第三章 詞匯特色

第三章詞匯特色ChapterThree

lexicalfeaturesCompanyLogoContents

1.Concisewords（簡潔用詞）

3.Newwords（新詞）

4.Imitationwords/Coinages（生造詞）

5.abbreviatedexpressions（縮略語）

2.Metonymy(借代)

6.Voguewords/buzzwords（時髦詞）Expressionsinnewsreportshouldbebriefandconcise1.Avoidunnecessaryadj.&adv.andobservethe“brevityofthelanguage”.Themodifiers修飾語shouldbecutout.Thesewordsarecalled“redundancies”（贅詞).

(力求簡潔，避免不必要的形容詞和副詞)如：(Brutal)murder(Angry)mob(Final)outcomeAsa(general)rule(Totally)destroyed(Controversial)issue第一節(jié)用詞簡潔具體(briefandconcisewords)2、Avoidsemanticrepeation(避免語意重復(fù))Visible(totheeye)Clear(tothemind)Consensus(ofopinion)attendaconferenceon(theissueof)sth.Notice(thephenomenon)that…Despite(thefact)that…3.Smallwordsaremorefrequentlyusedthancomplicatedwords

(多用簡潔明了的常用詞)About(approximately)Show(demonstrate)Fear(apprehension)Star(silversphere)Aid(assistance)Inaword,expressionsinmedianewsshouldbeappliedontheprincipleofbrevity.練習(xí)：P36-37CompanyLogoTheuseofconcisewords:

Group1whatdoes“B”refertointhe

“ABC”principle?---B:brevityofthelanguage

Dothefollowingexamplesobservethe“brevityofthelanguage”?eg.1.Asthetwocountriestrytoboostgrowthfurther,China'sforeignministryspokesmanHongLeisaidtheseissuescouldbeaddressedbymutualcooperation.eg.2.Sotheendresultofthelongcampaignagainstgovernmentisthatwe’vetakenadisastrouslywrongturn.

eg.3.Washingtonshouldfurtherdeclarethatasageneralrule,U.S.supportwouldbepoliticalratherthanmilitary,overt（公開的）ratherthancovert.（隱藏的）

Q:Isthereanycooperationthatis“alone”？Oranyresultthatdoesnotcomeoutattheend?Oranyso-calledrulethatbetraysthegenerality?

Findouttheredundancies（贅詞)andmakethemconcise.1.Audienceareamazedatthesurprisingwondercreatedbythemagician.2.Mr.Paterson,ofcourse,stillhastoawaitthefinaloutcomeofaseparateinquiryintowhetherheperjuredhimselfduringaninvestigationintohowhecametobegrantedticketstotheWorldSerieslastfall.3.OnlyMarinesandsecurityguardswerepresentattheembassywhentheangrymobofabout100approachedthewalls.4.ChancellorAngelaMerkelisstrugglingtofindconsensusofopiniononthefutureofGermany’snuclearplants.

5.Warmgreetingsandgratefulthankstoyouallasyougathertocelebratethe50thAnniversaryoftheUnitedStatesAirForce.surprisingfinalangryofopinion

warm,gratefulTheuseofconcisewords:Group2eg.1.

Peopleareworriedaboutthesituationofthebadfinancialcrisis.eg.2.HeisworkinghardtoimprovehisEnglishlevel.eg.3.

Hewillattendaconferenceontheissueofnonproliferation.eg.4.Henoticedthephenomenonthatoilpriceisskyrocketingthesedays.Q:Ineachexample,Canyoufindtwopartsthatrefertothesamecontent?Andwhichpartcanbeomittedfortheconciseness?

1.situation=thebadfinancialcrisis2.English=Englishlevel.3.theissueof=nonproliferation(防止核擴散）4.thephenomenon=thatclausePeopleareworriedaboutthebadfinancialcrisis.HeisworkinghardtoimprovehisEnglish.HewillattendaconferenceonnonproliferationHenoticedthatoilpriceisskyrocketingthesedays.

Comparedwiththeobscure晦澀的languageinliterature,thelanguageofnewsreportisearlyunderstood.newspapers---“massmedia”，itaimsatthebroadmassofthepeople.Tomakethelanguageconcise,bigandcomplicatedwordsareusuallyreplacedbysmallwords.eg.1.

Therearenosilverspheresinthefirmament.Therearenostarsintheheaven.eg.

