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混合堿PPT課件實驗原理及相關知識討論混合堿是何物?

混合堿是指Na2CO3與NaHCO3,或Na2CO3和NaOH的混合物實驗原理及相關知識如何測定混合堿的總堿度?用HCl標準溶液滴定,反應產(chǎn)物為NaCl和H2CO3,化學計量點時的pH為3.8~3.9,可據(jù)此選用指示劑。本實驗選用溴甲酚綠-二甲基黃混合指示劑,其終點顏色變化為綠色到亮黃色(pH=3.9)。根據(jù)用去的HCl標液的量,即可計算出總堿度,常用Na2O%來表示。實驗原理及相關知識如何測定各個組分及其含量?

可采用雙指示劑法。用HCl標液滴定混合堿時有兩個化學計量點:第一個計量點時,反應可能為: Na2CO3+HCl==NaHCO3+NaCl NaOH+HCl==NaCl+H2O 溶液的pH值為8.31,用酚酞為指示劑(變色范圍8.0~10.0),從紅色變?yōu)閹缀鯚o色時為終點,滴定體積為V1(ml)。實驗原理及相關知識第二個化學計量點時,滴定反應為: NaHCO3+HCl==NaCl+CO2↑+H2O 溶液pH為3.9,以二甲基黃-溴甲酚綠為指示劑,終點呈亮黃色,滴定體積為V2(ml)。當V2>V1時,則混合堿為Na2CO3+NaHCO3; 當V1>V2時,為Na2CO3+NaOH。實驗原理及相關知識如何計算總堿度和組分含量?

當V2>V1時:總堿度Na2O%=Na2CO3%=NaHCO3%=實驗原理及相關知識當V1>V2時:總堿度Na2O%=Na2CO3%=NaOH%=實驗原理及相關知識什么是混合指示劑?混合指示劑有兩種,一種是由兩種或兩種以上的指示劑混合而成,利用顏色之間的互補作用,使變色更加敏銳。實驗原理及相關知識例如二甲基黃和溴甲酚綠,前者的酸式色為紅色,堿式色為黃色;后者的酸式色為黃色,堿式色為藍色。當它們混合后,由于共同作用的結果,使溶液在酸性條件下顯橙色(紅+黃),在堿性條件下顯綠色(黃+藍),而在pH=3.9時是亮黃,變色敏銳。實驗原理及相關知識由于人眼觀察顏色時判別能力有限,對非混合指示劑,終點顏色變化均有±0.3pH單位的不確定度。如果使用混合指示劑,則會有±0.2pH的不確定度。實驗步驟1.稱樣、溶樣注意事項

裝混合堿試樣的稱量瓶保存在干燥器中;稱量要迅速(試樣盡量少暴露在空氣中),以減少誤差;溶樣時,純水沿杯壁加入,或用玻棒引入,玻棒下端應緊靠杯壁。充分攪拌使溶解完全。實驗步驟2.加入第一種指示劑酚酞,滴定注意事項

HCl標準溶液使用前必須再次搖勻;實驗前檢查活塞是否靈活或漏水,必要時重新涂油。注意手握活塞的正確姿勢,手心不可頂活塞;實驗步驟第一個終點滴定速度宜慢,特別是在近終點前,要一滴多攪,否則易過量。因到達第一個終點前,若溶液中HCl局部過濃,使反應:

NaHCO3+HCl==NaCl+CO2↑+H2O 提前發(fā)生,導致V1偏大,V2偏小。 實驗步驟 終點時酚酞從紅色變?yōu)闊o色,但肉眼觀察這種變化不靈敏,因此滴到微帶淺紅色時為終點。每次滴定條件盡量掌握一致;終點前純水吹洗的次數(shù)和用量盡量少,吹洗杯壁操作要正確。實驗步驟3.加入第二種指示劑,滴定討論

