工程材料學(雙語)

BilingualLanguageTeaching工程材料學EngineeringMaterials2012.11提要教學目的教學內(nèi)容及重點教學方法使用教材教學目的材料成分——組織——性能——用途關(guān)系；掌握常用金屬材料的基本理論知識，具有對給定零件選擇合適鋼種和熱處理工藝的初步能力；通過雙語教學培養(yǎng)學生準確理解本專業(yè)外文科技文獻的能力，為后續(xù)專業(yè)知識的拓廣奠定必要的基礎。教學內(nèi)容及重點課堂教學（34學時）Chapter7：NonferrousAlloys

（7學時）

Chapter8：Plain-carbonandLow-alloySteels（18學時）

Chapter9：High-AlloySteels（9學時）實驗環(huán)節(jié)（6學時）實驗一：有色金屬的顯微結(jié)構(gòu)觀察實驗二：測定熱處理對高速鋼的顯微組織和硬度的作用實驗三：鑄鐵顯微組織的觀察教學方法

雙語教學（BilingualLanguageTeaching）定義：雙語和雙語教學的界定是將學生的外語或第二語言，通過教學和環(huán)境，經(jīng)過若干階段的訓練，使之能代替，或接近母語的表達水平。中國采用“保持型雙語教學”形式，即學生剛進入學校時使用母語，然后逐漸地使用第二語言進行部分學科的教學，其它學科仍使用母語教學。培養(yǎng)目標：1）獲取學科知識（重點掌握專業(yè)知識）；2）培養(yǎng)和提高學生運用外語的能力（用英語學）。

使用教材主要教材：‘EngineeringMaterialsandTheirApplications”RichardA.Flinn,PaulK.TrojanJohnWiley&Sons,INC.參考教材：《工程材料學》，哈爾濱工業(yè)大學王曉敏主編，機械工業(yè)出版社，1998.工程材料概述工程材料分類工程材料的失效原因及類型工程材料的選用原則工程材料金屬材料陶瓷材料高分子材料復合材料工程材料分類金屬材料黑色金屬材料有色金屬材料鑄鐵鋼輕有色金屬重有色金屬貴重有色金屬工程構(gòu)件用鋼機器零件用鋼工具鋼不銹鋼、耐熱鋼稀有金屬放射性金屬Al、Mg、Ti等Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni等Au、Ag、PtW、Mo、V、Li、Co等Ra、U、Th等工程材料的失效原因及類型失效原因◆設計不合理◆選材不當◆材質(zhì)低劣：冶煉、鑄造、鍛造、軋制中的缺陷失效類型◆變形：彈性、塑性、蠕變◆斷裂：塑性、脆性、疲勞、蠕變斷裂◆腐蝕：點、縫隙、應力腐蝕、氫脆、腐蝕疲勞◆磨損：粘著、磨粒、接觸疲勞、微動、氣蝕工程材料的選用原則使用性能選材原則金屬的力學性能（強度、塑性、硬度、疲勞、腐蝕性）、物理性能、化學性能工藝性能選材原則鑄造、鍛造、焊接性能、熱處理工藝性能經(jīng)濟性原則Nonferrousalloys:Aluminum,Magnesium,Copper,Nickel,Titanium,ZincandothersChapter7