2.Theinvestorlostapproximatelyamilliondollarsinthestockmarketinjusttwoweeks.

approximately--aboutTheuseofconcisewords:Group3CompanyLogo

usingconcisewordstorewritethesentences1.TheassistanceprogrampromotedbySenatorJohnKerry,chairmanoftheForeignRelationsCommittee,promisedPakistan$7.5billionoverfiveyears,muchofitdeliveredthroughtheciviliangovernment.2.DocumentsseizedatthecompoundwhereOsamabinLadenwaskilleddemonstratethatheandhisaidesdiscussedmakingadealwithPakistaninwhichAlQaedawouldrefrainfromattackingthecountryinexchangeforprotectioninsidePakistan,AmericanofficialssaidThursday.

3.DevelopingeconomiessuchasMexicoandBrazilwouldcommencereductionsaround2040-2045.

4.Overtime,however,suchmarketapprehension

islikelytogiveway.Inthelongterm,afterall,democracyandindividualfreedomarethe

bestimpetuses（動力）ofprosperity.Assistance=aidDemonstrate=showCommence=beginApprehension=fear第二節(jié)Metonymy(借代):借用人、地、物名稱（1）各國首都、大城市等地名（2）著名建筑物名稱（3）政府首腦姓名替代該國或其政府及有關(guān)機構(gòu)（4）某個物名來表示某個意思,這是新聞英語的獨創(chuàng)Thecapital,thewell-knownbuildingsandthenameofthegovernmentleaderaswellareoftenusedtorefertothecountry,governmentortherelevantorganizations.Purposes：

morelivelyandvividCharacteristicsforthemetonymically-usedwords:（1）Thewordsarewidelyknownwithplentifulmeaningsorconnotations(內(nèi)涵豐富，廣為人知)（2）Metonymymakesnewsbriefandconcise(行文簡潔明快）withitsjournalismandpopularity（新聞性和通俗性）(3)Newsreportwithlivelyandvividwordsaremoreeasilygraspedandunderstood（便于理解）

eg.U.S.officialssaytheObamaadministrationweighingwhethertoordertheNSAtostopspyingonleadersofAmericanallies.CaliforniaDemocratDianneFeinstein,whochairstheSenateIntelligenceCommittee參議院情報委員會

,issuedastatementMondaysayingshewasinformedbytheWhiteHousethat"collectiononourallieswillnotcontinue."Butadministrationofficialslaterstressedthatafinaldecisiononthematterhasnotbeenmade.

Q:Inthisexample,twoexpressionsareusedheretorefertoU.S.government.Canyouspotthem?Howcanyourecognizethem?ArethereanyrelationsbetweenthesetwoexpressionsandtheU.S.government?

Metonymy(借代)

1.theObamaadministration,2.theWhiteHouseAmericangovernment=WhiteHouse,WashingtonChinesegovernment?eg.1AtopChinesegeneralsaidWednesdaythatBeijinghadnointentionofchallengingtheAmericanmilitaryandthatitwas“verystrange”thatquestionswereraisedaboutitscountry’smilitarybuildupwhenthesameconcernswerenotvoicedabouttheUnitedStates.Eg.2TheriskthatleadersinZhongnanhaiarealltooawareofisthatarecessionteststhelimitsofChina'spoliticalstability.

Metonymy(借代)

1.一名中方高級將領(lǐng)周三說中國政府無意挑戰(zhàn)美國的軍事力量，但奇怪的是總有人質(zhì)疑中國的軍備建設(shè)，對美國卻從未提出類似的問題。2.經(jīng)濟衰退在考驗中國政治穩(wěn)定性的限度，中國政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人也已認識到這一風(fēng)險。1.ObamatonominateYellenasBernankesuccessorPresidentBarackObamawillnominateFederalReserve（美聯(lián)儲）vicechairJanetYellentosucceedBenBernankeaschairmanofthenation‘scentralbank,theWhiteHousesaidTuesday.YellenwouldbethefirstwomantoheadthepowerfulFed,takingoveratapivotaltime（關(guān)鍵時刻）fortheeconomyandthebankingindustry.OntheFed,Yellenhasbuiltareputationasa“dove”—someonewhoistypicallymoreconcernedaboutkeepinginterestrateslowtoreduceunemploymentthanaboutraisingthemtoaverthighinflation（避免高通脹）.Iraq:Whowonthewar?

