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.下載后可自行編輯修改,頁腳下載后可刪除。第一講語法填空[全國卷3年考情分析]注:2021、2021年全國高考共3套試題,有的按甲、乙、丙卷分類,有的按Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ卷分類,其對應(yīng)關(guān)系為Ⅰ卷—乙卷、Ⅱ卷—甲卷、Ⅲ卷—丙卷,本書按Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ卷分類,以下各題型同。[命題者說]語法填空是高考英語試題的一項創(chuàng)新,它將語法知識的考察融于一篇英語短文中,通過設(shè)置純空格題和給詞填空兩種形式表現(xiàn)出來,突出考察學(xué)生通過語境運用語法知識的能力,更客觀、準(zhǔn)確地考量學(xué)生的語法知識水平。此題雖然只有15分,占英語全卷分?jǐn)?shù)的十分之一,但也是英語考卷的重要組成局部,不可小覷。要想此題有好的發(fā)揮,學(xué)好語法,注重運用必不可少,這是根底;了解考點,掌握解題技巧才是確保得分的關(guān)鍵。近3年全國卷八套試題的語法填空局部充分表達了“實詞考察為主,虛詞考察為輔〞的命題原那么。命題形式分為有提示詞和無提示詞兩種。1.有提示詞有提示詞的語法填空考察了動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)、主謂一致;非謂語動詞;形容詞的比擬等級;名詞的數(shù);代詞的格以及詞類轉(zhuǎn)換。(1)動詞的考察是語法填空的重點,包括謂語動詞和非謂語動詞。近3年的八套試題對動詞的考察比擬穩(wěn)定,根本是每套3-5題,涉及的范圍比擬廣,幾乎涵蓋了除虛擬語氣之外所有動詞的用法。預(yù)計將來對動詞的考察將一如既往地穩(wěn)定,虛擬語氣也應(yīng)引起大家的注意。(2)名詞、代詞的考察每年都會涉及。名詞主要考察單復(fù)數(shù)的變化,代詞主要考察人稱代詞主格、賓格和形容詞性物主代詞的變化。在此提醒大家關(guān)注一下反身代詞的考察。(3)形容詞、副詞的比擬等級偶有考察,近3年的八套試題中出現(xiàn)了兩次,都是考察的比擬級。但最高級也應(yīng)成為大家關(guān)注的對象。(4)詞類轉(zhuǎn)換的考察相對穩(wěn)定,平均每套題兩個左右,形容詞變副詞是考察的重點,另外,動詞變?yōu)槊~,名詞與形容詞的互變等都應(yīng)在備考中多注意。2.無提示詞無提示詞的語法填空考察了冠詞、介詞、代詞、并列連詞、從句引導(dǎo)詞、助動詞以及語境填詞。(1)冠詞、介詞主要考察根本用法及固定搭配;并列連詞主要看前后的邏輯關(guān)系;助動詞主要是疑問句或否認句;語境填詞包括按固定搭配或邏輯關(guān)系選擇適宜的詞。(2)從句引導(dǎo)詞指的是三大從句的引導(dǎo)詞,包括定語從句的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞;名詞性從句的連接詞、連接代詞和連接副詞;狀語從句的連詞。但是考察的比擬簡單,只要搞清從句的根本用法大體都能做對。(3)另外,therebe構(gòu)造與強調(diào)句型也應(yīng)在備考中多關(guān)注。(2021·全國卷Ⅰ)Therehasbeenarecenttrendinthefoodserviceindustrytowardlowerfatcontentandlesssalt.Thistrend,whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity(醫(yī)學(xué)界)61.____________amethodoffightingheartdisease,hashadsomeunintendedsid______(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdisease—theverythingthemedicalcommunitywastryingtofight.Fatandsaltareveryimportantpartsofadiet.Theyarerequired63.____________(process)thefoodthatweeat,torecoverfrominjuryandforseveralotherbodilyfunctions.Whenfatandsalt64.____________(remove)fromfood,thefoodtastesasifitismissingsomething.As65.____________result,peoplewilleatmorefoodtotrytomakeupforthatsomethi(bad),theamountoffastfoodthatpeopleeatgoesup.Fastfood67.____________(be)fulloffatandsalt;by68.____________(eat)morefastfoodpeoplewillgetmoresaltandfatthantheyneedintheirdiet.Havingenoughfatandsaltinyourmealswillreducetheurgetosnack(吃點心)betweenmealsandwillimprovethetasteofyourfood.However,be69.____________(care)nottogotoextremes.Likeanything,itispossibletohavetoomuchofboth,70.____________isnotgoodforthehealth.[解題導(dǎo)語]本文是一篇說明文。文章講述了對于食物中的脂肪和鹽分,人們的態(tài)度不一。脂肪和鹽分對于安康來說是必不可少的,但如果人們攝入過多的脂肪和鹽分,自身的安康將會受到損害。61.a(chǎn)s解析:考察介詞。分析句子構(gòu)造可知,此處在句中作狀語,表示“作為一種抵御心臟病的方式〞,所以填as,意為“作為〞。62.effects解析:考察名詞復(fù)數(shù)。這種趨勢產(chǎn)生了一些意想不到的副作用。根據(jù)空前的“some〞及空后的“suchasoverweightandheartdisease〞可知,此處指不止一種副作用,故用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式effects。63.toprocess解析:考察非謂語動詞。berequiredtodosth.為固定用法。64.a(chǎn)reremoved解析:考察時態(tài)和語態(tài)。本文的主體時態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時,此處亦應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時;又因fatandsalt是動詞remove的承受者,應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)。所以此處填areremoved。65.a(chǎn)解析:考察冠詞。asaresult為固定搭配,意為“結(jié)果〞。66.worse解析:考察比擬級。短語evenworse意為“更糟糕的是〞,表示意義的遞進。故用worse。67.is解析:考察時態(tài)和主謂一致。此處是對客觀情況的描述,應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時;分析句子構(gòu)造可知,該句缺少謂語動詞,又因主語為Fastfood,故填is。68.eating解析:考察非謂語動詞。介詞by后跟名詞、代詞或動名詞作賓語,故填eat的動名詞形式eating。69.careful解析:考察形容詞。句意:然而,注意不要走極端。此處為形容詞作表語,故填careful“留神的〞構(gòu)成系表構(gòu)造。