarch,ParliamentandtheCabinet.Thecentralgovernment

theMonarch

ParliamenttheCabinet

HouseofLords(Lord

Chancellor)

HouseofCommons(Speaker)

themonarch

KingorQueen

PrimeMinisterandsomeimportantministers

thesymbolofthecountryTheSystemofGovernment---ConstitutionalMonarchyandRepresentative

Democracy(ParliamentaryDemocracy) Monarch--ConstitutionalMonarch1.The

MonarchQueenElizabethIIRealname:ElizabethAlexandraMaryWindsorBirth:21April1926inLondonChildren:3sons,1daughterChiefoftheState--Queen ElizabethIIElizabethIIElizabethIIbecamequeenoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandin1952uponthedeathofherfather,KingGeorgeVI.ThroughoutherreignshehasbeenasymbolofunityandcontinuitywithintheUnitedKingdomandtheCommonwealthofNations.HerMajestyQueenElizabethII

Born:April,211926-Accession:February6,1952TheCrown1)TheRoleoftheMonarchBeforetheEnglishBourgeoisRevolution:(1) Hepersonallyexercisedsupremeexecutive, legislativeandjudicialpower.(2) HemanipulatedtheelectionoftheArchbishop.(3) Hecouldgrantlandsandwealthtohisfavorites.(4) Hecouldappointhisfollowerstoimportant positions.(5) Heconferrednobletitles.(6) Hecouldhaveanyonearrested,putintoprisonor todeath.TheFullTitleofthePresentQueen:ElizabethII,ByTheGraceOfGod,OfTheUnitedKingdomOfGreatBritainAndNorthernIrelandAndOfHerOtherRealmsAndTerritoriesQueen,HeadOfTheCommonwealth,DefenderOfTheFaithQueenElizabethIIisa“constitutionalmonarch”

Althoughsheisofficiallytheheadofstate,thecountryisactuallyrunbythegovernmentandledbythePrimeMinister.WhatpowersdoestheQueenhave?Superficially,sheis: 1)officialheadofstate, 2)headofthelegalsystemofBritain, 3)headofthejudiciary, 3)commander-in-chiefofthearmedforces 4)headoftheChurchofEngland.

--- SheappointsthePrimeMinister,ministers, andimportantofficialsandofficers.--- Shepresidesthegreatstatefunctions--- Shegivesmanyimportanthonorsandawards.--- Sheconcludestreatiesanddeclareswar.--- Sheremitsallorpartofthesentencepassed onacriminalbygrantinga‘royalpardon’.2)Succession1)Sons(oldertoyounger)anddescendants, 2)Daughtersanddescendants 3)Brothersanddescendants3)TheMonarch’sConsort

Qualifications:

(1)fromanoblefamily, (2)withtheconsentofParliament, (3)notaRomanCatholic.TheKing’swife—QueenConsortTheQueen’sHusband— (1)PrinceConsort (2)theDukeofEdinburgh (3)thePrinceoftheUnitedKingdomTheeldestson—thePrinceofWales (Charles

andDiana)4)Coronation--Coronationisaceremonyofcrowningakingoraqueen.

A)

Time:anintervalafterthedeathoftheold king B)

Place:WestminsterAbbey C)

Formality:grandandpompous D) Conductor:theArchbishopofCanterbury E)

Participants:VIPsinBritainandforeignguestsWestminsterAbbey,themostfamouschurchinGreatBritain

5)

Expenditure￡475,000￡5,000,000

￡5,180,000(Buttheroyalpalaces,thecrownjewelsandroyalcollectionsoftreasuresarestatepropertyandmustbehandeddowntosuccessors.)ThepoorbehaviorofQueen’schildrenPrinceCharles—extramaritalaffairsand separationwithhiswife,Andrew—jet-settinglifestylesandseparation withhiswife,PrincessAnn—divorcingherhusbandand marryingaformerroyalassistant.1992—“horribleyear”—thegivingupofherprivileges“herexemptionfromincometax.”Tostartpayingtaxes,Toacceptlesspublicmoneytosupportherfamily,ToopenBuckinghamPalacetotouristsinthesummermonths.6)ResidenceBuckinghamPalaceinWestminsteristheofficialLondonresidenceoftheBritishsovereign.

TheBuckinghamPalace

wasbuiltasahousefortheDukeofBuckinghamin1703.IthasservedastheofficialLondonresidenceofBritain’ssovereignssince1837.TodayitistheQueen’sofficialresidence.BuckinghamPalaceBuckinghamPalace

StateDiningRoominBuckinghamPalace

England'sRoyalCenterWindsorCastle,32kilometers(20miles)westofLondonontheThames,hasbeentheresidenceofEngland'sroyalfamilyfor900years.Builtasafortressin1070byWilliamtheConqueror,thefirstNorman(French)kingofEngland,WindsorCastlehasbeenthesiteofseveralroyalbirthsandmarriagesoverthecenturies.

NearbyisEton,thelargestandbestknownofEngland'sprivateschools.