Withinbarelyamonth,Saddam’sBronzestatueinBaghdad’sFirdausSquarewasScrapmetal.ButeveryotherpredicationbytheBushadministration'shawks’provedwrong.Prediction:weaponsofmassdestruction(WMD)Hawks:鷹派,主戰(zhàn)派,主張強硬路線或用武力解決爭端Doves：鴿派，主張用和平手段解決問題Dawk=dove+hawk：中間派2.Noweaponsofmassdestruction---Britain’skeyjustificationforwarhavebeenfound.ThePentagonacknowledgedlastweekthatareviewofmorethan600,000capturedIraqidocumentsshowed“noevidencethatSaddamHussein’sregimehadanyoperationallinkswithOsamabinLaden’sal-Qaidaterroristnetwork”.(基地恐怖組織）ThePentagon:thehugefive-sidedbuildinginArlington,Va.Asasymbolofmilitary,itisoftenmetonymicallytorefertotheDefenseDepartmentofUSA.(美國國防部）ratherthanthebuildingitself.英國出兵伊拉克的主要理由---大規(guī)模殺傷性武器，并未被找到。五角大樓上周承認檢查所繳獲的60萬份文件后未發(fā)現(xiàn)證據(jù)表明薩達姆政權(quán)和本拉登的基地恐怖組織有任何聯(lián)系。3.The

US

insiststhatTehranretainsnuclearambitions,despiteitsownintelligenceestimatesthatworkonaweaponhasstopped,butitsoccupationofIraqhasgivenIranahostageitcouldneverhaveimaginedhaving.美國政府堅持認為，德黑蘭有發(fā)展核武力的野心，誠然美國從自己掌握的情報評估報告認為，伊朗的核武器研制工作已經(jīng)停止，然而，美國對伊拉克的占領(lǐng)卻給了伊朗一個做夢都沒有想到的可乘之機。Tehran(德黑蘭)：

referringtothegovernmentofIran(指代伊朗政府)4.TheKremlinwantstosecureRussia’slong-termdominanceoverglobalenergymarkets.Toensurethis,RussianeedstofindnewsourcesoffuelandtheArcticseemsliketheonlyplacelefttogo.ButWashingtonseemstohaveadifferentviewandisseekingtoblocktheanticipatedRussianbid.克里姆林宮想確保俄羅斯對全球能源市場的長期控制地位，對此，俄羅斯需要找到新的燃料來源，而北極似乎是唯一的可去之地。但華盛頓似乎持不同看法，試圖阻止俄對開采北極申請。Kremlin:克里姆林宮（俄羅斯政府）Washington:華盛頓（美國政府）5.ItisobviousthatMoscowwouldtrytoresistthisU.S.intrusionandwouldviewanyU.S.effortstoblockRussia’sclaimtoitsArcticsectorasunfriendlyandovertlyprovocative.Furthermore,suchapolicywouldactuallyhelptheKremlinjustifyitshard-lineposition.(FromGlobalResearch,July17,2007)顯然莫斯科試圖抵制美國染指北極，把美國阻止其聲稱對北極地區(qū)擁有主權(quán)看作是不友好的，明顯的挑釁行為。而美國的舉措實際上也為克里姆林宮采取強硬立場提供了理由。（俄羅斯）6.Buffettwalkedawayfromthedotcomboominthe1990s,stickingwithboringblue-chipssuchasGillette,CocaColaandAmericanExpress.HealwayscameupS:Blue-chips

:Greenback:巴菲特遠離90年代的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)繁榮，堅持投資諸如吉利、可口可樂、美國運通這樣不活躍的藍籌股。只要他走過，身上總是散發(fā)著錢的味道。dot-com，網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司藍籌casinotoken，藍籌股，第一流的，業(yè)績優(yōu)良紅利優(yōu)厚的大公司股票，也稱“績優(yōu)股”綠鈔，指代美元Americanbill7.Cappingstreetexecutivepaywon’tworkIfyou’reonWallStreet,youbetterpraythatyourbankdoesn’trequireinthewordsoftheUS.Treasury“exceptionalassistance”.Asoftoday,thosebankswillbesubjecttoWashington’snewexecutivepayguideline.Andthoseguidelinesarenotjustthekissofdeathforyourbonus.It’sthekissofdeathforyourbank.華爾街，美金融中心華盛頓，美國政府死亡之吻，喻指導(dǎo)致毀滅的偽善行為或關(guān)系Judaskiss,猶大之吻。猶太教祭司收買了耶穌的門徒猶大，讓他在抓捕耶穌時，假裝請安，親吻耶穌，從而暴露耶穌，使之被捕，之后釘死在十字架上。人們也用猶大之吻比喻偽善的行為或可恥的叛變1.WallStreet2.Washington3.thekissofdeath

