新視界大學(xué)英語三 綜合教程 Unit1

Twokindsofjudgement譯文Digging1

Therearetwodifferentwayspeoplejudgeyou.Sometimesjudgingyoucorrectlyistheendgoal.Butthere’sasecondmuchmorecommontypeofjudgmentwhereitisn’t.Wetendtoregardalljudgmentsofusasthefirsttype.We’dprobablybehappierifwerealizedwhichareandwhicharen’t.Digging2

Thefirsttypeofjudgment,thetypewherejudgingyouistheendgoal,includescourtcases,gradesinclasses,andmostcompetitions.Suchjudgmentscanofcoursebemistaken,butbecausethegoalistojudgeyoucorrectly,there’susuallysomekindofappealsprocess.Ifyoufeelyou’vebeenmisjudged,youcanprotestthatyou’vebeentreatedunfairly.譯文Digging3

Nearlyallthejudgmentsmadeonchildrenareofthistype,sowegetintothehabitearlyinlifeofthinkingthatalljudgmentsare.譯文Digging4

Butinfactthereisasecondmuchlargerclassofjudgmentswherejudgingyouisonlyameanstosomethingelse.Theseincludecollegeadmissions,hiringandinvestmentdecisions,andofcoursethejudgmentsmadeindating.Thiskindofjudgmentisnotreallyaboutyou.譯文Digging5

Putyourselfinthepositionofsomeoneselectingplayersforanationalteam.Supposeforthesakeofsimplicitythatthisisagamewithnopositions,andthatyouhavetoselect20players.Therewillbeafewstarswhoclearlyshouldmaketheteam,andmanyplayerswhoclearlyshouldn’t.Theonlyplaceyourjudgmentmakesadifferenceisintheborderlinecases.Supposeyouscrewupandunderestimatethe20thbestplayer,causinghimnottomaketheteam,andhisplacetobetakenbythe21stbest.You’vestillpickedagoodteam.譯文DiggingIftheplayershavetheusualdistributionofability,the21stbestplayerwillbeonlyslightlyworsethanthe20thbest.Probablythedifferencebetweenthemwillbelessthanthemeasurementerror.譯文Digging6

The20thbestplayermayfeelhehasbeenmisjudged.Butyourgoalherewasn’ttoprovideaserviceestimatingpeople’sability.Itwastopickateam,andifthedifferencebetweenthe20thand21stbestplayersislessthanthemeasurementerror,you’vestilldonethatoptimally.譯文Digging7

It’safalseanalogyeventousethewordunfairtodescribethiskindofmisjudgment.It’snotaimedatproducingacorrectestimateofanygivenindividual,butatselectingareasonablyoptimalset.譯文Digging8

Onethingthatleadsusastrayhereisthattheselectorseemstobeinapositionofpower.Thatmakeshimseemlikeajudge.Ifyouregardsomeonejudgingyouasacustomerinsteadofajudge,theexpectationoffairnessgoesaway.Theauthorofagoodnovelwouldn’tcomplainthatreaderswereunfairforpreferringapotboilerwitharacycover.Stupid,perhaps,butnotunfair.譯文Digging9

Ourearlytrainingandourself-centerednesscombinetomakeusbelievethateveryjudgmentofusisaboutus.Infactmostaren’t.Thisisararecasewherebeinglessself-centeredwillmakepeoplemoreconfident.Onceyourealizehowlittlemostpeoplejudgingyoucareaboutjudgingyouaccurately–onceyourealizethatbecauseofthenormaldistributionofmostapplicant

pools,itmattersleasttojudgeaccuratelyinpreciselythecaseswherejudgmenthasthemosteffect–youwon’ttakerejectionsopersonally.譯文Digging10Andcuriouslyenough,takingrejectionlesspersonallymayhelpyoutogetrejectedlessoften.Ifyouthinksomeonejudgingyouwillworkhardtojudgeyoucorrectly,youcanaffordtobepassive.Butthemoreyourealizethatmostjudgmentsaregreatlyinfluencedbyrandom,extraneousfactors–thatmostpeoplejudgingyouaremorelikeaficklenovelbuyerthanawiseandperceptivemagistrate–themoreyourealizeyoucandothingstoinfluencetheoutcome.Digging11

