潛水等水位線圖的編制與判讀

實訓(xùn)二

潛水等水位線圖的編制與判讀學(xué)校：內(nèi)蒙古工程學(xué)校教研室：地質(zhì)教研室制作人：王寧輝日期：2012年12月《水文地質(zhì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)》潛水位：潛水面上任意一點的海拔高程。m海平面H潛水埋藏深度：從潛水面至地面的鉛直距離。m潛水含水層厚度：潛水面至隔水底板的鉛直距離。m潛水位、潛水埋藏深度、潛水含水層厚度指的是什么？Th潛水等水位線圖的編制實訓(xùn)內(nèi)容實訓(xùn)目的編圖準備用品編圖方法和步驟編制潛水等水位線圖的意義實訓(xùn)內(nèi)容根據(jù)所給資料，編制潛水等水位線圖根據(jù)所繪制潛水等水位線圖，分析潛水等水位線圖的意義實訓(xùn)目的掌握潛水等水位線圖的編制方法。初步學(xué)會閱讀潛水等水位線圖。學(xué)會運用潛水等水位圖分析水文地質(zhì)條件，解決實際問題。編圖必須資料及用品有測繪要求比例尺的地形底圖。各井、泉、鉆孔、試坑等水文地質(zhì)點的實際資料（如編號、水文標高、潛水埋深等資料）。其他工具。130132120122124126128130132134120122124126128130132134136某地區(qū)地形等高線圖比例尺1：10000128水文站等高線河流沼澤觀測點號觀測點類型地面高程（m）潛水位埋深（m）潛水位高程（m）觀測點號觀測點類型地面高程（m）潛水位埋深（m）潛水位高程（m）1鉆孔135.005.20129.8024試坑121.900.90121.002鉆孔127.501.50126.0025試坑121.201.10120.103試坑123.901.00122.9026試坑118.800.20118.604鉆孔127.002.20124.8027試坑121.200.70120.505試坑125.201.20124.0028試坑123.801.60122.206鉆孔131.104.80126.3029試坑126.402.20124.207鉆孔132.304.70127.6030鉆孔133.006.20126.808鉆孔134.905.50129.4031鉆孔134.906.20128.709鉆孔132.506.20126.3032泉124.000.00124.0010鉆孔126.002.00124.0033泉122.500.00122.5011試坑123.501.00122.5034泉126.000.00126.0012鉆孔134.005.00129.0035鉆孔129.005.30123.7013鉆孔137.006.50130.5036鉆孔124.000.30123.7014鉆孔135.106.30128.8037鉆孔127.601.80125.8015鉆孔131.205.00126.2038鉆孔127.702.70125.0016試坑121.800.80121.0039鉆孔130.303.40126.9017鉆孔121.700.80120.9040鉆孔132.005.60126.4018鉆孔134.706.50128.2041鉆孔136.207.20129.0019鉆孔131.805.40126.4042鉆孔124.301.30123.0020鉆孔128.003.20124.8043鉆孔123.500.50123.0021試坑121.701.00120.7044鉆孔123.000.00123.0022鉆孔129.503.50126.0045鉆孔123.200.20123.0023鉆孔125.801.40124.4046鉆孔123.300.30123.00水點資料尺子橡皮鉛筆大頭釘2枚透明方格坐標紙1小張編圖方法和步驟準備地形底圖一份，在實際工作中要求比例尺與實際材料圖相同，等水位線間距和埋藏深度圖的登記劃分需要根據(jù)編圖目的、比例尺、水力梯度而定。1、選擇底圖130132120122124126128130132134120122124126128130132134136某地區(qū)地形等高線圖比例尺1：10000128水文站等高線河流沼澤先將全部地下水位觀測點進行編號，并用相應(yīng)的圖例定在地形圖上。如水井編號#，鉆孔編號O，試坑編號□。2、水點定位13013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277某地區(qū)地形等高線圖比例尺1：10000128水文站等高線河流沼澤3、水點資料整理例如將全部地下水位觀測點的水位與埋深以如下的形式標定。觀測點號觀測點類型地面高程（m）潛水位埋深（m）潛水位高程（m）觀測點號觀測點類型地面高程（m）潛水位埋深（m）潛水位高程（m）1鉆孔135.005.20129.8024試坑121.900.90121.002鉆孔127.501.50126.0025試坑121.201.10120.103試坑123.901.00122.9026試坑118.800.20118.604鉆孔127.002.20124.8027試坑121.200.70120.505試坑125.201.20124.0028試坑123.801.60122.206鉆孔131.104.80126.3029試坑126.402.20124.207鉆孔132.304.70127.6030鉆孔133.006.20126.808鉆孔134.905.50129.4031鉆孔134.906.20128.709鉆孔132.506.20126.3032泉124.000.00124.0010鉆孔126.002.00124.0033泉122.500.00122.5011試坑123.501.00122.5034泉126.000.00126.0012鉆孔134.005.00129.0035鉆孔129.005.30123.7013鉆孔137.006.50130.5036鉆孔124.000.30123.7014鉆孔135.106.30128.8037鉆孔127.601.80125.8015鉆孔131.205.00126.2038鉆孔127.702.70125.0016試坑121.800.80121.0039鉆孔130.303.40126.9017鉆孔121.700.80120.9040鉆孔132.005.60126.4018鉆孔134.706.50128.2041鉆孔136.207.20129.0019鉆孔131.805.40126.4042鉆孔124.301.30123.0020鉆孔128.003.20124.8043鉆孔123.500.50123.0021試坑121.701.00120.7044鉆孔123.000.00123.0022鉆孔129.503.50126.0045鉆孔123.200.20123.0023鉆孔125.801.40124.4046鉆孔123.300.30123.00水點資料13013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277129.805.20126.001.50129.405.50124.000.00122.901.00124.802.20124.001.20124.002.00122.500.00123.705.30126.306.20122.501.00123.001.30123.000.50123.000.00123.000.20123.700.30123.000.30120.900.80126.304.80125.002.70125.801.80127.604.70129.005.00126.903.40124.202.20126.806.20128.706.20122.201.60120.500.70118.600.20120.101.10121.000.90124.401.40126.003.50126.205.00130.506.50128.806.30129.007.20126.405.60126.405.40128.206.50126.000.00124.803.20120.701.00121.000.80某地區(qū)地形等高線圖比例尺1：10000128水文站等高線河流沼澤等水位線等高距是根據(jù)編圖的目的、比例尺的大小和觀測點的多少而定。比例尺大，觀測點多，等高距應(yīng)小一些。比例尺小，觀測點少，等高距可大一些。一般等高距為1m、2m、5m、個別為10m。4、確定等水位線等高距13013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277129.805.20126.001.50129.405.50124.000.00122.901.00124.802.20124.001.20124.002.00122.500.00123.705.30126.306.20122.501.00123.001.30123.000.50123.000.00123.000.20123.700.30123.000.30120.900.80126.304.80125.002.70125.801.80127.604.70129.005.00126.903.40124.202.20126.806.20128.706.20122.201.60120.500.70118.600.20120.101.10121.000.90124.401.40126.003.50126.205.00130.506.50128.806.30129.007.20126.405.60126.405.40128.206.50126.000.00124.803.20120.701.00121.000.80某地區(qū)地形等高線圖比例尺1：10000128水文站等高線河流沼澤此次等高距采用2m根據(jù)圖上水位點水位值的數(shù)值確定所繪制水位線的數(shù)值。