Vocabularyhanggliding:n.懸掛式滑翔，乘風滑翔glider:n.滑翔機rib:n.肋,筋條;肋狀物，起肋作用的東西structure:n.結(jié)構(gòu),構(gòu)造mechanical:機械學的;力學的;物理上的processing:n.(數(shù)據(jù))處理,加工工藝(生產(chǎn)方法)設計,工藝過程7.1Overviewspecification:n.詳述,[常pl.]規(guī)格,說明書,規(guī)范，規(guī)格、標準course:n.過程,經(jīng)過,進程,課程,一道菜；v.追獵,急行,運行,流動laughingstock:笑柄engineeringdepartment:工程系engineeringdrawing工程圖樣,工程制圖handbooksofstandards:標準手冊Vocabularybox:框;寄存器;框符degasify:vt.脫[去,除]氣modify:vt.變更,修改，緩和,減輕;調(diào)節(jié);限制，變質(zhì)[孕育,改善]處理component:n.元［部,組］件,成［部］分designation:n.指出,指明;任命,選派;稱呼;名稱;【軍】番號;標號[記,志];目的,目標Vocabularynon-ferrousmetal:有色[非鐵]金屬wrought:adj.[古]work的過去式及過去分詞制造的;形成的;精煉的,鍛成的n.鍛件、軋材和冷撥產(chǎn)品的總稱,精制wroughtiron:n.熟鐵,鍛鐵cast:鑄件n；澆鑄vcastiron:鑄鐵componentdesign:零件設計VocabularyCategoryMetallicmaterialsFerrousalloysNonferrousalloysIron-basedalloysNon-iron-basedalloysWroughtironSteelCastironetc.AluminumCopper,etcPropertyPolyphasealloysSingle-phasealloysCold-working(冷加工、冷作)Recrystallization(再結(jié)晶)Solid-solutionstrengtheningAgehardeningDispersionhardeningMartensitereactionCategory7.2AluminumAlloysOutline:CharacteristicsofpureAluminumPrincipalalloyingelementsClassificationofAlalloysHeattreatmentofAlalloysRecentresearchanddevelopmentofAlalloysρ=2.7g/cm3——lightweightalloyT=660℃；Atomicstructure3valenceelectronsintheoutermostelectronicshell——goodelectricalandthermalconductivityUnitcellFCC——excellentductilityandformability,

ExcellentcorrosionresistanceCharacteristicsof

PurealuminumPrincipalalloyingelementsCu﹡Solidsolutionstrengthening;precipitatehardening﹡Ambient-temperatureStrength;heatresistance﹡principalalloyingelementinhigh-strengthAlalloysandheat-resistantAlalloysMg﹡Solidsolutionstrengthening﹡Strength,density,corrosionresistanceMn﹡ElectrochemicalcharacteristicsofMnAl6

inAl-MnalloyissimilartothatofAl——corrosionresistance﹡Corrosion-resistantAluminumalloys;wMn≤2%Si﹡second-phasestrengthening﹡Al-Sicastalloys(wSi=10-13%)﹡Si+Mg→Mg2Siprecipitate(wSi=1.0-1.2%)Zn﹡highsolubility——solidsolutionstrengthening﹡wZn=0.4-0.8%——strength,corrosionresistance﹡precipitate-formingelementinmulti-componentalloys——precipitationstrengtheningLi﹡density，elasticmodulus﹡Al3Liorderingprecipitatephase——precipitationstrengthening;wLi≤3.0%inAl-LialloysPrincipalalloyingelementsCastAlalloysWroughtAlalloys﹡heattreatableAlalloys﹡non-heat-treatableAlalloysClassificationofAlalloysAbroad1XXXAl2XXXAl-Cu3XXXAl-Mn4XXXAl-Si5XXXAl-Mg6XXXAl-Mg-Si7XXXAl-ZnCodesofAlalloysChinaCastingAlalloysZL101Al-SiZL201Al-CuZL301Al-MgZL401Al-ZnChinaWroughtAlalloysLFAl-Mn;Al-MgLYAl-Cu-MgLCAl-Zn-Mg-CuLDAl-Mg-SiAl-Mg-Si-CuAl-Cu-Mg-Fe-NiAnnealing﹡Recrystallizationannealing（fullannealing）relieveworkhardenging——ductility﹡Lowtemperatureannealingrelieveinternalstress——modestlyductility——generally180~300℃﹡Homogenizationannealing(diffusionannealing)relievecompositionsegregationandinternalstressSolidsolutionheattreatmentHeattreatmentofAlalloysAgingtreatment﹡naturalaging;artificialaging;eg.Al-Cualloy﹡Optimalagingtemperature