WindsorCastleWindsorCastleGuardsatWindsorCastleWindsorCastle,oneofthemostimportantroyalresidencesinEngland,occupies5hectares(13acres)onthenorthshoreoftheThames,westofLondon.Queen’sReceptionRoominWindsorCastleLeedsCastleHamptonCourtPalace

7)PublicOpinionstowardstheMonarchForthelivingsymbol ofnationalunitydemonstratingstabilityandcontinuityembodyingthedevelopmentofEnglishhistoryAgainst

a)Tooexpensiveb)Outofdatec)Non-democraticd)Ceremonial2.Parliament

1) thesupremelegislatureoftheUK, 2) consistingofthemonarch,theHouseofLords andtheHouseofCommons, 3) lawmakingbody, 4) functioninginthemakingoflaws,thecontrol ofthepublicrevenue,andtheexaminationof governmentpolicyandpublicadministration.ParliamentParliament—aplaceforargumentanddebateBeforethe13thcentury—King’sCouncilInthe14thcentury—LordsandCommonsBeforethe17thcentury—ruledbytheKingIn1688—shiftingofthepowerfromthemonarchtoparliament.TheHousesofParliament,builtinthe1840's,arefamousfortheirBigBenclocktowerHousesofParliament,London,EnglandThecityofLondon,capitaloftheUnitedKingdom,istheseatofgovernment.Parliament,seenhere,consistsoftheHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.Builtbetween1840and1850,theneo-GothiccomplexofbuildingsisstillofficiallycalledtheNewPalaceofWestminster.TheStateOpeningofParliament

WednesdayNovember26,2003FromBuckinghamtoWestminsterSovereign’sEntranceatWestminsterQueenElizabethIImakesherwayfromtheSovereign'sentrance.Britain'sformerprimeministersitsalone.TonyBlairalongsideleaderoftheopposition,MichaelHowardTheeducationsecretary,CharlesClarke,andformerTorychairwomanTheresaMayprocessintothechamberoftheHouseofLords.TheQueensetsoutthegovernment'slegislativeprogramme.HermajestypeersoutfromhercarriageassheleavesWestminsterTheQueenandherfootmenreturntoBuckinghamPalace.The50thAnniversaryofElizabethII’sAccessiontotheThrone

(2002.6.1—2002.6.4)IntheConcertofJune1IntheAnniversaryofJune31)EnglishNobilityFivetitlesofnobility: Duke(in1337), Marquees(in1385), Earl(in1440), Viscount(in1440) Baron(1006).2)HouseofLordsHoseofLords LordSpiritualLordsTemporal(seniorbishopsoftheChurchofEngland)

(lifepeersandhereditarypeers)HouseofLords750Memberswerenotelected.The1999Actreducedthenumberto92.

503MembersarecalledlifepeersappointedbytheQueenThepresidentoftheHouseofLordsiscalled“LordChancellor”whowasonceKing’sright-handman.ReformstotheHouseofLords

ConstitutionalReformasecondchamberof600members

anendto92hereditarypeersstillintheLords

120memberselectedbythepublic

120appointedbyastatutoryindependentcommission

therestwouldbeappointedbypoliticalpartiesinproportiontovotesreceivedbyapartyatthemostrecentgeneralelection

thesecondchamberwouldhavenovetoovergovernmentlegislation-merelytherighttodelayitsintroduction

bishopstobereducedfrom25to16

aminimumofthoseinthesecondchamberwillbefemale;minoritygroupswillberepresented

thefinaltallyof600willbemetovera10yearperiod

3)HouseofCommonsTheHouseofCommonsconsistsof659MembersofParliament(MPs)whoareelectedbythepeopletobetheirrepresentatives.EachMPrepresentsthevotersinanareacalledaconstituency.ThechairmanoftheLowerHouseisofficiallycalledSpeaker.ThemaximumlifeofaParliamentisfiveyears.MembersofParliamentholdtheirseatsonlyforthelife-timeofaParliament.HouseofcommonsTheHouse‘sits’inWestminsterfromMondaystoFridays,usuallyfromabout2.30pmuntil10.30pm,andoftencontinuesthroughthenightwhenimportantdebatesaregoingon.Thestepsforabillbecomingalaw:AnnouncingtotheHousebyamemberAmendmentsanddebatesVoteforthesecondreadingImprovementofwordingbyaspecialgroupPassageofthethirdreadingintheHouseTheapprovalbytheHouseofLordsTheMonarch’ssignaturePrivilegesenjoyedbytheMPs:Theyreceivesalaries.Theyhavetheirownsecretariesandoffices.TheycantravelfreeofchargeontherailwaybetweenLondonandtheirconstituencies.TheyhavefreedomofspeechinParliament.3.TheGovernmentandtheCabinet

l

WhatistheothernameoftheBritishGovernment?l

WhatdoestheBritishGovernmentreferto?l

WhatistheCabinetcomposedof?

l

WhoarealwaysincludedintheCabinet?

1)PrimeMinisterTheleaderofthepartyinpowerBornon6May1953,To