Onegoodplacetoapplythisprincipleisincollegeapplications.Mosthighschoolstudentsapplyingtocollegedoitwiththeusualchild’smixofinferiorityandself-centeredness:inferiorityinthattheyassumethatadmissionscommitteesmustbeall-seeing;self-centerednessinthattheyassumeadmissionscommitteescareenoughaboutthemtodigdownintotheirapplicationandfigureoutwhetherthey’regoodornot.譯文DiggingThesecombinetomakeapplicantspassiveinapplyingandhurtwhenthey’rerejected.Ifcollegeapplicantsrealizedhowquickandimpersonalmostselectionprocessesare,they’dmakemoreefforttosellthemselves,andtaketheoutcomelesspersonally.■譯文judgment釋義n.[C,U]anopinionthatyouhaveafterthinkingcarefullyaboutsomething

判斷；看法；評價例句Itisstilltoosoontoformajudgmentaboutthis.現(xiàn)在對此作出判斷仍為時過早。翻譯Words例句IrespecthisjudgmentandI’llfollowanyadvicehegivesme.我尊重他的判斷能力，會接受他提出的任何建議。翻譯釋義vt.

tomakeawrongjudgmentaboutapersonorsituation

錯誤地判斷；錯誤估計Wordsmisjudge例句Thedefeatshowedhowbadlyhe'dmisjudgedthemoodoftheelectorate.這次失敗表明他對選民的情緒判斷大錯特錯。翻譯例句Imisjudgedtheturnandhitthesidewalk.我對拐彎處判斷錯誤，駛上了人行道。翻譯釋義a.notfairorreasonable

不公平的；不合情理的例句It'ssounfair—Marygetsmoremoneyforlesswork!太不公平了——瑪麗干的活少，拿的錢卻多！翻譯Words例句Theunfairdismissalwillbeproperlyinvestigated.無理解雇一事將會得到徹底調(diào)查。翻譯unfairsake釋義n.[C](ususing)(forsb’s~;forthe~ofsth)thebenefitorgoodofsomeoneorsomething

利益；好處例句Hemovedtotheseasideforthesakeofhishealth.為了健康，他移居到海邊。翻譯Words例句翻譯Theytriedtokeeptheirmarriagetogetherforthesakeofthechildren.他們?yōu)榱藘号M力維持著婚姻關(guān)系。真題Somewomencouldhavemadeagoodsalaryinajobinsteadofstayinghome,buttheydecidednottoworkforthesakeofthefamily.(Jan.2000,CET-4,VocabularyandStructure)釋義n.[U]thequalityofbeingsimpleandnotcomplicated,especiallywhenthisisattractiveoruseful

簡單；簡易；簡明例句翻譯Words例句Hisideastoodoutbecauseofitssimplicity.翻譯他的構(gòu)想因簡明而突出。Becauseofitssimplicity,thistestcouldbecarriedouteasilybyafamilydoctor.這種測試簡單易行，家庭醫(yī)生就可以進(jìn)行操作。simplicity真題Forhostsandguests,thechangemeansgreatersimplicityandcomfort.(Dec.2003,CET-4,ReadingComprehension)釋義1a.(usubeforenoun)notclearlybelongingtoaparticulartype

（類型）不確定的，含糊不清的例句It’saborderlinecondition,perhapsreadyforsurgery.情況不確定，大概可以做手術(shù)了。翻譯Words例句borderlinecandidate可上可下的候選人翻譯borderline釋義2n.[sing]animaginarypointdividingonefeelingorstatefromanother,whereitishardtotellthedifferencebetweenthetwo

不明確的界限；含混不清的境況例句Donotcrosstheborderlinebetweenadmirationandlove.不要跨越欣賞與愛慕之間的含混界線。翻譯Words例句Ididn'tsleepwellrecently,alwayswanderattheborderlineofsleepandwakefulnessatnight.我最近睡不好，夜里總是處于半夢半醒的狀態(tài)。翻譯borderlinescrew釋義v.

(veryinfml)(~up)tomakeaseriousmistakeorspoilsomething,especiallyasituation

(使)弄糟；

（使）搞亂例句Iscrewedupmyexamslastyear.去年我考砸了。翻譯Words例句Davescrewedupmyfiles,nowIcan'tfindanything.戴夫搞亂了我的文件，我現(xiàn)在什么也找不到。翻譯釋義1vt.tothinkthatsomeonehaslesspowerorabilitythantheyreallydo

小看，輕視（某人的權(quán)力或能力）例句IthoughtitwouldbeaneasygamebutIhadunderestimatedmyopponent.我以為比賽應(yīng)該很輕松，可是我低估了對手。翻譯Words例句ThefirstlessonIlearntasasoldierwasnevertounderestimatetheenemy.翻譯作為一名士兵，我學(xué)到的第一堂課就是絕不要小看敵人。真題…Butthechallengeisnottobeunderestimated.

