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計算機(jī)操作系統(tǒng)OperatingSystemOverviewContentsOperatingSystemObjectivesandFunctionsTheEvolutionofOperatingSystemMajorAchievementsCharacteristicsofModernOSExamples(NT、UNIX)1.1ObjectivesandFunctions(p45)1.1.1Overview1.1.2TheOperatingSystemasaUser/ComputerInterface1.1.3TheOperatingSystemasResourceManager1.1.4EaseofEvolutionofanOperatingSystemAnoperatingsystemisaprogramthatmanagesthecomputer,controlstheexecutionofapplicationprogramsandactsasaninterface(接口)betweentheuserofacomputerandthecomputerhardware.ObjectivesConvenience(方便)Efficiency(有效)Abilitytoevolve(易擴(kuò)展)1.1.1Overview1.1.2OSasaUser/ComputerInterface(I)Figure2.1LayersandViewsofaComputerSystemComputerHardwareOperatingSystemUtilities(Compiler,Database…)ApplicationsProgramsOperatingSystemDesignerProgrammersEndUserTheoperatingsystemmasks(隱藏)thedetailsofthehardwarefromtheprogrammer,andprovidestheprogrammerwithaconvenientinterfaceforusingthesystem.ThetypesofsysteminterfaceCommandinterface:systemcommand(internal、external)Graphicsinterface:windowsProgrammerinterface:systemcall,c-libOSasaUser/ComputerInterface(II)ServicesoftheOperatingSystem(I)ProgramcreationSuchas:fork(unix)、CreateProcess(win)ProgramexecutionSuchas:execl,execpAccesstoI/OdevicesSuchas:read/writeControlledaccesstofilesSuchas:read/writeServicesoftheOperatingSystem(II)SystemaccessProvideprotectionandauthorizedErrordetectionandresponseSuchas:errorAccounting1.1.3OSasResourceManager(I)(p47)TypesofResource:CPU、Memory、DevicesOSasResourceManager(II)AsacontrolmechanismisunusualintworespectsTheOSfunctionsinthesamewayasordinarycomputersoftware;thatis,itisaprogramexecutedbytheprocessor.TheOSfrequentlyrelinquishescontrol(釋放控制)andmustdependontheprocessortoallowittoregaincontrol(獲取控制).OSasResourceManager(IIIFigure2.2)ManagementofCPUManagementofI/ODeviceManagementofMemoryManagementofFilesConcept:Kernel、Nucleus(內(nèi)核):Alwaysinmainmemory,containsthemost-frequently-usedfunctions1.1.4EaseofEvolution(p49)ReasonsforevolutionhardwareupgradesExp:supportpagingnewservicesfixesImplementssoftwareengineering:modules、layer、objectdesign1.2TheEvolutionofOperatingSystems1.2.1SerialProcessing1.2.2SimpleBatchSystems1.2.3Multiprogrammed(多道)BatchSystems1.2.4Time-SharingSystems1.2.1SerialProcessing(p50串行處理)ExampleInputCalculatePrintProblemsScheduling:TheestimatedtimeisnotaccurateSetuptime:Betweenthesetupprocedure,ifanerroroccurred,thenmustgobacktothebeginningofthesetupsequenceContradictionbetweenhumanandmachine1.2.2SimpleBatchSystemObjectives:SolutioncontradictionbetweenhumanandmachineUsersubmitsthejoboncardsortapetoacomputeroperator(useJCL(jobcontrollanguage))Implement:MonitorFromthePointofViewoftheMonitor(p51)MonitorisresponsiblefortherunningofeveryjobControlsaretransferredbetweenmonitorandotheruserprogramsInterruptprocessingDeviceDriversJobSequencingControlLanguageInterpreterUserProgramAreamonitorMemorylayoutforaresident(駐留)monitorFromthePointofViewoftheProcessorWhenCPUrunscommandofmonitor,themonitorgainsthecontrol.WhenCPUrunscommandofuserprogram,theuserprogramgainsthecontrol.Transferthecontrol:Firstmonitorgainsthecontrol,whenuserprogramloadin,itgainsthecontrol,whentheuserprogramfinishorerror,themonitorregains(重獲)thecontrol.JCL(JobControlLanguage)$JOB//begin$FTN//usingFortrancompileandlink…Fortran//instructions$LOAD//loadinrunablemodules$RUN//running.