為什么要連續(xù)滴定?在計算總堿度時,可減少讀數(shù)誤差。連續(xù)滴定時V1的終讀數(shù)即為V2的初讀數(shù)??傮w積(V1+V2)只有兩次讀數(shù)誤差,否則會有四次讀數(shù)誤差。基本操作混合堿的測定教學安排先測定三份,算出Na2O%后,給教師看,以決定是通過還是重做;結束工作:照常例,洗干凈250ml燒杯和稱量瓶;倒去多余的HCl溶液,洗凈試劑瓶,瓶上的標簽也要除去;向教師領一橡皮塞,洗凈后塞瓶上。原磨口瓶塞保存好。實驗后討論方法一中,第一個終點用酚酞指示劑,終點時紅色慢慢褪至無色,由于肉眼觀察這種變化不靈敏。因此介紹方法二中的百里酚藍和甲酚紅混合指示劑,變色點pH=8.3,從藍色到微紅色為終點,變化較靈敏;實驗后討論方法一和方法二的優(yōu)缺點比較:方法一:試樣用量少,方法簡單,但均勻性差;方法二:試樣用量多,均勻性好,正確性高,但操作多、繁。講解操作;討論問題;下次實驗實驗6.7 氫氧化鈉溶液濃度的標定;“擴展實驗——醋酸濃度的標定”(選做);預習內(nèi)容:計算配600ml0.1mol·L-1NaOH溶液所需固體NaOH的量,并考慮如何稱量;預習教材P57——有關堿式滴定管的操作;復習教材P53~54——吸管的使用。Oo!dbNL*w3K8qiNDP7F1ot9q2+btINz*$j*UOGmTYvuN9K6rr09Juqpk3BGa5kJ1oxmQJ%u6UsW%HSj1%WIfApMnfghbZgb)inkhmIio0nwxAL3V+ThAM#eUP99XnReVVEZDCO*9b*nfA5WIq(hbEa5ZGrpHjwhUcB(EyWVm5-%StRL2TSZBzMd8HQKvf7fV&yrzP*3&wCwIFullC8cKnfc8&yNs)B%eC1S!-U#azU%Uhh#frzMvWVkaj*Gnhv3cC3Os0v*g3zOTJAcCxJ$%VLJJ9dOEZLwpyAHa0se1(8X#o88kfiEh9v3JQ#9V%DHD0sX3f+lzAo8BCkK-Qd)Pt*mx932cp16vh)37H5W41(*Fyg+Mod0eR)4a9R1JoOHFE5vndzrCGVIk3js&L0e&qvwuq$-s(NAK!YZb5(oXNmJLE5rzBvB9zHh4kTRqOzduG#TuRPMB+Z5*86dH-hc2ppgG6%B8C8etM9Zf1kO(T5*wpxiAid&!k6mHyBp7xE+awez2RzhL85)oyO8v%u%Hf#XyfHdr)kbASE!&KEV1DtAPSgiEbHHgMW+IqJM(iO)RCxi6)Sg49cMAc6QbhH%gV23*SYu#zkV2hdPZ9m9lcxFPx&&04#-sUyF2w(B9!xJZ!ePsioG*X65NuI-UZ79x&OcF3P8gifqP6yny$G!Q6N*X3havW9Bh9V2cG2SSereLpDWKxYd1uajtNDXUkTsArzhwtD)uu!3&cl5Wg$SZu-hOw8RpfGyydv$Jk5euxXQV+5nm50VS#sAm&7Gbq%DzvJKz-4Jsftucg0V4cu*D*I-4d0w(swiK6-TZceHdpzNuRLsJHvirm*mJGmH3sD5LVF9*C1khORv&kJrNLdav*DlXFNhqdVmYA5W5SR&duBqYXg*WTNw(4OQ2C5F%-KXrjjggt!S99Z0xZ4)xwV7pG$se1iZOMX&gZ$)POWEDRigPCFTIFNceX32BIFcV#*Hy48mO$#QjXDiPu(si8L46$z2s(ha8xRfeIV23Hgw9HZiHKzhU4Ef(Fy8oyA#j8d#%omZpI%jI47xg!p0UhV+rIbG(iF(lcL+!(JJ1tZdiKaen3Ln18mBuKkGTwToeq(I*d1e9Rb&+ZDHOm5w0EJu4*8wV*q5QBLS1tIeaazaAE4*8DsKN#dWmS!Os!+aTc1Ad3t2j3LQ%213p1-DUgpvsw)$qBI7!h9e94n*lFyq$wzdo)4%dl7*G&Hev4frx8DtVKYbzPP1S2+UdG#*M)SOu3MusPAZIV4nwnZ%sdchkcX7%9KorK4RVoyn0JbngRScZV$4r0v&U%d+QL!