5、確定等水位線值13013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277129.805.20126.001.50129.405.50124.000.00122.901.00124.802.20124.001.20124.002.00122.500.00123.705.30126.306.20122.501.00123.001.30123.000.50123.000.00123.000.20123.700.30123.000.30120.900.80126.304.80125.002.70125.801.80127.604.70129.005.00126.903.40124.202.20126.806.20128.706.20122.201.60120.500.70118.600.20120.101.10121.000.90124.401.40126.003.50126.205.00130.506.50128.806.30129.007.20126.405.60126.405.40128.206.50126.000.00124.803.20120.701.00121.000.80水點之間的連線應(yīng)盡量與其穿過的等高線垂直。根據(jù)圖示數(shù)據(jù)確定第一條水位線數(shù)值126.00m根據(jù)相鄰觀測點的水位標高，用內(nèi)插法求出各點之間一定間距的水位標高。6、求水位標高內(nèi)插法【8(129.4)】【35(123.7)】AECDB(123.7)(123.7)A(129.4)(123.7)D(126)B(123.7)(123.7)CE5.7m4.0cm2.3m1、連接AB兩點。2、假設(shè)所求點D的位置。3、從A、D兩點分別坐垂線。4、從B點作一條水平線，分別與兩條垂線相交于CE兩點。5、確定各點的水位高程。6、在等高線圖上用尺子量出AB兩點的實際距離。7、利用三角形相似原理?！鰾DE∽△BAC8、計算可知BE=1.61cm1.61cm9、根據(jù)BE確定D點的位置。(126)A(129.4)(123.7)D(126)B(123.7)(123.7)CE13013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277129.805.20126.001.50129.405.50124.000.00122.901.00124.802.20124.001.20124.002.00122.500.00123.705.30126.306.20122.501.00123.001.30123.000.50123.000.00123.000.20123.700.30123.000.30120.900.80126.304.80125.002.70125.801.80127.604.70129.005.00126.903.40124.202.20126.806.20128.706.20122.201.60120.500.70118.600.20120.101.10121.000.90124.401.40126.003.50126.205.00130.506.50128.806.30129.007.20126.405.60126.405.40128.206.50126.000.00124.803.20120.701.00121.000.8013013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277129.805.20126.001.50129.405.50124.000.00122.901.00124.802.20124.001.20124.002.00122.500.00123.705.30126.306.20122.501.00123.001.30123.000.50123.000.00123.000.20123.700.30123.000.30120.900.80126.304.80125.002.70125.801.80127.604.70129.005.00126.903.40124.202.20126.806.20128.706.20122.201.60120.500.70118.600.20120.101.10121.000.90124.401.40126.003.50126.205.00130.506.50128.806.30129.007.20126.405.60126.405.40128.206.50126.000.00124.803.20120.701.00121.000.80確定所求點位置時應(yīng)從低水位點往高水位點量取距離。用光滑的曲線將相同標高的各點連接起來，并標出地下水流方向，就構(gòu)成潛水等水位線圖。在連線之前首先應(yīng)該找出全區(qū)地下水位大致的變化規(guī)律，開始可先勾繪那些資料多、可靠、容易勾繪的線段，然后加密和處理異常點，繪完后要全部檢查加工細作。7、連線13013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277129.805.20126.001.50129.405.50124.000.00122.901.00124.802.20124.001.20124.002.00122.500.00123.705.30126.306.20122.501.00123.001.30123.000.50123.000.00123.000.20123.700.30123.000.30120.900.80126.304.80125.002.70125.801.80127.604.70129.005.00126.903.40124.202.20126.806.20128.706.20122.201.60120.500.70118.600.20120.101.10121.000.90124.401.40126.003.50126.205.00130.506.50128.806.30129.007.20126.405.60126.405.40128.206.50126.000.00124.803.20120.701.00121.000.80126130124122120120122124126128128為畫好的等水位線圖填寫圖名、比例尺、圖例。8、成圖13013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277129.805.20126.001.50129.405.50124.000.00122.901.00124.802.20124.001.20124.002.00122.500.00123.705.30126.306.20122.501.00123.001.30123.000.50123.000.00123.000.20123.700.30123.000.30120.900.80126.304.80125.002.70125.801.80127.604.70129.005.00126.903.40124.202.20126.806.20128.706.20122.201.60120.500.70118.600.20120.101.10121.000.90124.401.40126.003.50126.205.00130.506.50128.806.30129.007.20126.405.60126.405.40128.206.50126.000.00124.803.20120.701.00121.000.80126130124122120120122124126128128比例尺1：10000128水文站等高線河流沼澤某地區(qū)潛水等水位線圖39鉆孔試坑泉水11128水位線潛水等水位線圖編圖步驟選擇底圖水點定位水點資料整理確定等水位線等高距確定等水位線值求水位標高連線成圖1、在采用內(nèi)插法時應(yīng)盡量垂直等水位線，不能在地表水體兩側(cè)找點內(nèi)插。2、連線時不能穿越地表水體。3、潛水等水位線一般不應(yīng)與地形等高線大角度相交和正交。注意事項：編制潛水等水位線圖的意義1、確定地下水的流向：潛水和地表水一樣，均由高向低沿最大傾斜方向流動，即垂直等水位線方向流動。9080100方法：先切，后垂，標箭頭90899899969795909194888795949493939392929291912、確定地下水與地表水的互相補給關(guān)系。707065656060707065656060707065656060河水與地下水補排關(guān)系示意圖河水排泄地下水河水補給地下水河水左側(cè)排泄地下水右側(cè)補給地下水方法：根據(jù)潛水等水位線確定地下水流向，以此判斷補排關(guān)系。3、確定潛水面上的水力坡度