限制華爾街高管薪酬無濟于事如果你在華爾街工作，那么最好祈禱你的銀行不需要美國財政部所謂的“特殊救助.”從現(xiàn)在起，所有接受“特殊救助”的銀行必須遵守美國政府有關(guān)高管限薪的新規(guī)定。這不僅僅意味著你的獎金可能泡湯，你所在的銀行可能也要接受“死亡之吻”的眷顧。例詞

本義(originalmeaning)喻義(connotation)BigApple(大蘋果)BigBoard(大行情板)Broadway(百老匯大街)WallStreet華爾街CityofAngels(天使城)CityofBrotherlyLove(博愛城)CitybytheGoldenGate(金門城)CrescentCity(新月城)DiceCity(骰子城，賭城)EmpireState(帝國州)GoldenState(黃金州)州HuboftheUniverse(宇宙中心)市

紐約市

紐約證券交易所美國、戲劇(業(yè))美金融業(yè)洛杉磯費城，Philadelphia，Philos愛，adelphos兄弟，舊金山市新奧爾良市

拉斯韋加斯市紐約州加利福尼亞波士頓例詞

本義喻義MadisonAvenue麥迪遜大街美國廣告業(yè)／商業(yè)MotorCity汽車城底特律市SteelCity鋼城

匹茲堡WindyCity多風(fēng)城

芝加哥WhiteHouse白宮美國政府行政機關(guān)、總統(tǒng)府Hill/CapitolHill國會山Donkey驢Elephant象Bluehelmets藍頭盔Greenberets綠色貝雷帽Langley蘭利市（弗吉利亞州一地名）Pentagon五角大樓Greenbacks綠幣

美國國會美國民主黨美國共和黨聯(lián)合國維和部隊（PKF:peacekeepingforces）美國特種部隊（SF:Specialforces）美中央情報局（CIA）美國國防部（DOD）美元例詞

本義喻義theCity(ofLondon)倫敦城

英國商業(yè)界；金融界FleetStreet艦隊街ScotlandYard蘇格蘭場10

DowningStreet唐寧街10號

BuckinghamPalace白金漢宮借典型姓氏代某人或某國JohnBull約翰牛，英國人UncleSam山姆大叔，美國人Wang王，中國人Ivan伊凡，俄羅斯人.

英國新聞界倫敦警察局/倫敦警方英國首相府、首相、政府、內(nèi)閣英國王室練習(xí)P38GuesswhatthefollowingwordsrefertoThewordsreferringtothegovernmentofeachcountry:Russian~?/U.K~?/French~?/Iran~?Russian~=Moscow/Kremlin克里姆林宮U.K.~=London/10DowningStreet唐寧街10號French~=Paris/ElyseePalace愛麗舍宮Iran伊朗~=Tehran德黑蘭TheKremlindeclinedtomakeanycommentasNorwaywasexpellingeightRussiandiplomatsforactivitiesincompatiblewiththeirstatus—theusualtermforspying.

Review

：Metonymy(借代)

挪威政府驅(qū)逐了8名外交官，因為他們從事了與其身份不相符的活動，這是對從事間諜活動的通常說法。對此，克里姆林宮拒絕發(fā)表任何意見。1.ARoyal

PainfortheCrown2.MoscowsaysUSLeadershipEraisEnding.3.VerizonRejectsHollywood’sCalltoAidPiracyFight4.LongtimeTorySeekstoLeadParty,witheyeon10DowningStreet.

本義：王冠，喻義：國王

欲戴王冠，必承其重(本義：莫斯科；喻義：俄羅斯政府）Verizon:

威瑞森，美國電信運營公司AidPiracyFight：helpinthefightagainstpiracyHollywood:本義：好萊塢；喻義：

美國電影業(yè)威瑞森電信公司拒絕響應(yīng)好萊塢打擊盜版的號召theTory：托利黨，英國保守黨（的前身）,右派（保守）theWhigs:輝格黨，工黨的前身，左派（開明）10DowningStreet本義：

唐寧街10號；喻義：英國首相

保守黨謀求執(zhí)政，覬覦首相寶座5.WallStreetShrugsoffDeathofBinLadenandTurnsAttentiontoEarning6.TheHuntfortheGreenbacks7.Thisweek,atradegroupofconveniencestoreownerswillstorm