70.which解析:考察非限制性定語從句。分析句子構(gòu)造可知,此處為非限制性定語從句,空處指代前句的內(nèi)容,且在從句中作主語,故填關(guān)系代詞which。(2021·全國卷Ⅱ)In1863thefirstundergroundpassengerrailwayintheworldopenedinLondon.Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterrible61.____________(crowd)ontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoand62.____________work.Ittookthreeyearstocompleteandwasbuiltusinganinterestingmethod.Thisincludeddigginguptheroad,63.____________(lay)thetrackandthenbuildingastrongroofover64.____________top.Whenallthosehadbeendone,theroadsurfacewasreplaced.Steamengines65.____________(use)topullthecarriagesanditmusthavebeen66.____________(fair)unpleasantforthepassengers,withallthesmokeandnoise.However,therailwayquicklyprovedtobeagreatsuccessandwithinsixmonths,morethan25,000peoplewereusing67.____________everyday.Later,engineers68.____________(manage)toconstructrailwaysinasystemofdeeptunnels(隧道),whichbecameknownastheTube.Thisdevelopmentwasonlypossiblewiththe69.____________(introduce)of__(success)ofthesenewlines,andwasopenedin1900.Ithadwhite-paintedtunnelsandbrightredcarriages,andprovedextremelypopularwiththepublic.[解題導(dǎo)語]本文是一篇說明文,介紹了全世界第一個地下客運鐵路在英國開放及其逐漸開展成現(xiàn)在的地鐵的過程。61.crowds解析:考察名詞復(fù)數(shù)。因為crowd為可數(shù)名詞,并且其前沒有限定詞,所以此處用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。62.from解析:考察介詞。此處toandfromwork是指“當(dāng)他們來回上下班時〞。63.laying解析:考察非謂語動詞。分析句子構(gòu)造可知,該句的主語為This,謂語動詞included后由and連接了三個動名詞短語作賓語。故填laying。64.the解析:考察定冠詞。此處指的是在頂端建造一個結(jié)實的頂,所以在top前加the。65.wereused解析:考察動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)。因為是介紹1863年的事情,而且Steamengines與use之間為被動關(guān)系,故用一般過去時的被動語態(tài)。故填wereused。66.fairly解析:考察副詞。此處fair是形容詞,unpleasant也是形容詞,所以要將fair變?yōu)楦痹~來修飾形容詞unpleasant,故在其前填fairly。67.it解析:考察代詞。根據(jù)上文的“therailwayquickly〞可知,此處用it代替therailway。68.managed解析:考察動詞時態(tài)。因為engineers與manage之間為主動關(guān)系,而且是發(fā)生在過去的事情,所以填managed。69.introduction解析:考察詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。由前面的定冠詞the可知,其后應(yīng)接名詞,故填introduction。70.successful解析:考察詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。根據(jù)語境并結(jié)合空前的themost可知,空處表達最高級意義。故填successful。(2021·全國卷Ⅲ)Shelookslikeanyotherschoolgirl,fresh-facedandfulloflife.SarahThomasislookingforwardtothechallengeofhernewA-levelcourse.Butunlikeherschoolfriends,16-year-oldSarahisnotspendinghalf-term41.____________(rest).Instead,sheisearning£6,500adayas42.____________modelinNewYork.Sarah43.____________(tell)thatshecouldbeBritain’snewsupermodel,earningamilliondollarsinthenextyear.HerfatherPeter,44,wantshertogiveupschooltomodelfull-time.ButSarah,44.____________hastakenpartinshowsalongwithtopmodels,wants45.____________(prove)thatshehasbrainsaswellasbeauty.Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithher46.____________(educate).Shehasturneddownseveral47.____________(invitation)tostaratshowsinordertoconcentrateonherstudies.Afterschoolsheplanstotakeayearofftomodelfull-timebeforegoingtouniversitytogetadegree48.____________engineeringorarchitecture.Sarahsays,“MydadthinksIshouldtaketheoffernow.Butatthemoment,school49.____________(come)first.Idon’twanttogettooabsorbedinmodeling.Itis50.____________(certain)funbutthelifestyleisalittleunreal.Idon’twanttohavenothingelsetofallbackonwhenIcan’tmodelanymore.〞[解題導(dǎo)語]本文是一篇記敘文,講述了16歲的Sarah在上學(xué)的同時兼職做模特,并且取得了巨大的成功;雖然她父親希望她當(dāng)全職模特,但是Sarah仍然堅持要完成學(xué)業(yè)。41.resting,故填resting。42.a(chǎn)解析:考察冠詞。該空后面model是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),此處表示“作為一名模特〞,故填a。43.hasbeentold/wastold解析:考察動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)。