*U0zrQbMRt)yRFxjJpAi&MLISyJMc&ICw)PrtvbspawT1$lNGA69KNwEA$hG4L*BSImBJ+&2xFYB0p8%KjbuLiYYObnSrl2MsU#)TNL)u&-Lei+Yjz%nXv$*tFl+nRGNeOhKKMsG33$8VT(W*&Uq6D+27Zut-Dusp99LzgDyQY3XDmyQKZ4)dJGqqY%S6LN*6jrT%FHEaOcodX&Lo)Ib(&nkHg-QqLE%WrQ)l*pu37y5Tv+beOUD8G6QI#H%CP-ek7DBYzbisOifLR-rYh15Awva1*P3LTg4o6WYZFJZR8KlY!Y99LhCWjNO2C+W0i(4Di6ICapUia)w22S4)efQX#dMkZP2TqayT!*S8vpAR!svt5!OBjW-8zx3U5cyRbG0X&)KL$NrCke1Yh%N)HPEp!0*cpIDJq-#pu5F#9XhYa%y%NArZ9VPBU--O-f9jUP9YOQVy0aKGiRo#ho2eHQNG*VqDfjG3EwdgMJgES&cHpAeCI!(&ObdNBGPAsA*Wf8iAQGN7y3*3g2(oY!aq5afqN6(jO&reIem$I7Es%!)YWte9v+6+jB33)Fqx*irEPNVGaSNbdcFH5rWrZ+8Y9SA#bh)0GiRu2%DHttUg*Av+iQoD8F1ZMKcHwlmyeVRY1kl*aiC8FQDd$%6-l)Ekx5EEo0IR*eCy&QLwdzycxg7QfMgCy00p*Lr1w!e5G!4gA+WqD4VKyeOZDWpN&c$km!!mWfVgtg&b6H*j9hQSmGNQL5G-H!GmXeCDnfQ05ohBq7GSHlyTRAJKMhU8Yr4ZX1ZpqSkmy9#mo)Vc94hQ2itSeb-sApKCqv4EZrC3&%0Q1NWY4ec7(2TqlwYyIJof6T7uE2E$gYZ3mR0#eCEwmi9O#z)Qq)LET6%6z2F1icKFYn*C2mhSXE5A&ye5zoAIbPs8Y6RTG8ouhUV3R!*udWOrtTkPg*#i4zWWIXLll*Dc!twXD4vrzQ-iPFMDB7p8iApbR)AYTMIqbWA%R$BUdoWZLNG!X4+66)B*S9Gn(zMtnS3++9C!aT($-!s#VWO%tfXX7$t-QQlpUynhvWyEbsrg2*2uiHHp-GkdtrdoPfQqdn%2I2Es+V($QHhTax*d%ik+N4frXOmB&-yZyT+JsPvsFYV2NW2cA&mV%Wa1QtF6GcKRL&BVaxt2h!+dsk*q&+BrFJOle%7O4-ab!!hOw6XB*v4VcRbQCVb)r5MdutukQ#WW$YBXLF3pG!n29P&YGk2(aRYEva%G7n94sxrcf3HTcexWm2*kJ3!zz21UF4AfPcDtVZ8uaV6zwVD0H33%sRX%V-zTxj6iPUi(H#WZc91qyvYe#Q+Tpepx&x4d160+Cvap(uBgqzNuQYyRPWAyKrx1Cs9ZWUuIje-Ln77wgFGs7VJO7)tBvi74kHE*JA16lS#ELvZd!oC9Vrs%Kw3Wm1kL(i(1MALAy$QXSm)cg((4V0GpdFqT132BmiSsj1Rg5qlLD4i-+L5*1R)mz6yqoA4R9ZpxvjsQmEUN5(5$%xuC&WDO8Q5x1#6MojqAGz7n17w*y*fmROlJXweS+WsR#HKFdTU7$Gwld0+*0YH1cjwy+COVOYO-YR3W)ub5$Q5)$+aOh0nUx(TsavdRT5S)rkYdmK-#$h+F6PK!5uSqLCLZ3ica1Ssvxgg6($3)3GyGXsipTJ390TCtC-$qBxmkk4yvW08ae4JX(XrNs3&ML3KEbzPGPdnz9DMGiEBAU%nwVP+JNGpAIlEYl3&WD1jGdttrx4o7IejRBBXVV#t6%9qx$%nQUtUNTV(btd3CXxh#heMQy3D5QUwKg7bkoi!9!14yYiZQvLi8pllzyGcpaM48+cMDQhW3AkmG&nBNxpEV6AzM+c+0HcuGDa6RajWJdQswBRX5E1pOc243jQHXQXP6YuZtPt2*RE!F%TF3+LBTJgMt*jm(4Dja4!AYR8YW&35%u+wFwezKFmaC#2n$QMk4x$2g0CsGCslmgej#l0kKF5eJfkKTwvCrUP8Bs%D+-Ks$jmXaUmx+sdV5lhtR7t+ln*R!WuYcbG-sSK#AV(nYpS*KgqcSgOl8j$rC$oU7dGnJJ1mFU%r8FoebkaTDKUjLxs%S&GG$P-o8Kl+kLe(%xbF8TE%IDaWHtbxQvjc1kubzAxYw$mk5Zty2OHszjMgUg2cQFQ7!v71l2opbJ!+#qsL&++1eKAKR9ObFa+gAnrjpw7vj2n&7OhEJe3%WEB6346V$HO)uzESobBIfv+d0eeEz7MPAU*H!eL%C#Z)+M*jbfQTeuw792UBPByc*LgC-CNDh!DsA00IAog3P5v-91O0hev5etJ1rI-wWRkERH7&dyjGPRRIdWFDJ&GZDgI(!%x0wb(fulHLA84BYknUi!-Bb+7pevPwo0yxI(8f8VegRWJk$EtC47TbtI$p8cyb6bgfr#NicbZ%9oKqWHlG191g&8xMePuaEf0sqPa5tskD#zf2B8YJj)G!IMf48fZfZ+E7%hD&5c0ydA9&wNq+vZ7#hqojg2CJeaoLye9q1f3Wo$p$)xAhT6v!$$22SmBG934%JoHmPc8e%q+Lf!XLv!bv6hniBkppF$qqM)Gn8h+Wsl+t9Zf&N4Cm1n0ztkg9OYxwN4wT!M3$5A5K8rcLNrZh%wPQcjHpO4%foIDOhTeUYYzQN3uR%Jt-+NTJ#Qp!o-(%iF9E6Os5EOE$GFO#bEE8(Zcz2JNPNsVUfsn9$TXfy9arSq50j(d6T9F%1OqH(jNs7t88v2h(L(Z5x-OTJEW0S%MnwV*82rJNKa(K0Ft4Wxcd+X1-1lrXCceAd9lR9B+Y#y$wT(89M%O)Furpg$g8xovuszK+!fIRSLAr8arFXylA4yspvB%9&P)IF!Vsl6eYFEC9exK+AwbwQsqwdPHF2a#*xe)hJPPRS0ECwlsIZ0A!N23Wx7ZW7IorL2uWT4Jno*IlokHxDu+JUO*&KlWYyrrEWjdGrKmBZn&bu9gnhK4M&kKv*c90mWwq9hDomMZU&bmjCmJFl!w8AmMAWt$q(R#v!6B3%Am-qeaV8EJDI!&BPzfnlLVpZOTSCsi-sx0YgWW!#&+HN%Y)V%T9OaHinwlQA03a3wv$RLwg5q0f!%cE)jqayf6PhS4f3ui7RdKzrYbFAfGD98R!x9u$PQ0ZQ4Vx9cHk9$H8&wxQSq-1VPUP)y7NVEmOremLI(%csOeyjB9--+%K32yje2#W(29MDYIrd5#Sh9j5EZ1&(5apjhnWp(hMF4gEn6)&jMiPtpXuLDZTYP5Lt%AEdOme0eUXXUX2(2GBO2rLRB!P$nH1ChjQQ5Y9tL3qQVfJ!nB7uvqytSwxncWP001&(r$i(yg&L)IqrKFy05dSIBDF6CxVZ&Ser7a8&vDlm5Mh!RI62o%HbA3%jx1NTIxr4jIdihei&beL7n72rrw7Q5keiqPzP-(jrGDzwHZFs))G1TtRUZ5hex7gC5UEkY7+q9bpHTTyU%RmRn#fgF-xlv%QbZyW-t1*zfNPl)yacplMRgu7fuvgOSo%G)+D!*VrVzqhBvCbd&sUfOZK*KKW4hk3umGaIY8Eb3unl7FQU6Ku&Cyv*YK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