CapitalHillwiththeirsideofstory.8.Tehraninitiallyacceptedbutthenrejectedanofferforaninterimsolutionunderwhichitwouldshipsomeuraniumoutofthecountryforenrichment.WallStreet華爾街，美國金融界華爾街一心賺錢，對本拉登之死不屑一顧Greenbacks:綠幣，美元CapitalHill:國會山，美國國會

本周，由便利店主組成的貿(mào)易團體炮轟國會山，聲討國會。Tehran德黑蘭，伊朗政府伊朗政府一開始接受但隨后又拒絕將一部分鈾運到國外去濃縮這一臨時解決方案。Oneofthefeaturesofnewsisnovelty&interest.Asthemirroroftheever-changingsociety,newspapersnaturallyembraceavarietyofnewwordsrisingfromthenewlydevelopmentofpolitics,economy,technologyandthenewtrendsofideas.

Doyouknowthemeaningoftheunderlinedwords?eg.

Thecentralantagonists對抗者werethePandaHugger,anAustralianwhoenjoysagoodbottleortwoofredwinewhenheholdsforth滔滔地說,andtheDragonSlayer,anAmericanwhoprefersacoldbeerorfive.

第三節(jié)新詞層出不窮

Newwords(

neologism)現(xiàn)代英語中表達新事物、新概念的新詞新義大多是率先出現(xiàn)在英語報刊中，然后再流行于世的。Developingprocessforanewword:Appearinginnews

beingimitated

being

widelyaccepted

beingtakenupintodictionary

officiallybeingapartofmodernEnglishThe

Oxford

English

Dictionary

(NewWords)牛津英語大辭典最早在1884年出版，共10卷。但第二版牛津英語大辭典是在100年之后出版的，共有20卷，收錄了五千九百萬個詞匯。牛津英語大辭典被認為是當(dāng)今收錄最全和最權(quán)威的英語詞典。最新版牛津辭典新增2000個時髦詞（buzzword

or

vogue

word)Listen

to

the

following

introductionNewWords牛津新詞語piercingmonotone

刺耳的單音creditcrunch信貸危機Bromance兄弟情aportmanteauword合成詞Amalgamation合并Frenemies友敵significantevidence重大證據(jù)Chillax放松冷靜Buzzkill掃興的,潑冷水的dispiriting感到掃興的Defriend從好友名單上除名ThenewwordswhichhavebeenaddedtotheOxfordDictionaryofEnglishallreflectglobaltrendsandevents.FromtheWorldCup,inSouthAfrica,whocouldforgetthepiercingmonotoneofthe"vuvuzela".Duetothecreditcrunch,peopleareforcedtotakeholidaysathome,soinsteadofavacationinwhichyouvacatethecountry,youstay,hence"staycation".Aclosebutnon-sexualrelationshipbetweentwomenisa"bromance"-aportmanteauword,from"brother"and"romance".AnexampleofthissortofrelationshipcouldbethatbetweentheleadersofBritain'scoalitiongovernment,DavidCameronandNickClegg.Oh,theycouldalsobe"frenemies"-friendswhoarealsorivals.SaraHawkerisoneoftheeditorsoftheOxfordDictionaryofEnglish.Shesaysalotofworkgoesintodecidingwhichwordsshouldbeadded.“Thewordsweincludeinourdictionaryareallbasedonevidence.

WehaveenormousdatabasesofcurrentEnglishwhichweanalyseandweonlyputwordsintothedictionaryifwe'vegotsignificantevidencethattheyarebeingusedbydifferentpeopleindifferentcontexts,soweneverputanythinginunlessthereisalotofevidenceofitbeingused."Otherwordswhicharenowalsoincludedare"chillax",anamalgamationofchillandrelax,socalmdown.And"buzzkill",somethingorsomeonewithadispiritingeffect.Basically,theyorit,killyourbuzz.ButofcourseTwitterandFacebookhavebroughtabout"socialmedia",andwithit"tweetup",ameetingorganisedviaTwitter.IfthecoalitionbetweenDavidCameronandNickCleggbrokedown,theymightgointotheirFacebookaccountsand"defriend"eachother.