此處動詞tell與Sarah是被動關(guān)系,因為第二段在講述父親和Sarah的想法時都是用現(xiàn)在時,因此可以用現(xiàn)在完成時表達過去對現(xiàn)在的影響,故可以填hasbeentold。此外,“被告知〞這件事情發(fā)生在過去,故也可填wastold。44.who解析:考察定語從句。此句Sarah是主語,wants是主句謂語,因此可以判斷此處是非限制性定語從句,先行詞為Sarah,從句中缺主語且指人,故填who。45.toprove解析:考察非謂語動詞。wanttodo是固定搭配,故填toprove。46.education解析:考察詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。形容詞性物主代詞her后需用educate的名詞形式,故填education。47.invitations解析:考察名詞單復(fù)數(shù)。invitation是可數(shù)名詞,前面有several修飾,要用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故填invitations。48.in解析:考察介詞。degree與介詞in搭配,表示在某方面的學(xué)位。故填in。49.comes解析:考察動詞時態(tài)。全文均為現(xiàn)在時,且school是第三人稱單數(shù),故填comes。50.certainly解析:考察副詞。此處fun是形容詞,應(yīng)該用副詞來修飾形容詞,故填certainly。一、有提示詞(一)提示詞為動詞“一定三思〞解“動詞〞命題點1考察謂語動詞假設(shè)句中沒有別的謂語動詞,或者雖然已有謂語動詞,但需填的動詞與之是并列關(guān)系時,所給動詞就是謂語動詞,就要考慮時態(tài)和語態(tài),還要注意主謂一致和虛擬語氣。[例如1](2021·全國卷Ⅰ)Whenfatandsalt64.____________(remove)fromfood,thefoodtastesasifitismissingsomething.[解析]areremoved考察時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致。分析句子構(gòu)造可知,64空所在的時間狀語從句中沒有謂語動詞,故空處應(yīng)填謂語動詞。根據(jù)語境可知此處用一般現(xiàn)在時,由于主語fatandsalt是復(fù)數(shù)概念,且與remove是被動關(guān)系,所以填一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)造areremoved。[例如2](2021·全國卷Ⅱ)Later,engineers68.____________(manage)toconstructrailwaysinasystemofdeeptunnels(隧道),whichbecameknownastheTube.[解析]managed考察時態(tài)。分析句子構(gòu)造可知,68空所在句的句中沒有謂語動詞,故空處應(yīng)填謂語動詞。因為engineers與manage之間為主動關(guān)系且從時間狀語later和becameknownas...可知應(yīng)用一般過去時,所以應(yīng)填managed。命題點2考察非謂語動詞假設(shè)句中已有謂語動詞,又不是并列謂語時,所給動詞通常是非謂語動詞,就要確定是v.-ing形式,v.-ed形式,還是不定式。一般來說,v.-ing形式表示主動進展;v.-ed形式表示被動完成;不定式表示尚未發(fā)生的動作。[例如1](2021·全國卷Ⅱ)Thisincludeddigginguptheroad,63.____________(lay)thetrackandthenbuildingastrongroofover64.thetop.[解析]laying考察非謂語動詞。分析句子構(gòu)造可知,63空所在的句子中已有謂語動詞included,且空處不與included作并列謂語,故空處應(yīng)填非謂語動詞。included后的dig,lay,build是三個并列的動作,根據(jù)digging及building可知,lay也應(yīng)用動名詞形式。[例如2](2021·全國卷Ⅲ)Butunlikeherschoolfriends,16-year-oldSarahisnotspendinghalf-term41.____________(rest).[解析]resting考察非謂語動詞。分析句子構(gòu)造可知,41空所在的句子中已有謂語動詞isnotspending,且空處不與其作并列謂語,故空處應(yīng)填非謂語動詞。spendtime(in)doingsth.表示“花費時間做某事〞。[例如3](2021·全國卷Ⅲ)Skilledworkersalsocombinevarioushardwoodsandmetal43.____________(create)specialdesigns.[解析]tocreate考察非謂語動詞。分析句子構(gòu)造可知,43空所在句中已有謂語動詞combine,且空處不與combine作并列謂語,故填非謂語動詞。此處應(yīng)用不定式作目的狀語,故答案為tocreate。[例如4](2021·全國卷Ⅰ)Astudyoftravelers68.____________(conduct)bythewebsiteTripAdvisornamesYangshuoasoneofthetop10destinationsintheworld.[解析]conducted考察非謂語動詞。分析句子構(gòu)造可知,68空所在句中已有謂語動詞names,且不與names作并列謂語,故填非謂語動詞。study和conduct之間為被動關(guān)系,所以使用過去分詞作定語。故答案為conducted。命題點3考察詞類轉(zhuǎn)換有時所給提示詞雖然是動詞,但是空格處既不是考察謂語動詞也不是考察非謂語動詞,而是要求進展詞類轉(zhuǎn)換。[例如1](2021·全國卷Ⅲ)Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithher46.____________(educate).[解析]education考察詞性轉(zhuǎn)化之動詞變名詞。形容詞性物主代詞her應(yīng)該用來修飾名詞,educate的名詞形式是education。[例如2](2021·全國卷Ⅰ)Havingenoughfatandsaltinyourmealswillreducetheurgetosnack(吃點心)betweenmealsandwillimprovethetasteofyourfood.However,be69.____________(care)nottogotoextremes.[解析]careful考察詞性轉(zhuǎn)換之動詞變?yōu)樾稳菰~。be之后接形容詞作表語,care的形容詞形式是careful。(二)提示詞為名詞或代詞“一同二變〞看“名、代〞命題點1考察名詞、代詞的數(shù)與格所給提示詞是名詞時,一般考察單復(fù)數(shù)的變化,偶爾考察所有格;所給詞是代詞時,一般考察人稱代詞變?yōu)槲镏鞔~。[例如1](2021·全國卷Ⅰ)Thistrend,whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity(醫(yī)學(xué)界)61.asamethodoffightingheartdisease,hashadsomeunintendedside62.____________(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdisease—theverythingthemedicalcommunitywastryingtofight.[解析]effects考察名詞復(fù)數(shù)。sideeffect副作用,由前面的some和下文中的兩個例子overweightandheartdisease可知名詞effect用復(fù)數(shù)形式effects。