(Jan.2002,CET-4,ReadingComprehension)underestimate釋義2n.[C]awrongideathatsomethingissmaller,lessimportantetcthanitreallyis

低估；估計不足例句Peopledoubtthattheaccidentcasualtyisanunderestimate.

人們懷疑事故傷亡人數(shù)有可能被低估了。翻譯Wordsunderestimate釋義n.

[C,U]thewayinwhichsomethingexistsindifferentamountsindifferentpartsofanareaorgroup

分布例句翻譯WordsThecountrywasnotedforitsunevendistributionoflandresources.這個國家以其土地資源的分布不均勻著稱。例子翻譯thegeneraldistributionofearthquakesaroundtheworld全世界地震總的分布情況distribution釋義a.

bestormostsuitablewithinarangeofpossibilities

最優(yōu)的；最適宜的例句翻譯Words例句翻譯Theoptimaltemperaturerangeforgrowingmushroomsisfrom55Fto72F.種蘑菇的最佳生長溫度在華氏55到72度。Wepickedtheoptimaltimetoleavefortheairport.

我們選擇最合適的時間出發(fā)去機場。optimalanalogy釋義n.[C,U]acomparisonbetweentwosituations,processesetcthatisintendedtoshowthatthetwoaresimilar

比擬；比喻；類比例句翻譯WordsShedrewananalogybetweenrunningtheeconomyandahousewife'sweeklybudget.她用家庭主婦一周的預(yù)算類比經(jīng)濟(jì)的運行。例句翻譯Byanalogy,theheartisapumpandthebrainisacomputer.打個比方，心臟就是一只水泵，而大腦就是一部計算機。釋義1ad.(leadsb~)tomakesomeonebelievesomethingthatisnottrue

使（某人）誤信例句翻譯WordsIt'seasytobeledastraybythereportsontheInternet.網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的報道很容易讓人受誤導(dǎo)。例句翻譯Thepublicwasledastraybythefalsepictureofrealitygiveninhisbook.公眾被他在書中對現(xiàn)實所作的虛假描繪迷惑了。astray釋義2

ad.

(go~)tobecomelostorgotothewrongplace

迷路；走失例句翻譯WordsWemarkedthetrail,sotravelerswillnotgoastray.我們給小路設(shè)標(biāo)志使行人不致迷路。例句翻譯ThechequeIsentthemseemstohavegoneastray.我寄給他們的那張支票好像丟失了。astrayapplicant釋義n.

[C]someonewhoappliesforsomething,suchasajoborloanofmoney

申請人例句翻譯Words成功的申請者將會接到電話通知。Successfulapplicantswillbenotifiedbytelephone.例句翻譯廣告吸引來許多申請者。Theadvertisementattractedanumberofapplicants.application釋義n.

[C,U]aformalrequestforpermissiontodoorhavesomething

申請；請求例句翻譯Words本大學(xué)歡迎成年學(xué)生的入學(xué)申請。Theuniversitywelcomesapplicationsfrommaturestudents.例句翻譯他們接受了我加入俱樂部的申請。Theyacceptedmyapplicationtojointheclub.Itisessentialthattheseapplicationformsbesentbackasearlyaspossible.(Jan.2000,CET-4,VocabularyandStructure)

真題釋義例子翻譯Words一批備用的社區(qū)項目志愿者apoolofvolunteersforcommunityprojectsatalentpoolofgreatstudentathletes例子翻譯優(yōu)秀學(xué)生運動員人才庫n.

[C]agroupofpeoplewhoareavailabletowork

（可以工作的）備用人員poolrejection釋義n.

[C,U]arefusaltoacceptsomeoneforajoborcourseofstudy

拒絕聘用；拒絕錄取例句翻譯Words他在找到工作前一次次遭到拒絕。Hefacedrejectionafterrejectionbeforefindingajob.I'vesentofftenapplicationsbutI'veonlyhadrejectionssofar.例句翻譯我寄出去十份申請，但是到目前收到的只是回絕信。extraneous釋義a.

notrelatingtothesubjectorsituationyouaredealingwith

無關(guān)的例句翻譯Words我刪掉了一些無關(guān)的東西。Ideletedsomeextraneousmaterial.例句翻譯他的報告包含了太多無關(guān)緊要的細(xì)節(jié)。Hisreportcontainstoomanyextraneousdetails.釋義a.

alwayschangingyourmindaboutwhoorwhatyoulike

（心理）多變的，無常的，不堅定的Praisenonetoomuch,forallarefickle.對人莫過贊，人人都會變。Phrases例句翻譯Thegrouphasbeennotoriouslyfickleinthepast.這伙人過去一直是出了名地善變。例句翻譯fickle釋義例句翻譯他對人很有觀察力。perceptive

a.

abletonoticeorunderstandthingsquicklyandeasily

觀察敏銳的；善于理解的PhrasesHe'sveryperceptiveaboutpeople.例句翻譯一位善解人意的教師真的能幫助害羞的孩子。Aperceptiveteachercanreallyhelpashychild.