$END//finishdothejobOtherHardwareFeatureDesirable(p53)Memoryprotection(內(nèi)存保護(hù)):Userspaceandsystemspaceareindependent.E.g.Hardwarecandetectoutsideaccessingerror.Timerinterrupt(時鐘中斷):Whenthetimerexpires,aninterruptoccurs.Privilegedinstructions(特權(quán)指令):Canbeexecutedonlybythemonitor.Interrupts:ImprovementefficiencyEasyforrelinquishing(釋放)andregainingcontrol1.2.3MultiprogrammedBatchSystemsReadonerecord 0.0015secondsExecute100instructions 0.0001secondsWriteonerecord 0.0015secondsTOTAL 0.0031secondsFigure2.4SystemUtilizationExampleUniprogramming(單道)haslowefficiency(效率):CPUI/OcontradictionMultiprogramming/MultitaskingTherearemanyuserprogramsinthememory.HardwareneedforMultiprogramming.InterruptionExampleofMultiprogramming256kavailablememoryNotes:notconsidertheresourcecompetitionJOB1JOB2JOB3TypeofJOBHeavyComputerHeavyI/OHeavyI/ODuration5min15min10minMemoryrequired50k100k80kNeeddiskNoNoYesNeedterminalNoYesNoNeedprinterNoNoYesTable2.1SampleProgramExecutionAttributesAnalysisAnalysisSingleProcessoruse=5/(5+15+10)=17%Memoryuse=[(50*5+100*15+80*10)/256/30]=33%Diskuse=10/30=33%Printeruse=10/30=33%Totaltime=5+15+10=30Throughput=6job/hourMeanresponsetime=(5+20+30)/3=18AnalysisMultiprogrammingProcessoruse=5/15=33%Memoryuse=[(50+100+80)*5+(100+80)*5+100*5]/256/15=65%Diskuse=10/15=67%Printeruse=10/15=67%Totaltime=15Throughout=12job/hourMeanresponsetime=(5+10+15)/3=10Sophisticated(復(fù)雜性)ofMultiprogramming(p57)MemorymanagementSchedulingAlgorithm(算法):Theprocessor(處理器)mustdecidewhichonetorun.1.2.4Time-SharingSystemsMultipleuserssimultaneously(同時)accessthesystemthroughterminals(終端)Concepts:timeslice(時間片):qusernum(用戶數(shù)):nresponsetime(響應(yīng)時間):tt=n×qMode:multi-terminals、multi-windowsBatchMultiprogrammingvsTimerSharingBatchMultiprogramming
TimeSharing
Principalobjective
Maximizeprocessoruse
Minimizeresponsetime
Sourceofinstructiontooperatingsystem
Jobcontrollanguagecommandsprovidedwiththejob
Commandsenteredattheterminal
ReducingtheSwappingLoadsbyPartialSwapping(p59)Reducingthespendingforaccessingdisk1.3MajorAchievements(p60)1.3.1Processes(進(jìn)程)1.3.2Memorymanagement1.3.3Informationprotectionandsecurity1.3.4Schedulingandresourcemanagement1.3.5Systemstructure1.3.1ProcessesAprograminexecutionTheanimatedspirit(活動精靈)ofaprogramTheentity(實(shí)體)thatcanbeassigned(分派)toandexecutedonaprocessorThreemajortypesofcomputersystemMultiprogrammingbatchoperationTimesharingReal-timetransaction(處理)systemsErrorsMayHappeninMultiprogrammingImpropersynchronization(同步):Signalsbeinglostorduplicate(重復(fù))signalsbeingreceived.Failedmutualexclusion(失敗的互斥)Nondeterminate(不確定)programoperation:TheresultisnotuniqueDeadlocks(死鎖)Tosolutetheseproblems,introduceprocessconcept