[例如2](2021·全國卷Ⅱ)Recent66.____________(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaks67.regularly.[解析]studies考察名詞的數(shù)。本句的謂語動詞是show,說明空格處的主語是名詞復(fù)數(shù)studies。[例如3](2021·四川卷)Bythattime,thepandanolongerneeded68.____________(it)motherforfood.[解析]its考察代詞的格。此處表示“它的母親〞,故使用形容詞性物主代詞修飾名詞mother。故答案為its。命題點2考察名詞的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換及人稱代詞變?yōu)榉瓷泶~所給提示詞是名詞時,有時考察詞類轉(zhuǎn)換,主要是名詞變?yōu)樾稳菰~或動詞。所給提示詞為代詞時,有時考察人稱代詞變?yōu)榉瓷泶~。[例如1](2021·全國卷Ⅱ)TheCentralLondonRailwaywasoneofthemost70.____________(success)ofthesenewlines,andwasopenedin1900.Ithadwhite-paintedtunnelsandbrightredcarriages,andprovedextremelypopularwiththepublic.[解析]successful考察詞性轉(zhuǎn)換之名詞變?yōu)樾稳菰~?!皁neofthe+形容詞最高級+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)〞表示“最……的……之一〞,此處應(yīng)填success的形容詞形式successful。(nature)architects,thePuebloIndiansfiguredoutexactly50.howthicktheadobewallsneededtobetomakethecycleworkonmostdays.[解析]natural考察詞性轉(zhuǎn)換之名詞變?yōu)樾稳菰~。結(jié)合空格后的architects可知應(yīng)該用形容詞作定語,修飾名詞,因此填natural。[例如3](2021·咸陽模擬)WhenIgottotheexitagain,Ifound66.____________(I)drivingtotheplacewehaddrivenin.[解析]myself考察人稱代詞轉(zhuǎn)化為反身代詞??崭駜?nèi)的詞與前面的I相對應(yīng),應(yīng)是我發(fā)現(xiàn)“我自己〞,故用反身代詞myself。(三)提示詞為形容詞或副詞“二步思維〞破“形、副〞命題點1考察形容詞或副詞的比擬等級所給提示詞是形容詞或副詞時,需考慮是否變?yōu)楸葦M級或最高級。[例如1](2021·全國卷Ⅰ)Even66.____________(bad),theamountoffastfoodthatpeopleeatgoesup.[解析]worse考察副詞的比擬級。根據(jù)語境可知,此處表示程度的加深,所以用比擬級形式。evenworse更糟的是,可以看作固定搭配。[例如2](2021·遼寧卷)The68.____________(hard)youtrytobeathim,themorelikelyyouwillgethit.[解析]harder考察固定句式中的比擬等級。這里是“the+比擬級...,the+比擬級...〞句式,表示“越……就越……〞。故答案為harder。命題點2考察詞類轉(zhuǎn)換所給提示詞是形容詞時,還需要考慮形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞或名詞。[例如1](2021·全國卷Ⅲ)Itis50.____________(certain)funbutthelifestyleisalittleunreal.Idon’twanttohavenothingelsetofallbackonwhenIcan’tmodelanymore.[解析]certainly考察詞性轉(zhuǎn)換之形容詞變?yōu)楦痹~。此處應(yīng)該用副詞來修飾形容詞fun,certain的副詞形式為certainly。[例如2](2021·全國卷Ⅰ)Thetitlewillbe63.____________(official)giventomeataceremonyinLondon.[解析]officially考察詞性轉(zhuǎn)換之形容詞變?yōu)楦痹~。修飾謂語局部應(yīng)用副詞形式。故答案為officially。[例如3](2021·全國卷Ⅱ)Inadditiontotheirsimplebeauty,whatmakestheadobedwellingsadmirableistheir43.____________(able)to“aircondition〞ahousewithout44.usingelectricequipment.[解析]ability考察詞類轉(zhuǎn)換??崭袂暗膖heir是形容詞性物主代詞,其后應(yīng)該接名詞。故答案為ability。二、無提示詞“二步〞準(zhǔn)填無提示詞命題點1填代詞無提示詞的考察中,當(dāng)句中缺少主語或賓語時,一般要填代詞,主要包括人稱代詞、關(guān)系代詞以及it的用法。[例如1](2021·全國卷Ⅰ)Likeanything,itispossibletohavetoomuchofboth,70.____________isnotgoodforthehealth.[解析]which考察非限制性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。分析句子構(gòu)造可知,空格處所填詞引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句并在從句中作主語,且指代整個主句的內(nèi)容,故填關(guān)系代詞which。[例如2](2021·浙江卷)Howwouldyoulike____________ifyouwerewatchingyourfavoriteTVprogramandsomeonecameintotheroomandjustshutitoffwithoutaskingyou?[解析]it考察代詞。it指代ifyouwerewatching...askingyou這件事。命題點2填介詞如果名詞或代詞在句中不作主語、表語或動詞的賓語時,其前面一般是填介詞。通??疾旖樵~與動詞、名詞、形容詞的搭配。[例如1](2021·全國卷Ⅲ)Afterschoolsheplanstotakeayearofftomodelfull-timebeforegoingtouniversitytogetadegree48.____________engineeringorarchitecture.[解析]in考察介詞。關(guān)于某個專業(yè)的學(xué)位要用介詞in。adegreeinengineeringorarchitecture工程學(xué)或建筑學(xué)學(xué)位。[例如2](2021·全國卷Ⅱ)In1863thefirstundergroundpassengerrailwayintheworldopenedinLondon.Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterrible61.crowdsontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoand62.____________work.[解析]from考察介詞。traveltoandfromwork上下班。故填from。[例如3](2021·全國卷Ⅱ)Whenthebusfinallycame,weallhurriedonboard.Igotaplacenext44.____________thewindow,soIhadagoodviewofthesidewalk.