操作系統(tǒng)原理緒論英文課件

PrinciplesofOperatingSystem

操作系統(tǒng)原理AboutThisCourse課程基本情況課程類別：學(xué)科專業(yè)課必修課學(xué)時學(xué)分：總學(xué)時64學(xué)時實驗8學(xué)時4學(xué)分先修課程：數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)、程序設(shè)計語言課程內(nèi)容主要講授操作系統(tǒng)基本原理，即教材第1章至第13章成績評定方法期末考試成績占70%，平時成績占30%平時成績包括：作業(yè)、實驗、課堂、考勤Textbook&ReferencesAbrahamSilberschatz．AppliedOperatingSystemConcepts．HigherEducationPress,2001,5湯子瀛．計算機操作系統(tǒng)．西安：西北電子科技大學(xué)出版社,1999,5胡志剛．計算機操作系統(tǒng)．長沙：中南大學(xué)出版社,2005,8張堯?qū)W．計算機操作系統(tǒng)教程（第二版）．北京：清華大學(xué)出版社,2000,8Overview(1-3)Mainlyexplain:Whatoperatingsystemsare?Howoperatingsystemsaredesignedandconstructed?Whatthecommonfeaturesofanoperatingsystemsare?Processmanagement(4-8)Mainlyintroducemethodsfor:ProcessschedulingInterprocesscommunicationProcesssynchronizationDeadlockhandlingDiscussionofthreadsStoragemanagement(9-13)Mainlydealwith:MemorymanagementVirtualmemoryI/OsystemsMass-storagestructureChapter1:IntroductionWhatisanOperatingSystem?HistoryofOperatingSystemsTheOperatingSystemZooWhatisanOperatingSystem?Therearealotofdefinitions.Doyouknow?DefinitionfromWikipediaAnoperatingsystem(OS)isaninterfacebetweenhardwareandapplications;itisresponsibleforthemanagementandcoordinationofactivitiesandthesharingofthelimitedresourcesofthecomputer.WhatisanOperatingSystem?aprogramthatactsasanintermediarybetweenauserofacomputerandthecomputerhardware.Operatingsystempurpose:Provideanenvironmentinwhichausercanexecuteprograms.Operatingsystemgoals:Makethecomputersystemconvenienttouse(Convenience).

Usethecomputerhardwareinanefficientmanner(Efficiency).DefinitionsofanOperatingSystemResourceallocator

–managesandallocatesresources.管理和分配資源Controlprogram–controlstheexecutionofuserprogramsandoperationsofI/Odevices.控制用戶程序運行和I/O設(shè)備的操作Kernel–theoneprogramrunningatalltimes(allelsebeingapplicationprograms).全時運行的一個程序OurTraditionalDefinitionAsetofprogramsthatcontrolandmanagecomputerhardwareandsoftware,andorganizecomputer'sworkflowsoastomakethecomputersystemconvenientforuserstousereasonablyandefficiently.控制和管理計算機軟硬件資源，合理組織計算機工作流程，方便用戶合理使用計算機的程序的集合。AbstractViewofSystemComponents

Virtualmachine

裸機在每增加一層軟件后，就成為一個功能更強的機器，通常將這個“新的功能更強的機器”稱為“虛擬機”Chapter1:IntroductionWhatisanOperatingSystem?

HistoryofOperatingSystems

TheOperatingSystemZooHistoryofOperatingSystemsFirstgeneration1945–1955vacuumtubes,plugboards(noOS)Secondgeneration1955–1965transistors,batchsystemsThirdgeneration1965–1980ICs,multiprogrammingFourthgeneration1980–presentpersonalcomputers,hand-helddevices,sensorsENIAC

(ElectronicNumericalIntegratorAndComputer)Itcontained17,468vacuumtubes,weighed30shorttons(27t),andtookup680squarefeet(63m2),andconsumed150kWofpower.InputwaspossiblefromanIBMcardreader,andanIBMcardpunchwasusedforoutput.Noprogramminglanguage,letaloneOSPunchedCardAFamousRemark!

"Ithinkthereisaworldmarketformaybefivecomputers."--ThomasWatson,chairmanofIBM,1943EarlyBatchSystembringcardsto1401readcardstotapeputtapeon7094whichdoescomputingputtapeon1401whichprintsoutputBatchSystemsHireanoperator設(shè)置一個操作員User1operatorReducesetuptimebybatchingsimilarjobs

批量處理同類作業(yè)減少了設(shè)置時間OS’smaintask:Automaticjobsequencing–automaticallytransferscontrolfromonejobtoanother.Residentmonitorinitialcontrolinmonitor初始化管理程序controltransferstojob轉(zhuǎn)換控制到作業(yè)whenjobcompletescontroltransfersbacktomonitor作業(yè)=程序+數(shù)據(jù)+處理步驟ControlCards(Cont.)Specialcardsthattelltheresidentmonitorwhichprogramstorun$JOB