I。注：計算實際距離時

要帶上比例尺。例：此潛水等水位線圖的比例尺為1：500，求AB兩點間的

水力坡度。9089989996979590919488879594949393939292929191BA地形等高線與潛水等水位線標高相等且相交的地點，為泉水出露點，或是與潛水有聯(lián)系的湖、沼等地表水體。4、確定泉水出露位置和沼澤化范圍13013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277129.805.20126.001.50129.405.50124.000.00122.901.00124.802.20124.001.20124.002.00122.500.00123.705.30126.306.20122.501.00123.001.30123.000.50123.000.00123.000.20123.700.30123.000.30120.900.80126.304.80125.002.70125.801.80127.604.70129.005.00126.903.40124.202.20126.806.20128.706.20122.201.60120.500.70118.600.20120.101.10121.000.90124.401.40126.003.50126.205.00130.506.50128.806.30129.007.20126.405.60126.405.40128.206.50126.000.00124.803.20120.701.00121.000.80126130124122120120122124126128128

潛水的埋藏深度是指地面到潛水面的垂直距離。因為等高線的數(shù)值代表該線上各點對應(yīng)的地面海拔高度，等潛水位線的數(shù)值代表該線上各點對應(yīng)的地下潛水面的海拔高度。5、確定潛水的埋藏深度潛水面海平面HThH----潛水位T----潛水的埋藏深度h----潛水含水層厚度潛水的埋藏深度（T）=潛水位（H）—潛水含水層厚度（h）

潛水是一種具有自由水面的重力水，其自由水面稱潛水面，所以潛水的流速取決于潛水面坡度的陡緩。在同一幅等潛水位線圖中，等潛水位線越密集的地方，潛水面坡度越陡，潛水流速越快；等潛水位線越稀疏的地方，潛水面坡度越緩，潛水流速越慢。6、確定潛水的流速潛水位線密集，潛水面坡度越陡，潛水流速越快。潛水位線稀疏，潛水面坡度越緩，潛水流速越慢。

水井位置應(yīng)選在地下水埋藏較淺的地點水井位置應(yīng)選在潛水匯集區(qū)。水井位置應(yīng)選在潛水匯水面積較大的