[解析]to考察固定搭配中的介詞。此處是一個固定短語nextto,意為“挨著〞。故答案為to。命題點3填冠詞如果空格后有名詞而且兩者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含義,或者有序數(shù)詞、最高級、表示特指意義的比擬級等形式,那么空格處一般是填冠詞。[例如1](2021·全國卷Ⅱ)Ittookthreeyearstocompleteandwasbuiltusinganinterestingmethod.Thisincludeddigginguptheroad,63.layingthetrackandthenbuildingastrongroofover64.____________top.Whenallthosehadbeendone,theroadsurfacewasreplaced.[解析]the考察冠詞。此處特指“地鐵的頂部〞,故用定冠詞the。[例如2](2021·全國卷Ⅲ)Instead,sheisearning£6,500adayas42.____________modelinNewYork.[解析]a考察冠詞。句意:相反,她在紐約作為一名模特兒每天收入6500英鎊。用不定冠詞a表泛指。命題點4填并列連詞空格處是否填并列連詞主要是通過觀察句子構(gòu)造確定。這種情況一般是空格前后是兩個并列成分,如兩個主謂構(gòu)造完整的詞、句子、短語等,而且相并列的成分相互之間存在并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、選擇、因果關(guān)系。[例如1](2021·全國卷Ⅲ)InmuchofAsia,especiallytheso-called“ricebowl〞culturesofChina,Japan,Korea,41.____________Vietnam,foodisusuallyeatenwithchopsticks.[解析]and考察并列連詞。這里列舉了亞洲的一些國家,它們?yōu)椴⒘嘘P(guān)系,應(yīng)用and。[例如evenafewmonths.[解析]or考察并列連詞。句意:但是河流不是幾天或幾個月就改變了的。afewdays和afewmonths為并列關(guān)系,且此句是否認句,因此要用or連接。命題點5填從句連詞從句連詞是指三大從句的引導(dǎo)詞,它們用來引導(dǎo)狀語從句、名詞性從句和定語從句。判斷空格處填哪一類引導(dǎo)詞,首先要看它所引導(dǎo)的是哪一種從句,然后根據(jù)引導(dǎo)詞的種類和功能來確定填哪一個引導(dǎo)詞。[例如1](2021·全國卷Ⅰ)Butmyconnectionwithpandasgoesback64.tomydaysonaTVshowinthemid-1980s,65.____________IwasthefirstWesternTVreporter66.permittedtofilmaspecialunitcaringforpandasrescuedfromstarvationinthewild.[解析]when考察定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。分析句子構(gòu)造可知,空格處所在的句子是定語從句。定語從句修飾前面的“themid-1980s〞,且從句缺少時間狀語,故用when引導(dǎo)該定語從句。[例如2](2021·全國卷Ⅲ)Overtime,45.____________thepopulationgrew,peoplebegancuttingfoodintosmallpiecessoitwouldcookmorequickly.[解析]when/as考察狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。空格處引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句,表示“當(dāng)……時候,隨著〞,應(yīng)用when/as。[例如3](2021·全國卷Ⅰ)I’dskippednearbyGuilin,adreamplacefortouristsseekingthelimestonemountaintopsanddarkwatersoftheLiRiver64.____________arepicturedbyartistsinsomanyChinese65.paintings.[解析]that/which考察定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。根據(jù)句意和句子構(gòu)造可知此處是一個定語從句,因為先行詞是物,且在定語從句中作主語,所以用that或which。[例如4](2021·廣東卷)Ididn’tunderstand20.____________thiswouldhappenandmycreditcardhadalreadybeencharged21.forthereservation.[解析]why考察賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞?!拔舀暡恢?不明白________會發(fā)生這樣的事情。不明白的一定是原因。故答案為why。命題點6填助動詞或情態(tài)動詞有時,我們需要用助動詞來構(gòu)成某些句式,如疑問句、否認句或強調(diào)句型等;另外,有時也需要根據(jù)語境填上相應(yīng)的情態(tài)動詞。[例如1](2021·全國卷Ⅱ)Thenthedriverstoodupandasked,“48.____________anyoneloseasuitcaseatthelaststop?〞[解析]Did考察一般疑問句式中的助動詞。分析語境,此處指司機問“有人在上一站喪失手提箱嗎?〞。這是一個問句,同時喪失東西的動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生,應(yīng)用一般過去時,因此填did。注意首字母要大寫。故答案為Did。[例如2](2021·全國卷樣題)Mum:Aretheythere?Oh,mygoodness.I69.____________haveputthemintherewhenthephonerang.[解析]must考察情態(tài)動詞。結(jié)合語境可知,此處表示對過去發(fā)生的事情進展的肯定推測,故用must。命題點7其他語境填詞無提示詞的空格有時也需要根據(jù)固定搭配、邏輯關(guān)系以及句式構(gòu)造填寫適當(dāng)?shù)脑~。[例如1](2021·全國卷Ⅱ)So,getanearlystartandtrytobeasproductive65.____________possiblebeforelunch.[解析]as考察固定搭配。as...aspossible為固定搭配,意為“盡可能……〞。故答案為as。[例如2](2021·全國卷Ⅰ)ItwasraininglightlywhenI61.arrived,I’dbeenathomeinHongKong,with63.itschokingsmog.[解析]before/earlier考察邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)句意和“I’dbeenathome〞的時態(tài)可知此處表示“幾個小時前,我待在香港的家里〞,“待在家里〞應(yīng)該是發(fā)生在過去動作arrived之前,故此處填before或earlier均可。[例如3](2021·遼寧卷)Oh...,69.ifyoudon’tmind,I’llstopandtakeadeep70.____________.[解析]breath考察固定搭配。takeadeepbreath意為“深深地吸一口氣〞,屬于固定搭配,故答案為breath。,[學(xué)生用書P5])A(2021·鄭州第三次質(zhì)量預(yù)測)Beingraisedinafamilyofteachers,I1.