Processentity(實(shí)體)AnexecutableprogramTheassociateddataneededbytheprogramTheexecutioncontext(上下文)oftheprogramProcessImageandProcessSwitch(切換)(p63)1.3.2MemoryManagementProcessisolation(隔離)AutomaticallocationandmanagementSupportofmodular(模塊化)programmingVirtuallymemoryLong-termstorageProtectionandaccesscontrol(訪問控制)Fig2.10TwoViewsofaStorageSystemVirtualProcessorRealProcessorMapper(AddressTranslate)MainMemoryAuxiliaryMemoryVirtualMemoryFiles(a)User’sView(b)OperatingSystemDesigner’sViewVirtualAddressMemoryAddressSwappingRead,WriteCopyLong-termStore1.3.3InformationProtectionandSecurityAccesscontrol:forvariousresourcesinthesystemInformationflowcontrol(信息流控):toguaranteethedatatosendtodestinationCertification(認(rèn)證)1.3.4SchedulingandResourceManagement(p66)ThreefactorsmustbeconsiderFairnessDifferentialresponsiveness(區(qū)分服務(wù)):e.g.IfaprocessiswaitingfortheuseofanI/Odevice,theoperatingsystemmaywishtoschedulethatprocessforexecutionassoonaspossibleinordertofreeupthedeviceforlaterdemandsfromotherprocesses.Efficiency:Maximizethroughput(吞吐量),minimizeresponsetime,accommodate(容納)asmanyusersaspossibleShort-termqueueAlgorithmusedtouse:roundrobin(輪轉(zhuǎn))Long-termqueueAlgorithmusedtouse:FIFOInterrupthandler:themethodforgetthecontrolServicecallhandler(系統(tǒng)服務(wù)處理):theentrypointintotheoperatingsystemSomeConcepts(p67)Fig2.11KeyelementsofanOperatingSystemforMultiprogrammingServiceCallHandlerInterruptHandlerLong-termQueueShort-termQueueShort-TermSchedulerI/OqueueOSModules(模塊化)structure:onlysuitableforsmallsystem;forcomplexsystem,difficultfordebugHierarchical(層)structureLevelnprovidesserviceforleveln+1SystemStructure(p68系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu))Hierarchy(Table2.4)Level Name Objects ExampleOperations13 Shell Userprogramming Statementsinshelllanguage environment12 Userprocesses Userprocesses Quit,kill,suspend,resume11 Directories Directories Create,destroy,attach,detach, search,list10 Devices Externaldevices Open,close, asprinter,displays read,write
andkeyboards9 Filesystem Files Create,destroy,open,close
read,write8 Communications Pipes Create,destroy,open,close,
read,writeHierarchyLevel Name Objects ExampleOperations7 VirtualMemory Segments,pages Read,write,fetch6 Localsecondary Blocksofdata,device Read,write,allocate,free
store channels5 PrimitiveprocessesPrimitiveprocess, Suspend,resume,wait, semaphores,ready
signal list
Hierarchy(Hardware)Level Name Objects ExampleOperations4 Interrupts Interrupt-handling Invoke,mask,unmask,retry programs
Procedures Procedures,callstack, Markstack,call,return display2 InstructionSet Evaluationstack,micro- Load,store,add,subtract programinterpreter, branch scalarandarraydata1 Electroniccircuits Registers,gates,buses, Clear,transfer,activate, etc. complement1.4.1Microkernelarchitecture(微內(nèi)核結(jié)構(gòu))1.4.2Multithreading(多線程)1.4.3Symmetricmultiprocess(對稱多處理)1.4.4Distributedoperatingsystems(分布式系統(tǒng))1.4.5Object-orienteddesign(對象設(shè)計)1.4CharacteristicsofModernOS(p71)Assignsonlyafewessential(必要的)functionstothekernel,includingaddressspaces,interprocesscommunication(IPC)(進(jìn)程間通信),andbasicscheduling.Simplifiesimpl
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