2017-2021北京重點區(qū)高三（上）期中英語匯編：社會文化類閱讀

27/272017-2021北京重點區(qū)高三（上）期中英語匯編社會文化類閱讀一．閱讀理解（共14小題）1．（2021北京?朝陽高三期中）Makingpredictionsgetsinthewayofthebrain'sabilitytorememberthepresentmoment，newresearchsuggests.Thehippocampus，abrainstructureusuallyassociatedwithrememberingevents，alsousesexperiencestomakeforecasts（neuroscientistscallthis"statisticallearning"）.ButscientistswritingintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesUSAhavenowdemonstratedthatthelatterfunctioncaninfluencetheformer.Researchersshowedparticipantsaseriesofphotographsonascreenwithouttellingthemthatsomeimagecategoriesalwaysfollowedothers：mountainsalwayscameimmediatelyafterbeaches，forexample.Theywereintendedtosubconsciouslylearntheseassociationsandbegintoexpectthesepairings.Later，theparticipantswereshownthesamephotosagain，mixedinwithnewexamples，andwereaskediftheyhadspottedanyofthembefore.Theyaccuratelyrecalledseeingrandomimagesatamuchbetterratethanthepredictiveones（likethebeachpictures）.Thescientistsrepeatedthisprocesswhilescanningparticipants'brainswithfMRI（功能性核磁共振）.Eachimagecategorycausedadistinctneural（神經(jīng)的）activitypattern，andthepatternsforpredictablecategorieswereseeninthehippocampuswhenthecorrespondingpredictivecategorywasdisplayed.Moreover，thiseffect'sstrengthinfMRIcorrespondedinverselywithparticipants'memorytaskscores."Themoreevidenceforpredictionwesaw，theworsetheirmemorywasforthosepredictiveitems，"suchasaparticularbeachscene，saysstudyleadauthorandYaleUniversitycognitive（認(rèn)知）neuroscientistBrynnSherman.Thissuggeststhatpredictiveimagescausedthehippocampustoshifttowardprediction﹣andawayfromencoding（編碼）anewmemory.Thestudyisamongthefirsttodemonstratehowmakingpredictionsaffectshumanmemory.Scientistspreviouslysuspectedthatthehippocampushadaroleinstatisticallearningbutdidnotknowhowitinteractswithmemoryformation."Thispaperisareallynicedemonstrationofthebalancewherethehippocampusisdoingboththesethings，"saysUniversityofVirginiacognitiveneuroscientistNicoleLong.Theteamsaysthiscompromiseoccursbecauserememberingandpredictingbothusesomeofthesamebiologicalpathways.Inthepaper，theauthorscompareitwithusingone'srightfoottooperateboththebrake（剎車）andgaspedals（油門）inacar…butnotbothatthesametime."Thissystemcouldpreventmemoryredundancies（冗余）andthusconservebrainpower，"Shermansays."Westillneedfurtherresearch，"Longsays."Forinstance，howmuchrepetitionisneededbeforethehippocampusshiftsfromrecordingtopredictingandwhetheritispossibletotrainthestructuretoimprovebothmodesatthesametime."（1）Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat.A.predictiveimagesstimulatedmemoryformationB.thehippocampushasnothingtodowithpredictingC.researchersrevealedhowtobalancepredictingandrememberingD.theparticipantsrememberedrandomimagesmorequicklyandaccurately（2）Whatdoestheunderlinedword"inversely"inParagraph3probablymean？A.Inanoppositeway.B.Exactly.C.Inthesamedirection.D.Closely.（3）Whydoestheauthormentionthebrakeandgaspedals？A.Topresentanaccuratepictureofhowtodriveacar.B.Toillustratethatpredictinginteractswithremembering.C.Tostressthedifficultiesofoperatingthematthesametime.D.Toshowtheimportanceofusingthesamebiologicalpathways.（4）Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage？A.TheRoleoftheHippocampuswithinMemoryB.PredictingaSituationBenefitsMemoryFormationC.ForecastorRemember：TheBrainMustChooseOneD.ForecastandRemember：TheBrainCanDoBothattheSameTime2．（2018北京?朝陽高三期中）ATeenageInventorTheworldcouldbeonestepclosertoquickandinexpensiveEboladetectionthankstoateenagerfromConnecticut．OliviaHallisey，ajunioratGreenwichHighSchool，wasawarded＄50，000intheGoogleScienceFairforhernewmethodthatdetectsEbola，avirusthatcausesbleedingfromdifferentpartsofthebodyandusuallycausesdeath．Olivia'smethodistoaskpatientstoputtheirsaliva（唾液）ontoatestingcard．