Ts=(0.5-0.6)Tm

Tm:meltingtemperature

ofthealloyRetrogressionandre-aging(RRA)回歸再時效﹡process：agedalloy——200~250℃（severalseconds/minutes）——rapidcoolingtoroomtemperature——quenchingstate﹡characteristics：slightlystrength，

corrosionresistance﹡reason:G.PzoneormetastablephasedissolvingHeattreatmentofAlalloys如Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系的7075合金，用單極峰值時效(T6)可達到最高抗拉強度，但應力腐蝕抗力降低。為改善應力腐蝕抗力采用分級時效，即用110℃時效，保溫8h，再177℃時效，保溫8h，結(jié)果提高了應力腐蝕抗力，但強度降低了10%-15%。而采用回歸再時效處理，可以保持7075合金T6狀態(tài)的高強度，又具備了分級時效處理的優(yōu)良應力腐蝕抗力?；貧w再時效應用舉例Rapidsolidification(快速凝固)Al-LialloysRecentresearchanddevelopmentofAlalloys

HowtoraisetheyieldandtensilestrengthofpureAl（single-phase）?

Coldworking

10600annealing(退火)H18cold-workedSolidsolutionstrengthening

30030/H1850520/H38(1)Solidsolutionstrengthening+(2)cold-workinghardening﹡(1)Mechanism:Soluteatom（固溶原子）raisesthestressrequiredforslip;Function:retaintheductilityandformabilityofthebasemetal.﹡(2)Mechanism:relatedtothedislocationmotion(位錯運動)

StrengthelongationhardnessTwo-phasewroughtAlalloys2014(Al-4.5%Cu,inmass)

Кat550oC——К+θatroomtemperatureAcandidateforAgehardening(coherent共格的precipitate)Howtoproducefinecoherentprecipitate?Process:solidsolutiontreatment(heatedto500-550oC,quench)+agingat170oCfor10hr.CastAlalloysGenerallytwo-phasealloysException:relativelypureAlcoolingfins-highthermalconductivityStrengtheningmethods:(1)Heat-treatablecastingalloy－356.0Agehardening(Note:solidsolutioncanbeomittedifthecoolingrateofthecastingisenoughfast)－T5(2)Thesecondphaseonlyasaharddispersiontoimprovehardnessandwearresistance(耐磨性)－390.0Dispersionhardening(彌散強化)+solidsolutionstrengthening（固溶強化）+agingEngineeringspecifications(工程規(guī)范/工程說明書、工程參數(shù))SpecificationofAlfryingpan(Alloy1100):(1)Specifymaximumamountsofimpurities－avoidhardsecondphaseformationandhencepreventthealloyfromreducinginductilityandcorrosion(2)H16temperAcertainamountofcoldworkingReviewofgeneralspecification(規(guī)范、規(guī)格)ThealloysSingle-phasealloysPolyphasealloysworkingannealingworkingPrecipitationhardeningThecode(代碼、規(guī)范、規(guī)則)oftheAlalloysNumberingsystem（1XXX～7XXX）－thetypeofalloy(合金類型)(1)1XXX、3XXX（Al-Mn）、5XXX（Al-Mg）:single-phase(2)others:two-phaseDesignation（H1X～3X）:thetypeofprocessing（加工類型）(1)Number:1——cold-worked;2——cold-worked+annealed;3——cold-worked+stabilized(穩(wěn)定化)(2)X——theamountofcoldworkHX——theamountofcoldworkandannealingforsingle-phasealloysTX——agehardening+coldworkfortwo-phasealloys0:annealedconditionF:fabricatedT4~6Tothers:requirestrainhardeningElevated-temperature高溫Shaping:刨削、成形shapingmachine牛頭刨床Strainhardening應變硬化合金類別代號主要化學成分,%熱處理機械性能CuMgMn其它σb