圖標“?”最早的使用實例見于1984年美國的一輛車的保險杠貼紙上。后來這種用法變成流行，開始在衣服和貼紙上。牛津英語大辭典127年來只收“生詞”的歷史就此終結(jié)，如今網(wǎng)絡(luò)和書本中常用的愛心圖標“?”成為牛津英語辭典收錄的首枚圖標字符。JohnSimpson,theOED’schiefeditor,said:"ThisbreaksatleastoneOEDrule,namelythatanewwordneedstobecurrentfor10yearsbeforeconsiderationforinclusion.Butitseemstobecatchingon.“(詞典主編約翰?辛普森表示，此次收錄的詞條至少打破了《牛津英語辭典》的一項傳統(tǒng)慣例，以往來說，詞條要使用十年以上才會被收錄，但現(xiàn)在“這個傳統(tǒng)似乎也跟著時代在改變”)。

Newwords

:Politicseg.

Anewgenusofflower（喻奧巴馬）hasbeenintroducedintothe2008presidentialrace.It’sacross-pollination(異花受粉，跨越兩黨的)

ofdisenchanted(不再抱幻想的),moderate-to-liberal（親近民主黨的）RepublicansandthemovementthatisBarackObama’scampaign.

Obamacansiswhatsomepeoplecallthem.

-----USAToday,March,19,2008;“ANewPoliticalBreed:Obamacans”

2007-2008美總統(tǒng)競選，許多“presidenttimber”都紛紛參選。如HillaryClinton,JohnMccain，而且當(dāng)時還提出了如“Buyone,giveonefree”的口號，但是最后Obama用“Timeforachange”笑到了最后。當(dāng)時美國內(nèi)同個都出現(xiàn)了Bushfatigue(兩種ABB)。而Obama憑借其自身的Character,personalityandeloquence,不但贏得黨內(nèi)支持，而且贏得republican支持。

Obamacan即為“支持民主黨候選人奧巴馬的共和黨人”O(jiān)bamaSpeak:奧巴馬詞匯

1.

Obamabot:=Obama+robot

因robot是“不分是非、只知執(zhí)行命令”的機器人，所以該詞呈貶義色彩。常用來指那些對奧巴馬一無所知、卻忠心擁護的選民，譯為“奧巴馬信徒，奧巴馬粉絲”

2.

Obamacize:該詞由Obama的姓氏加上動詞性后綴派生而成．基本意思是“像奧巴馬那樣去行事”.

3.Obamamentum=Obama+momentum(勢頭,動力)

意指“奧巴馬的競選態(tài)勢或勢頭”

4.

Obamanation=Obama+nation

指以奧巴馬為核心的政治集團，可譯為“奧巴馬王國、奧巴馬集團”.

5.

Obamania=Obama+mania狂躁:“奧巴馬熱”

6.

Obamanomics=Obama+economics

指奧巴馬在競選過程中所提出的重振美國經(jīng)濟的政策，可視具體語境譯為“奧巴馬經(jīng)濟”或“奧巴馬經(jīng)濟政策”

7.

Obamacare?

奧巴馬醫(yī)改Obama+healthcareeg.

Thestimulusworked,theysay,asdidthebailout

（緊急救助）ofWallStreet,becausetheeconomyisbettertodaythanitwouldbewithoutthem.Background:美國次貸危機(subprimemortgagecrisis)它是指一場發(fā)生在美國，因次級抵押貸款機構(gòu)破產(chǎn)而引起的金融風(fēng)暴。2007年8月開始席卷美國、歐盟和日本等世界主要金融市場，現(xiàn)在影響還未消退。次貸即“次級按揭貸款”（subprimemortgageloan），即給那些收入并不穩(wěn)定甚至根本沒有收入，信用等級達不到標準的次級信用貸款者貸款。

由于之前的房價很高，銀行認為盡管貸款給了次級信用借款人，如借款人無法償還貸款，則可以利用抵押的房屋來還，但由于房價突然走低，借款人無力償還時，銀行把房屋出售，但卻發(fā)現(xiàn)得到的資金不能彌補當(dāng)時的貸款+利息，甚至都無法彌補貸款額本身，這樣銀行就會在這個貸款上出現(xiàn)虧損.大面積虧損就導(dǎo)致了次貸危機

Newwords

:economy盡管BushAdministration有兩次earmarks（專項撥款）來bailouts(救市)，還接管了兩家最大的mortgagegiantsFannieMae(房利美)和FreddieMac（房地美），還是止不住thefinancialcrisis/meltdown/storm/tsunami.