ThecardchangescolorifthepersoniscatchingEbloa．PresentEbloateststakeupto12hoursandcost＄1，000．Olivia'smethod，however，canbedonejustin30minutesforabout＄25．Besides，thesample（樣本）doesn'thavetobeputinarefrigeratorthankstothesilkmaterialOliviausestoproducethetestingcards．Oliviawasinspiredtodealwiththisglobalproblemafterwatchingthenewsthatmorethan10，000peoplediedfromEbolainWestAfrica．Shewasparticularlyworriedaboutthefactthat，whiletheactsofinvolvementcanimprovesurvivalrates，presentdetectionmethodsarecostly，time﹣consumingandrequirecomplextools．Oliviagothelpfromherscienceresearchteacher．Shedrewoutdirectionsfrompastresearch，andfiguredoutdetectionsystemsthathaveproventoworkwithotherdiseases，includingLymediseaseandyellowfever．"Whataffectsonecountryaffectseveryone，"OliviatoldCNBC．"Wehavetoworktogethertofindanswerstothehugechallengeswhichcauseharmtotheglobalhealth．"TheConnecticut'steen，whohopestobecomeadoctoroneday，wasnamedtheGoogleScienceFairwinnerinthecompetitionof20competitorsfromacrosstheglobe．Thefairisopentoyoungpeoplebetweentheagesof13and18inmostcountries．Oliviahopeshersuccesswillinspireothergirlsinterestedinscienceandcomputers．"Iwouldjustencouragegirlstotryitinthebeginning，andremindthemthattheydon'thavetofeelnaturallydrawnorfeelliketheyhaveaspecialtalentformathsorscience，"shetoldCNBC，"butjustreallylookatsomethingtheyareinterestedinandthenthinkhowtoimprovesomethingormakeitmoreenjoyableorrelateittotheirinterests．"（1）Accordingtothepassage，presentEboladetectionmethods．A．mustusealargeamountofsamplesB．maydetectotherdeadlyvirusesaswellC．haveproventobeineffectiveinpracticeD．requiresamplestobekeptinrefrigerators（2）WhatcanwelearnaboutOlivia'smethod？A．Time﹣consuming．B．Cheap．C．Complex．D．Out﹣of﹣date．（3）Whatdoestheunderlinedword"drawn"inParagraph5probablymean？A．Attracted．B．Controlled．C．Admitted．D．Exposed．（4）TheGoogleScienceFairisintendedfor．A．studentsB．doctorsC．inventorsD．scientists3．（2018北京?朝陽高三期中）Palacesareknownfortheirbeautyandsplendor，buttheyofferlittleprotectionagainstattacks．Itiseasytodefendalargebuilding，butusuallythesebuildingsarenotdesignedwiththecomfortofakinginmind．Whenitcomestostructuresthatarebothbeautifulanddefensive，theEuropeancastleisabigsuccess．CastleswereoriginallybuiltinEnglandbytheNormansin1066．Theybuilttowersandwallstosecurethelandtheyhadtaken．ThesecastlesprovidedtheNormanswithaquietandsafeplace．Theyalsoservedasbasesofoperationforattacks．Inthiswaycastlesservedbothdefensiveandoffensiveroles．Besides，castlesservedasofficesforgovernors．Thosethatweresociallybeneaththegovernorwouldcometoreportaffairsandexpresstheirrespect．Theywouldaddressproblems，handlebusiness，feast，andenjoyfestivitiesincastles．Socastlesservedassocialcentersaswell．Thefirstcastlesweremadefromearthandwood，andtheywerelikelytosufferfromattacksbyfire．Thenwoodencastlesweregraduallyreplacedbystone，whichgreatlyincreasedthestrengthofthesetowersandwalls．However，attackerscouldthrowflamingobjectsintocastlesthroughthewindowsorburnthewoodendoors．Thisledtomovingthewindowsandentrancesoffofthegroundflooranduptothefirstfloortomakethemmoredifficulttoaccess．DuringtheMiddleAges，attacksincreasedinregularity，socastledefenseswereupdated．Arrow﹣slitswereadded．Theyweresmallholesinthecastle，whichalloweddefenderstofirewithoutbeinghurt．Towerswerebuiltfromwhichdefenderscouldprovidefireonbothsides．Thetowerswereconnectedtothecastlebywoodenbridges，sothatifonetowerfell，therestofthecastlewasstilleasytodefend．Alotofringsofcastlewallswereconstructed，sothatevenifattackerswentpastonewall，theywouldbecaughtonakillinggroundbetweeninnerandouterwalls．Alloftheseincreasedthedefenseofcastles．Theendofcastlescanbeattributedtogunpowder．Duringthe15thcentury，artillery，akindoflargeguns，becamepowerfulenoughtobreakthroughstonewalls．Thisgreatlymadetheroleofcastleslesseffective．