MPa

%HB防銹鋁LF54.5~5.50.3~0.6退火2702370LF114.8~5.50.3~0.6V0.02~0.22702370LF211.0~1.61302330硬鋁LY12.2~3.00.2~0.5固溶處理+自然時效3002470LY113.8~4.80.4~0.80.4~0.842018100LY123.8~4.91.2~1.80.3~0.948011131超硬鋁LC41.4~2.01.8~2.80.2~0.6Zn5.0~7.0固溶處理+人工時效60012150LC62.2~2.82.5~3.20.2~0.5Zn7.6~8.66807190鍛鋁LD51.8~2.60.4~0.80.4~0.8Si0.7~1.242013105LD71.9~2.51.4~1.8Ni1~1.5Fe1.0~1.544013120LD103.9~4.80.4~0..80.4~1.0Si0.5~1.248010135變形鋁合金（國內(nèi)牌號）變形鋁合金應用防銹鋁——LF，不可熱處理強化，做油箱、油管、鉚釘。硬鋁——LY，做螺旋槳葉片、支柱。超硬鋁——LC，做飛機大梁、起落架。鍛鋁——LD，做鍛件、模鍛件。合金代號主

要

化

學

成

分,%機

械

性

能SiCuMg鑄造方法熱處理bMPa%HB鋁硅ZL1016.0~8.00.2~0.4SBT6230170ZL10210~13SBJT2T2143153425050ZL1104.0~6.05.0~8.00.2~0.5JT1170－90鋁銅ZL2034.0~5.0JT4210660鋁鎂ZL3019.5~11.5ST4280920鋁鋅ZL4026.0~8.0Zn5~70.4~0.7JT1240470鑄造方法：SB——砂型變質(zhì)；J——金屬砂；S——砂型熱處理：T1——不淬火，人工時效；T2——退火；T4——淬火+自然時效；T6——淬火+人工時效鑄造鋁合金（國內(nèi)牌號）Al-Si合金（硅鋁明）

鑄造性好，熔點低、流動性好、收縮小ZL102的鑄態(tài)組織，未變質(zhì)，×500變質(zhì)處理后，×100掌握知識點鋁合金特點；國內(nèi)外牌號；強化工藝；用途作業(yè)P344:Example7.3;7.47.3MagnesiumAlloys(鎂合金)CharacteristicsofpureMg:Density:2/3thatofAlverylightVolkswagen(大眾汽車)engineblock發(fā)動機組[本體]Atomicstructure:veryactiveFineMgpowderburnsinair;corrodemorerapidlythanAlinmanyenvironments.Unitcell(晶胞)：HCP（close-packedhexagonal）

Only3slipsystematroomtemperature——hot-workedCodeofMgalloysMgalloydesignationsforheattreatment(T4,etc.)andcoldworking(H24,etc.)arethesameasthoseforAlalloys.ThemethodforindicatingthecompositionoftheMgalloysisdifferent:Letter:thealloyingelement,A——Al,Z——ZincNumber:percentageoftheelement,AZ91——9％Al，1％ZnNote：Signifyvt.表示,意味;vi.要緊,有重要性v.頗為重要,表示ApplicationsPrincipallyaircraft(飛機)andspacecraft(航天器,空間飛行器,宇宙飛船),machinery([總稱]機器,機械),tools,andmaterials-handling(物料輸送,原材料處理)equipment.Functionofsomealloyingelements:Al:solid-solutionstrengthening+precipitationhardening(Mg17Al12)rareearths:minimizeflow(流變)atelevatedtemperature(producearigidgrainboundary晶界network網(wǎng)絡——resistdeformation)SourceTremendousamountinseawaterPlayanincreasingroleasengineeringmaterials7.4CopperAlloysinGeneralCharacteristicsofCualloys:

Highthermalandelectricalconductivity;

Highcorrosionresistance

Highductilityandformability(generally)