Newwordstoreflectthisareasfollowings:

subprime/bailout/financialtsunami ?

次級房貸/緊急援助/金融海嘯

creditcrunch/siegeeconomics？

為應(yīng)對危機，各國實行 “信貸緊縮”和“嚴格節(jié)約措施”有些人成為homedebtor？

有些人不得不takeastaycation？但有些人仍堅持recessionchic

或成為

recessionista

？

Newwords

:economyhomedebtor？Recenthomebuyersarebecominghomedebtorsatthesametime.Ahomedebtorisahomeownerwithanextremelylargemortgage,particularlyonethatheorsheisunlikelytoeverpayoff.近些年不少人在買房的同時也背上了巨額房貸，成為了homedebtor。Homedebtor指的是房貸數(shù)額特別巨大的人，有的大到這輩子也難以還清。

home+debtor（房奴）takeastaycation？

Astaycation(orstay-cation,orstacation)isaneologism新詞foraperiodoftimeinwhichanindividualorfamilystaysathomeandrelaxesathomeortakesdaytripsfromtheirhometoareaattractions.Staycationshaveachievedhighpopularityinthefinancialcrisisof2007–2009inwhichunemploymentlevelsandgaspricesarehigh.

(stay+vacation)

宅度假Anestimated2.7millionfamiliesareplanningtoholidayintheUKthisyearwithchildren,parentsandgrandparentsallinthesameresort,accordingtoasurvey.Researcherssaythattotalhassoaredthisyearthankstotherisingpriceofforeignholidaysandtheopportunitiesforsharingcostsonagreycation.Inadditiontotheeconomicbenefitsofmulti-generationalvacationing,manyofthosesurveyedsaidgreycationswereappealingbecausetheyallowedgrandparentsandgrandchildrentospendmoretimetogether.

同堂度假A

recessionistawhostickstorecessionchic

Arecessionistaisapersonwhostaysfashionableduringaneconomicdownturnwithoutspendingalotofmoney.Thiswordisaplayonfashionista,apersonwhowearsfashionableclothingorworksinthehigh-fashionindustry.

“危機時尚達人”

recessionchic

不景氣時尚Economywords:BRICS,PIGS,PIIGS,ChindonesiaTheBRICScountries-originallyBrazil,Russia,India,andChina,andnowSouthAfrica-haveturnedouttobeasourceofglobaleconomicdevelopmentandessentialtofuturegenerations.(金磚國家（巴西、俄羅斯、印度、中國、以及新加入的南非）已成為全球經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的動力，對未來的發(fā)展至關(guān)重要。)

金磚四國”（BRIC）由美國高盛公司首席經(jīng)濟師吉姆?奧尼爾于2001年首次提出。由于該詞與英語單詞的磚（Brick）類似，因此被稱為“金磚四國”。南非（SouthAfrica）加入后，該詞變?yōu)椤癇RICS”，并改稱為“金磚國家”?！癈hindonesia”,(亞洲鐵三角）:whichblendsChina,IndiaandIndonesia,reflectstheshiftingfocusofworldtrade.PIGS?PIIGS?笨豬四國：Portugal,Ireland,Greece,Spain,希臘的債務(wù)危機蔓延至歐元區(qū)成員國

歐豬五國：Portugal,Ireland,Italy,Greece,SpainChindonesia?example1:walkman(P38-39)walkman—walkmanlike—Discman?隨身聽/微型的/光碟隨身聽walkmanizedadj.?Professionalmenwhooncecommuted上下班inacceptablestyle,comfort

andcompany,inthefirstcarriagesoffriendlysteamtrains,nowhavetomakedowithgrubbycornersinsemi-graffitied亂寫亂畫的Tubecompartments,sandwichedaslikeasnot,betweenwalkmanizedtypistsandheavilytattooedskinheads.從前，專業(yè)人士上下班時乘坐在蒸氣火車的頭等車箱里，那里有著舒適而投緣的合意氣氛。如今，他們不得不將就擠在地鐵車廂臟兮兮的角落里（半個車廂都被涂得面目全非），很可能夾在整天戴著隨身聽的忙著打字的人和全身都是紋身的光頭族中間。

Newwords

:technologyMusicplayer:Walkman

(Sony,personalstereo隨身聽,1979,

Japan)