____________(get)plentyofchancestoconnectmyselfwithliteraturesinceayoungage.SoIhavemanystoriesaboutmeandreading.Itwasmyfatherwhotookmeontheroadtoreadingandmademeappreciate2.____________(it)beauty.WhenIwasalittlegirl,heboughtmeabook3.____________(name)RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms.Iwastooyoungtoreadthisdifficultwork,somyfatherexplainedittome4.____________(patient).Fromthenon,Istartedtoenjoyreadingbooks.WhenIbecameamiddleschoolstudent,IbegantoreadsomesimplifiedEnglishclassicsonmyown.Sometimes,Iwouldwritedownmythoughtsand5.____________(feel)andsharethemwithmyfather.AmongallthebooksthatIreadduringmymiddleschoolyears,JaneEyreleftthe6.____________(deep)impressiononme.Iwashavingsomedifficultieswithmystudiesatthattime,7.____________JaneEyre’spersistence(堅持)andcourageinspiredmealot.Thankstomyreadinghabit,Imanaged8.____________(overcome)thedifficultiesofmystudies.Now,I’maseniorhighschoolstudentandverybusywithmystudies.ButIstillkeeponreadinginmysparetime.MymothertoldmethatIshouldbeabsorbed9.____________mystudies,butinmypointofview,Iregardreadingasanoasis(綠洲)thatcanmakemerelax.Recently,Ithoughtaboutthebenefits10.____________readingcouldbringus.Readingcanclearourmindsandmotivateus.Inaddition,wemaybroadenourhorizonsandgainmoreknowledgethroughreading.Ihopethatmystorycaninspireyoutostartyourownreadingadventure.[解題導(dǎo)語]本文主要講述了作者和閱讀之間的故事,鼓勵大家多讀書。1.havegot/gotten解析:考察動詞時態(tài)。since意為“自從〞時,主句一般用現(xiàn)在完成時,從句用一般過去時。2.its解析:考察代詞。修飾名詞一般用形容詞,故用形容詞性物主代詞its修飾名詞beauty,作定語。3.named解析:考察非謂語動詞。name和句子謂語bought之間沒有連詞,故用非謂語動詞,且和其邏輯主語abook構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系,故用過去分詞作后置定語。4.patiently解析:考察副詞。副詞修飾形容詞、副詞、動詞甚至整個句子,作狀語。故用副詞patiently修飾動詞explained。5.feelings解析:考察詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。根據(jù)and可知,此處和thoughts并列,故用feel的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式feelings。6.deepest解析:考察形容詞的最高級。與Amongallthebooks和定冠詞the照應(yīng),此處用形容詞的最高級形式,修飾名詞impression。7.but解析:考察連詞。根據(jù)語境可知,上下文表示邏輯上的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,故用連詞but。8.toovercome解析:考察非謂語動詞。固定搭配managetodosth.意為“設(shè)法完成某事〞,故用不定式作賓語。9.in解析:考察介詞。固定搭配beabsorbedinsth.意為“專注于某事〞,故用介詞in。10.that/which解析:考察定語從句。that/which引導(dǎo)定語從句,在從句中作賓語,該從句修飾先行詞thebenefits。B(2021·大連雙基測試)Theoriginofteaislostamonghistoryandtales.Whatcanbe1.____________(rough)confirmedisthatteaoriginatedinthesouthwestofChina.Accordingtoancientstories,thefirstperson2.____________(discover)theeffectsofteaissaidtobeShennong—thefatherofagricultureandherbal3.____________(medical)inChina.It4.____________(say)thatShennongoncetried72differentkindsofpoisonousplantsinadayandhelayontheground,barelyalive.Atthismoment,henoticedseveralratherfragrantleaves5.____________(drop)fromthetreebesidehim.Out6.____________curiosityandhabit,Shennongputtheleavesintohismouthandchewed7.____________slowly.Afteralittlewhile,hefeltwelland8.____________(energy)again.Sohepickedmoreleavestoeat9.____________thusclearedhisbodyfrompoison.TheancientChinesemedicalbookcalledShennongBencaojingstatesthat“Teatastesbitter.Drinkingit,onecanthinkquicker,sleep10.____________(little),movemoreswiftly,andseemoreclearly.〞Thisthenwastheearliestbooktorecordthemedicinaleffectsoftea.[解題導(dǎo)語]本文介紹了“茶〞的起源。1.roughly解析:考察副詞。副詞修飾動詞。故填roughly“粗略地〞。2.todiscover解析:考察非謂語動詞。不定式短語作后置定語。故填todiscover。3.medicine解析:考察詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。形容詞herbal“藥草的〞修飾名詞。故填medicine。herbalmedicine意為“草藥〞。4.issaid解析:考察被動語態(tài)。根據(jù)語境可知,據(jù)說神農(nóng)曾一天之內(nèi)嘗試了72種不同的有毒植物。Itissaidthat意為“據(jù)說……〞。5.dropping解析:考察非謂語動詞。