InterestingcolorforarchitecturalusesAtomicstructureofpureCu:1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,3d10,4s1The3dand4selectronsareequivalentlyattractedtothepositivelychargednucleus(帶正電的原子核)andsoaretightlybonded.Noblemetal(貴金屬)corrosion-resistant,assilverandgold(金)intheperiodictableRedcolorduetoselectiveabsorptionofwhitelightbyinteractionwiththe3delectronsUnitcell:FCCNamesofCualloysbronze[br?nz]n.青銅(銅和錫的合金),青銅制品Brass[brɑ:s]n.黃銅;黃銅色Gunmetal錫青銅、銅錫合金Admiraltymetal：含錫黃銅、船舶銅,海軍炮銅、耐海水金屬Gildingbronze：鍍金黃銅(含5%Zn之黃銅)MangnesebronzeOuncemetal高銅黃銅、盎司鑄造銅合金ClassificationBasedonMicrostruture

Single-phaseCualloysPolyphaseCualloys

SolidsolutionstrengtheningColdworkingAnnealingAgehardeningPrecipitationhardeningSecond-phasedispersionhardeningExamplesofCualloys(Table7.3)ETP(electrolytictoughpitch電解韌銅)[?,lektr??`l?t?k]adj.電解的,由電解產(chǎn)生的electrolyzevt.電解,用電分解copperoxide(氧化銅)Widelyused;embrittle:heatedintheatmospherecontaininghydrogen——O+H——H2O——void（空穴，空洞）atgrainboundaryC12200phosphorousdeoxidizedcopper磷脫氧銅PadditionC10200OFHC(oxygen-freehigh-conductivity)underspecialreducingcondition熔點1083℃，密度8.9g/cm3。導電導熱性僅次于Ag。耐大氣、水腐蝕。切削性好，塑性好，可冷、熱成形。鑄Cu合金的鑄造性能好。Cu及Cu合金的特點1．純銅——紫銅（紫紅色）純銅管工業(yè)純銅——T1~T4，做電導體。力學性能:

σb=230~250MPa;δ=40~50%2．銅合金（１）黃銅——Cu-Zn系合金普通黃銅——Cu-Zn合金單相黃銅——如H80，含80%Cu，單相α，塑性好，可冷成型。雙相黃銅——如H62，α+β，可熱變形。鑄造黃銅——如ZCuZn38，含38%Zn。黃銅組織(a)單相黃銅α

Cu-Zn合金的顯微組織(b)雙相黃銅α+β黃銅牌號、性能代號化學成分,%機械性能CuZn加工

狀態(tài)bMPa%HBH9695~97余量退火25035－H8079~81余量退火27050－H6867~70余量退火30040－H5957~60余量退火變形300420255－103復雜黃銅

——改善Cu-Zn合金的耐蝕性、機械性能。組

別代

號主要化學成分,%機械性能(變形)Cu其它bMPa%HBPb黃銅HPb63-3HPb60-162.0~65.059.0~61.0Pb2.4~3.0Pb0.6~1.060061054－－Sn黃銅HSn90-1HSn62-188.0~91.061.0~63.0Sn0.25~0.75Sn0.7~1.152070054148－Al黃銅HAl77-276.0~79.0Al1.8~2.665012170Si黃銅HSi65-1.5-363.5~66.5Si1.0~2.0Pb2.5~3.56008160Mn黃銅Fe黃銅HMn58-2HFe59-1-157.0~60.057.0~60.0Mn1.0~1.2Fe0.6~1.27007001010175160Ni黃銅HNi65-564.0~67.0Ni5.0~6.57004－黃銅制品壓力加工青銅

Sn青銅——如QSn4-3，含4%Sn、3%Zn，其余為Cu。做軸承、彈簧等。

Al青銅——如QAl10-3-1.5，做耐蝕、抗磨的齒輪、軸套等。

Be青銅——如QBe2，做彈簧，高速軸承等。鑄造青銅

——如Sn青銅，ZCuSn10Zn2。（2）青銅——Cu-Sn、Cu-Al、Cu-Be系等合金（3）白銅——Cu-Ni系合金如B19，含19%Ni的普通白銅，做船舶儀器零件等7.5Solid-solutionCopperAlloysCu-Ag0.05%byweightAg——raisesofteningtemperatureofcold-workedcopperbymorethan100°CCu-Zn(brass)typically30~35%Zn

:strongerthan;susceptibletoaparticulartypeofcorrosionca