釋義n.

[C](ususing)thefinalresultofaprocess,meeting,activityetc

結(jié)果；結(jié)局；后果Phrases例句翻譯Whatwastheoutcomeofyourinterview?你面試的結(jié)果如何?例句翻譯It’stooearlytoknowtheoutcomeofherillness.現(xiàn)在要想知道她的病情結(jié)果還太早。outcomeWearemostimpressedbythefactthateventhosepatientswhowerenottoldoftheirseriousillnesswerequiteawareofitspotentialoutcome.(Jun.1996,CET-4,ReadingComprehension)

真題釋義例句翻譯她接受了自已不如對手的現(xiàn)實。Sheacceptedherinferioritytoherrivals.n.

[U]thefactthatsomeoneorsomethingisnotasgood,important,intelligentetcassomeoneorsomethingelse

低人一等；下級；次等Phrases例句翻譯Hewhoenviesadmitshisinferiority.嫉妒別人說明對自己感到自卑。

inferiority釋義例句翻譯委員會已決定提高明年的會費。committeeThecommitteehavedecidedtoraisemembershipfeesfornextyear.n.[C]agroupofpeoplewhorepresentalargerjob,forexampletostudysomethingandsuggestwhatactiontotake

委員會Phrases例句翻譯Theydecidedtoformacommitteetolookintotheproblem.他們決定成立一個委員會來調(diào)查此問題。Mysister’sprofessorhadherrewriteherpapermanytimesbeforeallowinghertopresentittothecommittee.(Jan.1989,CET-4,VocabularyandStructure)

真題釋義1例句翻譯醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)制度越來越繁瑣，人情越來越淡薄。Thehealthcaresystemhasbecomeincreasinglybureaucraticandimpersonal.a.

usedaboutlargeorganizationsthatdonotthinkaboutpeople’sindividualneedsandsituations

(大型組織)不考慮個人需要的，不講人情的，客觀的Phrases例句翻譯Usuallyanorganizationtendstogetimpersonalwhenitgrowslarger.一般來說，一個組織在壯大的過程會失去個人色彩。impersonal釋義2例句翻譯有的商場不設(shè)休息區(qū)也沒有椅子讓顧客歇腳，不夠人性化。Someshoppingmallsarequiteimpersonalsincethereisnorestareaandchairforclient.a.usedaboutaplacethatdoesnotseemfriendlybecausetherearenopersonalfeatures

(地方）無人情味的，不夠人性化的Phrases例句翻譯alargeimpersonalcity一座人情淡薄的大城市impersonal釋義例句翻譯批評要批評得及時，不要養(yǎng)成事后批評的習(xí)慣。getinto/inthehabitofdoingsth

Makecriticismingoodtime;

don'tgetintothehabitofcriticizingonlyaftertheevent.養(yǎng)成……的習(xí)慣Phrases例句翻譯Ineedtogetintothehabitofgettingupearlierinthemornings.我必須養(yǎng)成每天早晨早點起床的習(xí)慣。釋義例句翻譯他說你胖，只是開玩笑，請不要往心里去。Whenhesaidyou'refat,he’sjustkidding,don'ttakeitpersonally.togetupsetbythethingsotherpeoplesayordo,becauseyouthinkthattheirremarksorbehaviouraredirectedatyouinparticular

為某人的言行感到不快Phrases例句翻譯Iftheytellmewhatthey'rereallythinking,Idon'ttakeitpersonally.如果他們告訴我實話，我就不生氣。takesthpersonally釋義例句翻譯科學(xué)家們在盡力探窮大自然的奧秘。

Scientistsaretryingtheirbesttodigintothesecretsofnature.

(infml)totrytofindinformationaboutsomething

尋找，搜集（信息）Phrases例句翻譯Thepolicemandugintothefilesthewholemorning.