根據(jù)語境可知,此時,他注意到幾片芳香的葉子正從他旁邊的樹上掉落下來。空處強調(diào)“正在掉落〞,故用drop的現(xiàn)在分詞形式。6.of解析:考察介詞。短語outofcuriosity意為“出于好奇〞。7.them解析:考察代詞。根據(jù)語境可分析出,空處指代and前的leaves,指咀嚼“它們〞。故填them。8.energetic解析:考察詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。感官動詞felt后應(yīng)用形容詞,故填energetic。9.a(chǎn)nd解析:考察連詞。該空前后表示順承關(guān)系,故用and。10.less解析:考察比擬級。此處與文中的“thinkquicker〞和“movemoreswiftly,andseemoreclearly〞為并列構(gòu)造,故填less。C(2021·廣西重點高中二模)Inhumanhistory,manyancientandsplendidcivilizationswerebornanddied.Chinaistheonlycountry1.____________uninterruptedhumancivilization.ChinesecivilizationwasbornontheshoresoftheYellowRiver.Andtherichland2.____________ChinesecivilizationbeganisHenanTheYellowRivergoesacross3.____________(center)Henan.ItisChina’smainnorth-to-southandeast-to-westartery(干線).China’smostancienttribal4.____________(lead),theYellowEmperorandtheYanEmperor,werebornhere.Eventoday,Chinesepeopleallovertheworldstill5.____________(proud)callthemselvesthedescendants(后裔)ofthesetwoemperors.Theriverholds6.____________unshakablepositionintheheartofeveryChinese,7.____________(respect)byeverygenerationandcalled“theMotherRiver〞.Withintelligence,hardworkanddetermination,Chinesedescendantspursueco-existenceandcommonprosperityonthisland.The5,446-km-longYellowRiverbreaksthelastbarrierandflowsintothebroadplain,Tillnow,theYellowRiver9.____________(raise)13dynasties’capitalLuoyang,8dynasties’capitalKaifengandthebiggesteconomiccenterin10.____________(it)area—Zhengzhou.[解題導(dǎo)語]本文是一篇說明文,介紹了黃河對早期黃河流域人類文明產(chǎn)生的深遠影響。1.with解析:考察介詞。中國是唯一一個擁有未被打斷過的人類文明的國家。此處表示“有〞,故填介詞with。2.where解析:考察關(guān)系副詞。這片孕育了中華文明的肥沃土地就位于河南省。分析句子構(gòu)造可知,空處在此引導(dǎo)定語從句,且在從句中作地點狀語,故填where。3.central解析:考察詞性轉(zhuǎn)換??仗幬挥趯S忻~Henan前面,應(yīng)填一個形容詞作定語,表示“中心的〞。故填center的形容詞形式central。4.leaders解析:考察名詞。中國最早的部落首領(lǐng)炎黃二帝誕生于此。根據(jù)句意可知,此處應(yīng)填復(fù)數(shù)名詞leaders“首領(lǐng),領(lǐng)袖〞。5.proudly解析:考察詞性轉(zhuǎn)換??仗幮揎梽釉~call,故用副詞proudly。6.a(chǎn)n解析:考察冠詞。黃河在每一個中國人心中的地位都是不可動搖的。position“位置〞是可數(shù)名詞,此處表泛指,故填不定冠詞;且空處位于發(fā)音以元音音素開頭的單詞前,故填an。7.respected解析:考察非謂語動詞。黃河受每代人的尊敬,被稱為“母親河〞。分析句子構(gòu)造可知,respect與Theriver之間為邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系,故用過去分詞作后置定語。故填respected。8.forming解析:考察非謂語動詞。5446公里長的黃河沖破了最后的壁壘,流入廣袤的平原之中,形成了中華文明的搖籃。分析句子構(gòu)造可知,form與句子主語之間是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,故用現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語。9.hasraised解析:考察動詞的時態(tài)。黃河孕育了13朝古都洛陽,8朝古都開封以及其流域內(nèi)最大的經(jīng)濟中心——鄭州。由句中的時間狀語可知,此處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響。10.its解析:考察代詞。分析句子構(gòu)造可知,空處在句中作定語,修飾area,此處應(yīng)用形容詞性物主代詞,故填its。D(2021·武漢高中畢業(yè)生調(diào)研)Sendinggiftsvariesgreatlyfromcountrytocountry.InAustralia,Canada,theUnitedStates1.____________Europeancountries,sendinggiftsisrarelyexpected.Whileseenasanicegesture,itismoreimportanttoavoid2.____________(give)highlypersonalgiftssuchasclothing.Whenvisitingthehomeofacolleaguefromoneofthese3.____________(country),itisnormallyappropriatetobringagifttothehostess.InAmerica,4.____________(expense)giftsaredefinitelyout.Agood5.____________(choose)istotakethedeservingpersontodinner,orto6.____________entertainmentorasportingevent.7.____________thecontrary,giftgivingisatraditionalcustominJapan.InJapanthepropergiftisthought8.____________(express)thegiver’struefriendship,gratitudeandrespectfar9.____________(well)thanwordscan.SoifyouplantovisitJapanortohaveanyJapanesevisityouhere,beprepared.Australiaisknownforitsfriendlinessandinformality.Somodestgifts,suchasadiary,apaperweight,oracoffeecupmight10.____________(present)toafriend.Atatradeshow,T-shirts,ties,baseballcaps,orapinmaybeappropriatesouvenirs.Anythingmorethanthesetypesofgiftscouldcauseembarrassment.