第二講：語法(一)

第二講形容詞、副詞比較結構GrammarStructure形容詞比較結構時態(tài)定語從句非謂語動詞虛擬語氣倒裝句Aisnot+形容詞比較級+than+B

A不如BBushisnotyoungerthanObama.布什不如奧巴馬年輕。ObamaisnotwhiterthanBush.奧巴馬不如布什白。BushisnotmoreintelligentthanObama.布什不如奧巴馬有文化。Aisno+形容詞比較級+than+B

A和B都不（否定兩者）ObamaisnoyoungerthanBush.奧巴馬和布什都不年輕ObamaisnotallerthanBush.奧巴馬和布什都不高Obamaisnomoreintelligentthanbush.奧巴馬和布什都沒有文化。Comparativestructures1)“As…as”constructionBasicpattern:“as+adjective/adverb+as”E.g.JohnisasbrightasBob.Negativesentence:JohnisnotsobrightasBob.JohnislessbrightthanBob.as…as…結構asmuch/many+noun+asclauseYoucantakeasmuchbutterasyouneed.as+adjective+nounphrase+asclausenounphrase:a/an+可數(shù)名詞zero+不可數(shù)名詞GeorgeisasefficientaworkerasJack.GeorgeisaworkerasefficientasJack.2)“more…than”constructionBasicpatternTheparcelisheavierthanthatone.NegativepatternTheparcelislessheavythanthatone.Theparcelisnotso/asheavyasthatone.Anothervariantform:“the+comparativeadjective/adverb+of-phrase”E.g.Johnisthebrighterofthetwoboys.OfthetwoboysJohnbehaves(the)morepolitely.Athirdvariantform:“more/lessofa+noun+than-cause”Heismore/lessofasportsmanthanhisbrother.a.“more…than”vs.morethanModernscienceismorethanalargeamountofinformation.“不僅僅是”

IhaveknownDavidformorethan20years.“不止”IassureyouIammorethangladtohelpyou.“非?！盩hatismorethanIcanunderstand.“簡直不”“遠非”，難以，完全不能（其后通常連用情態(tài)動詞can）Moreoftenthannot（經常），peopletendtopayattentiontowhattheycantakeratherthanwhattheycangive.Heismorecarefulthantheothers.比……多，比……更Heismoreluckythanclever.與其……不如

Heismorewittythanwise.與其說他聰明，不如說他機智。

notso…as不如，不像

HeisnotsotallasTom.

Thiscakeisnotsodeliciousasthatone.as…as中間用形容詞或副詞的原級，用于肯定句。"和....一樣..."如：Thecityhereisascleanasthatone.notso/as...as中間也是用原級，意思一樣，用于否定句?！昂?..不一樣...”如：Thepeoplehereisnotsofriendlyasthere.b.“notso…as”vs.“notsomuch…as”“as…as”vs.“asmuch…as”

notclevererthanJackis

notascleveras

Tom

lesscleverthannotso+原形+as=less+原級+than

…不及…notsomuch…as與其說是…不如說是…Itwasn'tsomuchhisappearanceIlikedashispersonality．

我所喜歡的，與其說是他的外表，不如說是他的個性。(no)such+（determiner）NP+as表示舉例Thereisnosuchthingasaghost.such作為后位限定詞，放在中限定詞no，a的后面只有當such和a/an同時出現(xiàn)的時候，成為前限定詞，sucha/an，另外，不同時出現(xiàn)兩個中限定詞，就是no,和a都是中限定詞，不同時出現(xiàn),no=nota

notsomuch…as…與notso…as…的區(qū)別

從形式上看notsomuch…as…與notso…as…的結構基本相同,但兩者在意義上和用法上都存在著很大的差別,下面對此加以說明:

在意義上,notsomuch…as…結構表示選擇比較,常常譯為“與其說……不如說·……”(1)Heisnotsomuchawriterasareporter.他與其說是位作家,不如說是位記者。(2)Hersuccesswasnotsomuchbychanceasbydiligence.她的成功與其說由于機遇不如說是由于勤奮。而notso…as…結構表示否定的同等比較.常常譯為“不像……那樣……”。(1)ItisnotsohotinBeijingasinWuhan.北京不象武漢那樣熱。(2)Heisnotsotallasyou.他沒有你那樣高。

在用法上,notsomuch…as…結構中,so不能換作as,much必須緊跟在so后面,且不能省略,much和as后面是兩個相互平行的結構,比如名詞、形容詞。例如：Hewasnotsomuchangryasdisappointed.

而notso…as中，so可與as互換，so后可跟形容詞、副詞原級，不跟名詞。

e.g.Todaytheclassroomisnotso___asusual.

A.cleanB.cleanerC.muchcleanerD.cleanest

WeshouldsayJimmyisnot___muchawriterasareporter.

