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--LoveAltruism/助人為Altruismisselfishnessinreverse.Itisatraditionalvirtueinmanyculturesandacoreaspectofvariousreligioustraditionsandsecularworldviews,thoughtheconceptof“others”towardwhomconcernshouldbedirectedcanvaryamongculturesandreligions.Analtruisticisconcernedandhelpfulevenwhennobenefitsareofferedorexpectedinreturn.Jesus’parableoftheGoodSamaritanprovidestheclassicillustration.Maketheworlda Whydowehelp?Whenwillwehelp?Whowillhelp?Howcanweincrease WhydoWhydoweSocial-exchangeThetheorythathuman ctionsaretransactionsaim izeone’srewardsandminimizeone’s X1:
X2:ObjectX4:ServiceK:EmotionalY= InternalRewards:Problem-Idon’twanttobetrappedaroundtheGuiltanditshandmaiden,shame,canparalyzeus––orcatalyzeusintoaction.Appropriateguiltcanfunctionassocialglue,spurringonetomakereparationsforwrongs.Distressisanaversivestateinwhicha isunabletocompleyadapttostressorsandtheirresultingstressandshowsmaladaptivebehaviors.He(she)coulddieandyouwouldlosehim,neverbeabletotalktohimagain.Orworse,hecoulddieslowly.Youwouldknoweveryminutecouldbeyourlasttimetogether.Formonthsyouwouldhavetobecheerfulforhimwhileyouweresad.Youwouldhavetowatchhimdieinpieces,untilthelastpiecefinallywent,andyouwouldbealone.你知道每一分鐘都有可能是在一起的最后時(shí)光。幾個(gè)月里,盡管你非常難過(guò),但為片,你將孤單一人。Hespendshistimelyinginbed,waitingthoseinterminablehours,justwaitingandhoforsomethingtohappen.Anything.Helsyouthatit’snotknowingthatisthehardest.他躺在病打發(fā)時(shí)光,捱過(guò)那些沒(méi)有盡頭的時(shí)日,等待著、希冀著發(fā)生什么事情。任EXCEPTIONSTOTHEFEEL-BAD/DO-GOODthefeel-bad/do-goodeffectoccurswithpeoplewhoseattentionisonothers,peopleforwhomaltruismisthereforerewarding.Iftheyarenotself-preoccupiedbydepressionorgrief,sadpeoplearesensitive,helpfulFEELGOOD,DOAttheoffice,IcouldhardlykeepfromshoutingouthowdeliriouslyhappyIfelt.Theworkwaseasy;thingsthathadannoyedmeonpreviousoccasionsweretakeninstride.AndIhadstrongimpulsestohelpothers;Iwantedtosharemyjoy.WhenMary’stypewriterbrokedown,Ivirtuallysprangtomyfeettoassist.Mary!Myformer“enemy”.SocialReciprocitynorm:anexpectationthatpeoplewillhelp,hurt,thosewhohavehelpedSocialCapital:ThemutualsupportandenabledbyasocialAndwhenyouhavenothingtoreciprocate,youSocial-responsibilitynorm:anexpectationthatpeoplewillthoseneedingRule1:Suitablebackgroundculture.Rule2:Theydeservethehelp.EvolutionaryKinselection:Ifyoucarrymygenes,I’llfavorDirectreciprocity:Wescratcheachother’sIndirectreciprocity:I’llscratchyourback,yousomeone’s,andsomeonewillscratchGroupselection:Back-scratchinggroupsA明天的考試多了三十頁(yè)要背的書(shū),BC非洲某 了六百萬(wàn)BSo…GenuineWhenwillWhenwillweLatanéandDarleysurmisedthatasthenumberofbystandersincreases,anygivenbystanderislesslikelytonotice ,lesslikelytointerprettheasaproblemoranemergency,andlesslikelytoassumeresponsibilityfortakingaction.BystanderThefindingthat islesslikelyprovidehelpwhenthereareother WhenSomeoneElseWhowillWhowillalityFormanyyears,socialpsychologistswereunablediscovera alitytraitthat withanythingclosetothepredictivepowersituational,guilt,andmoodWhenfacedwithpotentiallydangeroussituationsinwhichstrangersneedhelp(suchaswithaflattireorafallinasubway),menmoreoftenhelp.Eagly(2009)alsoreportsthatamongrecipientsoftheCarnegiemedalforheroisminsavinghumanlife,91percenthavebeenmen.Insafersituations,suchasvolunteeringtohelpwithanexperimentorspendtimewithchildrenwithdevelopmentaldisabilities,womenareslightlymorelikelytohelp.eacheachcompassionHowtoincrease Onewaytopromotealtruismistoreversethosefactorsthatinhibitit.Giventhathurried,preoccupiedpeoplearelesslikelytohelp,canwethinkofwaystoslowpeopledownandturntheirattentionoutward?ReduceAmbiguity,Increase shouldincreaseifwecanpromptpeopleto andtoassumealizedhofeelguiltyelf-Door-in-the-faceAstrategyforgainingaconcession.Aftersomeonefirstturnsdownalargerequest(thedoor-in-theface),thesamerequestercounterofferswithamorereasonablerequest.SocializingMo
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