$FTN

$RUN

$DATA

$ENDSpecialcharactersdistinguishcontrolcardsfromdataorprogramcards

特定的字符把數(shù)據(jù)卡片和程序卡片區(qū)分開來StructureofatypicalFortranMonitoringSystemjob$JOBcardspecifies:themaxruntimeinminutesTheaccountnumbertobechargedTheprogrammersname$FORTRANcard:tellstheoperatingSystemtoloadFortrancompiler$RUNmeansruntheprogramwithThefollowingdata$ENDendofjob

AFamousRemark!"Ihavetravelledthelengthandbreadthofthiscountry,andtalkedwiththebestpeople,andIcanassureyouthatdataprocessingisafadthatwon'tlastouttheyear."--TheeditorinchargeofbusinessbooksforPrenticeHall,1957

Thirdgeneration1965–1980IntegratedCircuitsandmultiprogrammingIBM’sSystem/360mainframecomputerwithastandardarchitecturedesignedtohandlebothscientificandcommercialcomputingThirdgeneration1965–1980Prerequisite:interrupt,ChannelI/OchannelI/Oisagenerictermthatreferstoahigh-performanceinput/output(I/O)architecturethatisimplementedinvariousformsonanumberofcomputerarchitectures,especiallyonmainframecomputers.Inthepasttheyweregenerallyimplementedwithacustomprocessor,knownalternatelyasperipheralprocessor,I/Oprocessor(IOP),I/Ocontroller,orDMAcontroller.AchannelprogramisasequenceofI/Oinstructionsexecutedbytheinput/outputchannelprocessorintheIBMSystem/360andsubsequentarchitectures.OS:Multiprogramming/timesharing,spoolingSpooling-usediskasaverylargebufferforinput/outputdevicesOsesDevelopedMULTICS(fatherofallmodernOSes)UNIX(SystemV,BSD)POSIX(byIEEE)MINIX(byTanenbaum)Linux(originatedbyLinusTorvalds,inspiredbyMINIX)MultiprogrammedBatchSystemsSeveraljobsarekeptinmainmemoryatthesametime,andtheCPUismultiplexedamongthem.MultiprogrammingincreasesCPUultilizationbyorganizingjobssuchthatCPUalwayshasonetoexecute.作業(yè)狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換示意圖后備狀態(tài)提交狀態(tài)CPUP1P2P3運行I/O作業(yè)調(diào)度進程調(diào)度完成狀態(tài)外存盤交換區(qū)外存就緒外存阻塞中級調(diào)度OSFeatures

NeededforMultiprogrammingI/Oroutinesuppliedbythesystem.Memorymanagement–thesystemmustallocatethememorytoseveraljobs.CPUscheduling–thesystemmustchooseamongseveraljobsreadytorun.Allocationofdevices.

JobMonitorI/OJobAJobBSchedulingTypeI/ODiskI/OSimple/Multiprogramming

BatchSystem(1)ImproveCPUutilization7%--100%(intheory)(2)ImprovememoryandI/Odevicesutilization(3)IncreasesystemthroughputAdvantagesofMultiprogrammingCharacteristicsofMultiprogrammedBatchSystems:多道性、無序性、調(diào)度性（兩級）Question兩個/兩個以上的作業(yè)同時入主存處于宏觀運行狀態(tài)共享所有系統(tǒng)資源Canyoutellmetheconceptof“Multiprogramming”?AFamousRemark!"Thereisnoreasonanyonewouldwantacomputerintheirhome."--KenOlson,president,chairmanandfounderofDigitalEquipmentCorp.,1977TourthGeneration1980–PresentpersonalcomputersweredevelopedafterLSI(LargeScaleIntegration)circuitswereinvented.FirstMicrocomputer:Intel8080CPU+attached8-inchfloppydiskFirstdiskbasedOS:CP/M(ControlProgramforMicrocomputers)Programminglanguages:C/C++,Java,……OS:DOS,Windows,MacOS,Linux……AFamousRemark!"Wedon'tseeWindowsasalong-termgraphicalinterfaceforthemasses."--ALotusSoftwareDevelopmentofficial,whiledemonstratinganewDOSversion,1989HistoryofOperatingSystems?BillGatessuggestedIBMthattheyshouldlookatCP/M(byGaryKildall)Thebiggestmistakeofall:Kindallrefusedtosignanon-disclosureagreementIBMwentbacktoBillGatesandsignedacontractwithhimtowriteanOSfortheirnewhomecomputerMS-DOSwasbasedonQDOS,the"QuickandDirtyOperatingSystem"writtenbyTimPatersonofSeattleComputerProductsQDOSwasbasedonGaryKildall'sCP/MMicrosoftboughttherightstoQDOSfor$50,000HistoryofOperatingSystemsòEarlyMS-DOSwasveryprimitivebutlaterversionsincludedadvancedfeaturestakenfromUNIXTheearlyOSformicrocomputerswerebasedonuserstypingincommandsfromthekeyboardDouglasEngelbartfromSRIinventedtheGraphicalUserInterface(GUI)withwindows,icons,menus,andmouse.HistoryofOperatingSystemsóSteveJobssawthevalueofGUIinaPCanddevelopedtheApplecomputerwithGUI(AppleMacintosh)inhisgarage.Heisalsotheco-founderofPixarwhichhascreatedverysuccessfulanimatedfilms:ToyStory;ABug'sLife;ToyStory2;FindingNemo;Monsters.HistoryofOperatingSystems?MicrosoftdevelopedaGUI-basedsystemcalledWindowswhichoriginallyranontopofMS-DOSWindows95and98wererealGUIbasedoperatingsystemsstillbasedon16bitIntelassemblylanguageWindowsNTfamilyWindows2000,WindowsMeWindowsXPWindowsVistaWindowsNeptune:aversionofMicrosoftWindowsthatwasdotoarriveatthesametimeaswindows2000,butwasneverreleased.Chapter1:IntroductionWhatisanOperatingSystem?