那個警察整個早上都在查閱研究檔案。digintosth判斷一個人有兩種不同的方式，有時判斷的最終目的是正確地判斷一個人，不過另外一種則不是如此，并且這種判斷要常見得多。我們往往認(rèn)為所有的判斷都屬于第一種。如果能意識到哪些是第一種而哪些不是的話，我們也許會更幸福。Translation原文兩種判斷第一種判斷，即把正確地判斷一個人作為最終目的的判斷，包括法院判決、考試成績及大部分比賽。這些判斷當(dāng)然可能會有誤判，但因為其最終目的是正確地判斷一個人，通常會有某種類似于上訴的程序。如果你覺得別人沒有正確評價你，你可以表示反對，說你受到了不公平的待遇。Translation原文幾乎所有對孩子的判斷都屬于第一類，所以在小時候我們就養(yǎng)成了這種習(xí)慣，認(rèn)為所有的判斷都是這樣。Translation原文但實際上還有更廣泛地存在著的第二類判斷，在這種判斷中，對你作出判斷只是做另一件事的手段。這包括大學(xué)招生、聘用及作投資決定，當(dāng)然也包括在約會時作出的判斷。這種判斷并不是真正意義上對你作出的評價。Translation原文假設(shè)你要為國家隊挑選運動員。簡單起見，假設(shè)這是一個沒有位置要求的運動，并且你需要挑選二十個運動員。有一些明星運動員肯定要在隊里，還有許多肯定不能入選。只有那些難作取舍的情況會讓你的判斷產(chǎn)生差別。即使你搞砸了，低估了排在第二十名的運動員，使他落選了，他的位置被排在第二十一名的運動員所代替，你還是組建了一支好的隊伍。Translation原文如果運動員之間的能力分配正常，第二十一名運動員只會比第二十名略微遜色，或者他們之間的差距比測量誤差還要小。Translation原文那位排在第二十名的運動員可能會覺得自己被錯誤地判斷了。但是在此你的目的不是為人們提供能力評估服務(wù)，而是組建一支隊伍，如果排名第二十位的與排名第二十一位的運動員之間的差距比測量誤差還小，你還是作了最佳選擇。Translation原文用“不公平”來形容這種“不正確的判斷”是一種錯誤的類比。因為在此目的不是為了對某個特定的個體作出正確的評估，而是選擇合理的最佳組合。Translation原文在此，會誤導(dǎo)我們的一點是選擇者看起來有點權(quán)力。這點權(quán)力會讓人們認(rèn)為他像個法官。如果你把對你作出判斷的人看成是一個顧客而不是一個法官，那么你就沒有了對公平性的期望。一部好小說的作者不會抱怨讀者更喜歡金玉其外敗絮其中的作品，說他們這樣做不公平。也許會覺得他們愚蠢，但并沒有不公平。Translation原文我們早年所受的訓(xùn)練，加上我們總是以自我為中心，使我們認(rèn)為對我們所作的每個判斷都是關(guān)于我們本身的判斷。但事實上大部分并非如此。這是一個少見的例子，說明不那么以自我為中心會使人更自信。一旦你意識到人們在判斷你的時候多么不在意對你的判斷是否精確——由于大部分申請人的正態(tài)分布，在判斷會產(chǎn)生最主要的影響的情況下，最無關(guān)緊要的往往是判斷是否精確，一旦你意識到這一點你就不會把拒絕看成是針對你個人了。Translation原文

令人驚奇的是，把被拒絕看得不那么針對個人，能幫助你更少地遭到拒絕。如果你認(rèn)為別人在對你作出判斷時會努力做到判斷正確，你能做的就是被動地接受。你越了解大部分的判斷受隨意性及不相關(guān)的因素影響很大，大部分人在對你作出判斷時更像一個善變的小說購買者而不是一個理智而洞察一切的法官，你就越能認(rèn)識到你能做一些事去影響最終結(jié)果。Translation原文這個理論最適用于大學(xué)申請。大部分高中生申請大學(xué)時帶著不成熟的自卑和以自我為中心：自卑體現(xiàn)在他們認(rèn)為招生委員會肯定是明察秋毫的；以自我為中心是他們認(rèn)為招生委員會對他們非常重視，所以會認(rèn)真研究他們的申請并權(quán)衡他們是否優(yōu)秀。Translation原文這些因素相結(jié)合就導(dǎo)致申請人在申請時很被動，并且在被拒絕時感到受傷。如果大學(xué)申請人意識到大部分選擇過程是多么迅速、多么不考慮個體需求，他們就會更努力地推銷自己，并能更加坦然地對待錄取結(jié)果。Translation原文1.Thefirsttypeofjudgment,thetypewherejudgingyouistheendgoal,includescourtcases,gradesinclasses,andmostcompetitions.第一種判斷，即把正確地判斷一個人作為最終目的的判斷，包括法院判決?、考試成績及大部分比賽。LanguageinUse2.It’snotaimedatproducingacorrectestimateofanygivenindividual,butatselectingareasonablyoptimalset.在此目的不是為了對某個特定的個體作出正確的評