A.thisB.thatC.asD.so

c.“notmore/-er…than”vs.“nomore/-er…than”Youaremorecarefulthanheis.你比他仔細。Youarenotmorecarefulthanheis.你不如他仔細。Youarenomorecarefulthanheis.你和他一樣不仔細。Youarelesscarefulthanheis.你不如他仔細（你比他粗心）。Youarenotlesscarefulthanheis.你比他仔細（你不如他粗心）。Youarenolesscarefulthanheis.你和他一樣仔細。

“wouldsooner(rather)...than”,“wouldassoon...as”“寧愿……也不”Hewouldrather(sooner)resignthantakepartinsuchdishonestbusinessdeals.他寧可辭職也不干這種不正當?shù)墓串?。Iwouldassoondieasdisgracemyself.我寧死不受辱?！皀osooner...than”,“hardly...when”和“scarcely...before”

“一……就”句子的前半部分一般用過去完成時，而后半部則用一般過去時采用倒裝語序NosoonerhadIopenedthecagethanthelittlebirdflewout.=我一開籠小鳥就飛出去了。Scarcely(Hardly)hadIopenedthecagebefore(when)thelittlebirdflewout.prior,superior,inferior,senior和junior表示比較時后面用“to”不用“than”

“priorto”意思是早于，比……重要；“superiorto”意思是優(yōu)于，高于；“inferiorto”意思是次于；“seniorto”意思是年長于，地位高于；“juniorto”意思是年幼于，地位低于，遲于。Thetaskispriortoallothers.這項任務比其他所有的任務都重要。InmathshefeltsuperiortoJohn.他覺得自己數(shù)學比約翰強。Theseapplesareinferiorinflavortothose.這些蘋果的味道不如那些。Heistwoyearsseniortome.他比我大兩歲。表示倍數(shù)他們的房子是我們房子的三倍。Theirhouseisthreetimes

asbigasours.Theirhouseisthreetimes

thesizeofours.Long-Deep-High-Wide-用“數(shù)字+times+thesize/length/depth/height/width+of+比較對象”來表示。用“數(shù)字+times+as…as”來表示。Quiz31.Anewlaptopcostsabout_____ofasecond-handone.

A.thepriceofthreetimesB.threetimestheprice

C.asmuchasthethreetimespriceD.threetimesmorethantheprice2.Thesquareitselfisfivehundredyardswide,fivetimes____thesizeofSt.Peter'sinRome.A./B.thatofC.whichisD.of3.Itwas__wehadhoped.AmoreasuccessthanBasuccessmorethanCasmuchofasuccessasDasuccessasmuchas4.DoyouknowTim’sbrother?Heis_________thanTim.A.muchmoresportsmanB.moreofasportsmanC.moreofsportsmanD.moreasportsman5.Thelessthesurfaceofthegroundyieldstotheweightofafully-loadedtruck,______tothetruck.A.thegreaterstressis B.greateristhestressC.thestressisgreaterD.thegreaterthestress6.Languagebelongstoeachmemberofthesociety,tothecleaner__totheprofessor.A．asfarasB.thesameasC.asmuchasD.aslongas7.Johnis_____hardworkingthanhissister,buthefailedintheexam.A.nolessB.nomoreC.notlessD.noso8.WhichofthefollowingadverbscanNOTbeusedtocomplete“_____everybodycame”?

A.NearlyB.QuiteC.PracticallyD.Almost9.Susanisveryhardworking,butherpayisnot__forherwork.A.enoughgoodB.goodenoughC.asgoodenoughD.goodasenough10.Mydaughterhaswalkedeightmilestoday.Weneverguessedthatshecouldwalk__far.A./B.suchC.thatD.as11.WhichofthefollowingwordscanNOTbeusedtocomplete“We’veseenthefilm____”?A.beforeB.recentlyC.latelyD.yet12.

UncleCarlisreally_________man.A.anoldsweetB.asweet,oldC.asweetold13.Maryis_____thanAlice.A.moreexperiencedateacherB.amoreexperiencedteacherC.moreanexperiencedteacherD.moreexperiencedteacher14.Theyfulfilledthetaskin_____ittookus.A.three-fourthstimeB.three-fourthtimeC.three-fourthsthetimeD.thethree-fourthstime15.Theywerepushedintobattle_____.A.unpreparedB.unpreparedlyC.notpreparingitD.withoutpreparingit16.Somedieterfindthataftertheirdietingisover,theyeattwice_____theydidbeforetheirdiet.A.morethanB.asmanyasC.muchthanD.asmuchas17.MyScottishfriendsaysthereis_____monsterinLochNess.A.nosuchthingasB.nosuchthingasaC.nosuchathingas D.nosuchathingasa18.Theuniversityauthoritiesareseriouslyconsideringabandoningthetraditional_____class.A.fiftyminutes B.fifty-minutes C.fifty-minute D.fiftyminute's19.Shehastakengreatpainstoconcealheremotions,andtherebymadethem_____conspicuous.A.allthemore B.allthemuch C.allmore D.allmuch20.You'dbetterlookatthedifficulty_____.A.theotherB.bytheotherwayC.anotherwayD.byanotherway21.Heprefers_____.A.towritehislettersratherthandictatingthemB.towritehislettersratherthandictatethemC.writinghislettersratherthandictatethemD.writinghislettersratherthanhavedictatedthem22._____thetwo,Bobis_____student.A.Of,morediligentB.In,morediligentC.Of,themorediligent D.In,themorediligent23.Western.Nebraskagenerally'receiveslesssnowthan_____EasternNebraska.A.in B.itreceivesin C.does D.itdoesin24.Theindoorswimmingpoolseemstobeagreatmoreluxuriousthan_____.A.isnecessaryB.beingnecessaryC.tobenecessaryD.itisnecessary25.Thechildrenprefercampinginthemo