HistoryofOperatingSystemsTheOperatingSystemZooTheOperatingSystemZooMainframeoperatingsystemsRoom-sizecomputersHighI/OcapacityOffers:Batchprocessing(nointeraction,suchaslargereports)Transactionprocessing(largenumberofsmallrequests)Timesharing(multipleuserssittinginfrontofclients)TheOperatingSystemZooServeroperatingsystemsOfferserviceslikeprint,file,orwebUNIX,Windows2000,LinuxMultiprocessoroperatingsystemsParallelcomputingPersonalcomputeroperatingsystemsSingleuserwithagoodGUI,suchasWindows98,Windows2000,MacintoshOS,LinuxTheOperatingSystemZooReal-timeoperatingsystemsE.g.industrialprocesscontrolsystemswhereeachjobmustbecompletedinthespecifiedtime.Hardreal-time(nuclearreactorcontrolsystems)orsoft-realtimesystems(e.gmultimediasystems)dependingontheacceptanceofmissingdeadlinesEmbeddedoperatingsystemsReal-timesystemswithsomeresourceconstraintslikememory,CPU,power.SmartcardoperatingsystemsExtremelyprimitiveOSrunningoncreditcard-sizeddeviceswithaCPU.CPUMemJob1Job2JobnUser1User2UsernTime-SharingSystemsTime-SharingSystems(Cont.)TheCPUismultiplexed多路amongseveraljobsthatarekeptinmemoryandondisk(theCPUisallocatedtoajobonlyifthejobisinmemory).Ajobissinandoutofmemorytothedisk.On-linecommunicationbetweentheuserandthesystemisprovided;whentheoperatingsystemfinishestheexecutionofonecommand,itseeksthenext“controlstatement”notfromacardreader,butratherfromtheuser’skeyboard.On-linesystemmustbeavailableforuserstoaccessdataandcode.Time-SharingSystems(Cont.)主機終端Real-TimeSystemsOftenusedasacontroldeviceinadedicatedapplicationsuchascontrollingscientificexperiments,medicalimagingsystems,industrialcontrolsystems,andsomedisplaysystems.Well-definedfixed-timeconstraints.

嚴格的時間限制Real-TimeSystems(Cont.)Real-TimeSystems(Cont.)Real-TimeSystems(Cont.)Real-TimeSystems(Cont.)Hardreal-timesystem

硬實時系統(tǒng)Secondarystoragelimitedorabsent,datastoredinshort-termmemory,orread-onlymemory(ROM)Conflictswithtime-sharingsystems,notsupportedbygeneral-purposeoperatingsystems.Softreal-timesystem軟實時系統(tǒng)LimitedutilityinindustrialcontrolorroboticsUsefulinapplications(multimedia,virtualreality)requiringadvancedoperating-systemfeatures.Personal-ComputerSystemsPersonalcomputers

–computersystemdedicatedtoasingleuser.I/Odevices

–keyboards,mice,displayscreens,smallprinters.Userconvenienceandresponsiveness.Canadopttechnologydevelopedforlargeroperatingsystem,oftenindividualshavesoleuseofcomputeranddonotneedadvancedCPUutilizationofprotectionfeatures.

可采用大型操作系統(tǒng)研發(fā)的技術(shù)，個人獨占計算機不需要高級CPU使用的保護技術(shù)MigrationofOperating-SystemConceptsandFeaturesParallelSystemsMultiprocessorsystemswithmorethanoneCPUinclosecommunication.Tightlycoupledsystem緊耦合系統(tǒng)

–processorssharememoryandaclock;communicationusuallytakesplacethroughthesharedmemory.Advantagesofparallelsystem:Increasedthroughput吞吐量EconomicalIncreasedreliabilitygracefuldegradation故障時性能降低不大fail-softsystems軟失效系統(tǒng)ParallelSystems(Cont.)Sym