[解題導(dǎo)語]本文是一篇說明文,介紹了美國、日本、澳大利亞等國不同的送禮物習(xí)慣。1.a(chǎn)nd解析:考察連詞。根據(jù)空前的“Australia,Canada,theUnitedStates〞和空后的“Europeancountries〞可知,空處前后為并列關(guān)系,故用并列連詞and。2.giving,意為“防止做某事〞,故填giving。3.countries解析:考察名詞的數(shù)。根據(jù)空前的these可知,可數(shù)名詞country應(yīng)當(dāng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。4.expensive解析:考察形容詞。空處修飾后面的名詞gifts,故用形容詞形式。5.choice解析:考察名詞。根據(jù)空前的形容詞good和不定冠詞A可以判斷,空處應(yīng)用名詞的單數(shù)形式。6.a(chǎn)n解析:考察不定冠詞。該處泛指“一次娛樂活動〞,entertainment的讀音以元音音素開頭,故用an。7.On解析:考察固定搭配。onthecontrary為固定搭配,意為“與此相反〞。8.toexpress解析:考察動詞不定式。此處表示“在日本,,意為“被認為……〞,故用動詞不定式。9.better解析:考察比擬級。根據(jù)空后的than可知,該處用well的比擬級。10.bepresented解析:考察被動語態(tài)。該句主語modestgifts和動詞present之間是被動關(guān)系,故用被動語態(tài)。專題強化訓(xùn)練1語法填空(一)[學(xué)生用書P85(單獨成冊)]A(2021·甘肅蘭州高考實踐模擬考試)ResearchersfromShandongUniversityineastChinaandtheUniversityofCalifornia,RiversideintheU.S.havecreatedpaperwhichcanstandtobereprintedon1.____________(score)oftimes,reportedtheDailyMailintheUK.Asheetofthespecialpapercanstandtobereprintedonup2.____________80times,accordingtothereport.Theprintmaterialisultraviolet(紫外線的),andtheprintedwordsandimagesdisappearwhenthepaperisheatedto120degreesCelsius.Thecoretechnologyissaidtobetheink,andanypapercould3.____________(make)reprintableifitcanbe4.____________(safe)heatedtotherighttemperature.ThechemicalsintheinkincludePrussianblueandtitaniumdioxide(二氧化鈦).Thebluecomponent5.____________(lose)itscolorwhenbombarded(沖擊)withelectrons(電子).Thespecialpaper6.____________(it)isbluebeforeprinting.Whenultravioletraysareusedintheprintingprocess,titaniumdioxideinthechemicalcompound(化合物)loseselectrons,7.____________arethenobtainedbythePrussianblue.Mostofthesheetlosesitsbluecolor,8.____________(leave)behindwords!Butthewordsonthepaperarereadablefor9.____________limitedtimeonly.Afterfivedays,thesheetofpaperwillhavereturnedtoitsoriginalbluecolorandthewordswillbegone.Theduration(持續(xù)時間)iseven10.____________(short)ifthepaperisheated,evenforonlyafewseconds.[解題導(dǎo)語]本文主要介紹了一項新的創(chuàng)造——可屢次復(fù)印的特殊紙張。1.scores解析:考察固定詞組。scoresof為固定詞組,意為“大量,很多〞,與times照應(yīng)。2.to解析:考察介詞。upto...意為“到達(某數(shù)量)〞,與80times照應(yīng),故用介詞to。3.bemade解析:考察被動語態(tài)。make和句子主語paper之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動關(guān)系,且與情態(tài)動詞could照應(yīng),故用bemade。4.safely解析:考察副詞。修飾動詞應(yīng)用副詞,故用副詞safely在句子中作狀語。5.loses解析:考察動詞時態(tài)和主謂一致。與上文include照應(yīng)可知,此處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時,且由主語Thebluecomponent為單數(shù)形式可知,應(yīng)用loses。6.itself解析:考察代詞。此處itself是反身代詞,和句子主語Thespecialpaper表示同一物,起強調(diào)的作用。7.which解析:考察定語從句。which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,在從句中作主語,修飾先行詞electrons。8.leaving解析:考察非謂語動詞。leave和句子謂語loses之間沒有連詞,且與其邏輯主語構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系,故用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。9.a(chǎn)解析:考察冠詞。time作“一段時間〞講時是不可數(shù)名詞,但被冠詞和形容詞修飾時,表示具體的概念,故此處用不定冠詞a修飾。10.shorter解析:考察形容詞比擬級。此處的evenforonlyafewseconds和上文的Afterfivedays形成比照,由此可知時間更短,故用shorter。B(2021·長春監(jiān)測二)Onthefirstdayofherwork,Sallyfoundthataclassfullofproblemswaswaitingforher.Shewastoldsixteachers1.____________(quit)beforeher.Whenshewalkedintotheclassroom,itwaschaos:twoboyswerefightinginacorner,yet2.____________restoftheclassseemednottonoticethem;somegirlswerechattingandsomewererunningaboutwithpaper,foodpackagesandothergarbage3.____________(leave)everywhere.Sallywalkedontotheplatform,4.____________(pick)upapieceofchalkandwroteontheblackboard:“Rule1:Wearefamily!〞Al

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