Discman(CDpersonalstereo）

MP3MP4

MP5

(MovingPictureExpertsGroupAudioLayer-3,1991,Germany）

ipod

ipodtouchipodvideo

walkmanlike(mini):

walkmanized:being

addicted

walkmanlikeradiowalkmannizedtypistPodcast(ing)（播客）：iPod＋broadcasting，personaloptionaldigitalcasting個人自選數(shù)字廣播sodcast（er）

:playingalousypopsongoutloudthroughone’smobilephonespeaker,

loudenoughthatotherpeoplecanhear,particularlyinapubliclocation.iPodWalkman

微型收音機帶著耳機，一邊聽音樂，一邊打字的人Nomophobia：

ItwascoinedduringastudybytheUKPostOfficewhocommissionedYouGov,aUK-basedresearchorganizationtolookatanxietiessufferedbymobilephoneusers.Thestudyfoundthatnearly53percentofmobilephoneusersinBritaintendtobeanxiouswhenthey"losetheirmobilephone,runoutofbatteryorcreditorhavenonetworkcoverage".NewwordsaboutscienceandtechnologyNo+mobile+phone+phobia無手機焦慮癥It

refersto

thesensation

and

mistakenbelief

of

some

people

who

heartheir

mobilephones

ringing

or

feel

them

vibrating,

whenactually

the

telephone

issilent.Ringxiety(手機幻聽)

ringtone+anxietyCyber:cyberworld

網(wǎng)絡(luò)世界；CyberManhunt

人肉搜索CybercrimeCyberslackerCyberflaneurE:electronicE-commerceE-moneyE-tutoringE-cquaintance:electric+acquaintance網(wǎng)絡(luò)熟人網(wǎng)絡(luò)摸魚，利用上班時間在網(wǎng)上干私活的人Cyber+flaneurreferstoapersonwhosurfsthewebwithnopurposebeyondcuriosityandinquisitiveness.網(wǎng)上閑逛族

WiKi----Wikidiot?Awikiisawebsitethatallowsanyonevisitingittochangeoraddtothematerialinit.Wikidiot?1)anypersonwhoacceptseverythingpostedonWikipedia(Wiki+encyclopedia

百科)asfact;2)especiallyanypersonwhoknowsthatanyonecanpostonthereandstillusesitasacrediblesource.

Wikidiot=wiki+idiot維基傻瓜Wikitionary?wiki+dictionaryWiki:shortforwiki+encyclopaedia(Hawai:quick)Vlog:video+blogSpillcam:維基百科視頻博客spill+camera,themonths-longoilspillintheGulfofMexico(2010),whichwasheldincameraandshowedtothepublic.漏油實況視訊Self-portraitsandsocialmedia:Theriseofthe'selfie‘2013-6-8NotsincethedaysofPicassohasself-portraiturebeensoprevalent.Smartphones‘high-qualitybuilt-incamerasandeasyaccesstopicture-enhancingappsaremaking“selfies”aubiquitous（無處不在的）formofself-expressionamongsocial-mediausers.1.

Sheisselfie-addicted.2.She’sanarcissist，alwayspostingselfiesonTwitter.3.Maybehehaslowselfie-esteemAnAustralian2002,2012,2013Welfie

(workoutselfie，鍛煉自拍),

drelfie(drunkenselfie，醉后自拍)，Bookshelfie（書柜自拍）Couplie

isaself-shotofacouple.“情侶自拍”社交媒體自畫像：“自拍”興起.自畢加索時期以來，自畫像從未如此盛行。智能手機的高質(zhì)內(nèi)置相機以及可以便捷使用的照片修正程序正在讓“自拍”成為社交媒體用戶普遍使用的一種自我表達方式自拍型自卑自拍狂水仙花，自戀狂Nancy:Here'sourlittlebundleofjoy!Isn'tshejustthecutestthingever?!?Lisa&Kate(afteronelookatNancy'suglybaby):Ohhhh...!Yessss....LisatoKate:IthinkNancyhasbabygoggles-that'sgottobetheugliestbabyI'veeverseen!盲目愛娃癥Babygoggles

（護目鏡）

isaphenomenonwheretheparentsofanuglybabythinktheirbabyisadorableandnooneelsedoes.Theyignoretheshortcomingsoftheirbaby’slooksonpurpose.Newwords

:societyandcultureSharentsSharentparent+sharemumsanddadswhocompulsivelypostpicturesandblog,tweetetcabouttheiroffspring.Typicallyintheirthirties,theyrepresentthegenerationwhowereearlyadoptersofsocialmediaandsofeelcomfortablesharingtheirth