Thoughcastlesnolongerservetheiroriginalpurposes，remainingcastlesreceivemillionsofvisitorseachyearwhowishtoexperiencethesituationsofancienttimes．（1）Whatwastheoriginalfunctionofcastlesaccordingtothepassage？A．Theyservedastouristattractions．B．Theywereimportantsocialcenters．C．Theymarkedreligiousceremonies．D．Theywerebuiltforuseinemergencies．（2）Thereasonwhywoodencastleswerereplacedbystonecastleswasthat．A．stonecastlescostlessmoneyB．stonecastlesofferedbetterdefenseC．woodencastleswereuncomfortableD．woodencastlestookalongtimetobuild（3）Whichofthefollowingshowedanimprovementincastledefenses？A．Castlesweretotallyseparatedbystones．B．Arrow﹣slitsweremadeinlargequantities．C．Ringsofwallswerebuilttodefendthetowers．D．Windowsandentrancesweremovedtothehigherfloor．（4）Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage？A．FancyLiving：LearningaboutCastlesB．Normans：BringingCastlestoEnglandC．AHistoryofCastles：TheRiseandFallofCastlesD．DefendingCastles：TechnologiesUsedtoDefendCastles4．（2020北京?海淀高三期中）Wearefortunatetoliveinacitythatencouragesbicyclingasameansoftransportation.Ourlocalgovernmenthaspromotedbicyclingbyimprovingbikelanesandincreasingthenumberofthem.Thegrowingnumberofcyclists，however，bringsthisquestiontomind：shouldbicyclistsberequiredtosharetheresponsibilitiesoftheroad？Automobiledrivershavetotakecompetencytests，followestablishedregulations，andacceptpunishmentforbreakingrules.Thecityrequestsdriverstoregisterandlicensetheirvehiclestoensureaccountability（責(zé)任）.Bicyclistswhousepublicroadwaysshouldbeheldaccountable，too.Let'slookatwhatsharingtheroadmeans.Foronething，itshouldinvolvecostsharing.Autoregistrationandlicensefeesareused，inpart，forbuildingandmaintainingroadways.Itseemsonlyreasonabletoaskbicycliststocontributetotransportationfundingaswell.Moreimportantly，sharingtheroadincludesaccountability.Whendriversignoretherulesoftheroad，thepoliceandothermotoristshavetheopportunitytoidentifythembytheirlicenseplatenumberandreporttheiroffenses（違法行為）.Thisisn'ttrueforbicyclists.I'veseenbicyclistsmovingquicklybetweenlanes.Becausetheyshownoidentification，theyfeelprotectedbyanonymity（匿名）.Whatgoodwoulditdotoreporttothepolice"Isawaguyonaredbikeblowthroughthestoplight"？Thesimpleactofmakingbicyclistsidentifiablewouldencouragesafer，moreresponsibleriding.Ofcourse，I'veheardargumentsagainstaskingcycliststoregisterandlicensetheirbikes.Somepeoplemightsay，"Littlekidsridebikes.Wouldyourequireasix﹣year﹣oldridertotakeatestandpayafee？"Obviously，thecitycoulddetermineanagewhencyclingwouldbeconsidereda"meansoftransportationonpublicroads."Otherpeoplearguethatbicyclefeesareunfairbecausebikesdon'tdamagetheroadwaysascarsdo.Bicycleregistrationfeescouldbecomparativelymodest，andthemethodfordisplayingalicensenumbercouldbesimple.ManyU.S.citiesandtownsnowimplementbikeregistrationandlicensing.Astatute（法規(guī)）fromone.Californiatownstatesthatthelawsregulatingbicycleshaveadualpurpose，antitheftandsafety.I'meagertoseemorebicyclistsontheroad，andI'mhopingforriderswhotaketheirresponsibilitiesseriously.（1）Toadvocateresponsiblecycling，theauthorsuggests.A.increasingthenumberofbikelanesB.givingcompetencyteststoallcyclistsC.identifyingcycliststhroughregistrationD.reportingcyclingoffensesmorefrequently（2）Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingParagraph4？A.Toexplainhowbicycleregistrationandlicensingwork.B.Toprovidesolutionstoreduceirresponsiblecyclingofkids.C.Torespondtopeople'sdoubtsaboutholdingcyclistsaccountable.D.Toargueagainstrequiringcycliststoregisterandlicensetheirbicycles.（3）Whatargumentativemethodsareusedinthisarticle？①Usingexamples②Quotingprofessionals③Comparingandcontrasting④Appealingtoreaders'emotionsA.①②B.②④C.③④D.①③（4）Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage？A.Shouldweencouragemorecyclinginthecity？B.Shouldcyclistsregisterandlicensetheirbikes？C.Whatdoes"sharingtheroad"meantocyclists？D.Howcanroadsafetybeguaranteedforcyclists？5．（2019北京?海淀高三期中）Ifyoulookacrosstheentirelifespan，whatyouseeisanaverageincreaseindesirablepersonalitytraits（特點）．Psychologistscallthisthe"maturityprinciple"andit'scomfortingtoknowthat，assumingyourpersonalityfollowsatypicalcourse，thentheolderyouget，thematureryouwillbecome．However，it'snotsuchgoodnewsforyoungadolescents，becauseatthispoint，somethingknownasthe"disruptionhypothesis"kicksin．ConsiderastudyofDutchteenagerswhocompletedpersonalitytestseachyearforsixorsevenyearsfrom2005．Theboysshowedatemporarydipinconscientiousness﹣orderlinessandself﹣discilplineinearlyadolescence，andthegirlsshowedatemporaryincreaseinneuroticism﹣emotionalinstability．Thisseemstobackupsomeofthestereotypeswehaveofmessyteenbedroomsandmoodswings．Thankfully，thisdeclineinpersonalityisshort﹣lived，withtheDutchdatashowingthattheteenagers'previouspositivetraitsrebound（反彈）inlateradolescence．Bothparentsandtheirteenagechildrenagreethatchangesoccur，butsurprisingly，theperceivedchangecandependonwhoismeasuring，accordingtoa2017studyofover2，700Germanteenagers．Theyratedtheirownpersonalitiestwice，atage11andage14，andtheirparentsalsoratedtheirpersonalitiesatthesetimes．Somedifferencesemerged：forinstance，whiletheteenagersratedthemselvesasdeclininginagreeability，theirparentssawthisdeclineasmuchshaper．Also，theteenssawthemselvesasincreasinglyextroverted（外向的），buttheirparentssawthemasincreasinglyintroverted．Thismismatchcanperhapsbeexplainedbythebigchangesunderwayintheparent﹣childrelationshipbroughtonbyteenagers'growingdesireforautonomyandprivacy．Theresearcherspointoutthatparentsandteensmightalsobeusingdifferentreferencepoints﹣parentsaremeasuringtheirteenagers'traitsagainstatypicaladult，whiletheteenagersarecomparingtheirowntraitsagainstthosedisplayedbytheirpeers．Thisisinlinewithseveralfurtherstudies，whichalsorevealapatternofatemporaryreductioninadvantageoustraitsinearlyadolescence．Thegeneralpictureoftheteenageyearsasatemporarypersonality"disruption"thereforeseemsaccurate．Infact，we'reonlyjustbeginningtounderstandthecomplexmixofgeneticandenvironmentalfactorsthatcontributetoindividualpatternsofpersonalitychange．Studiesalsooffersomecluesforhowwemightcreatemorenurturingenvironmentsforteenagerstoaidtheirpersonalitydevelopment．Thisisanapproachworthpurshingfurthergiventhatteenagepersonalitytraitsarepredictiveofexperiencesinlaterlife．Forinstance，oneBritishstudyofover4，000teenagersshowedthatthosewhoscoreslowerinconscientiousnessweretwiceaslikelytobeunemployedlaterinlife，incomparisonwiththosewhoscoredhigher．Peoplefocussomuchonteachingteenagersfactsandgettingthemtopassexams，butperhapstheyoughttopayatleastasmuchattentiontohelpingnurturetheirpersonalities．（1）Whichofthefollowingcanbeanexampleof"disruptionhypothesis"？A．Akindergartenkidcriesoveratoy．B．Aboyinhighschoolcleanshisownroom．C．Ateenagegirlfeelssadforunknownreason．D．Acollegegraduatefeelsstressedoutbywork．（2）AccordingtothestudyofGermanteenagers．A．parentgivetheirteenstoomuchautomonyandprivacyB．teensaremoreoptimisticabouttheirpersonalitychangesC．teensandparentshavethesamepersonalityratingstandardD．parentsandteenscanlateragreeonteens'personalitydecline（3）Wecaninferfromthelastthreeparagraphsthat．A．teensshouldpaylessattentiontotheirscoresinexamsB．developingteens'personalityhasalong﹣termeffectintheirlifeC．people'ssuccessinlaterlifedependsonteenagepersonalitytraitsD．environmentalfactorsoutweighgeneticonesforpersonalitychange（4）Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardspresentteenagerpersonalityeducation？A．Dissatisfied．B．Approving．C．Neutral．D．Cautious．6．（2018北京?東城高三期中）TheBasicsofMath﹣MadeClearBasicMathintroducesstudentstothebasicconceptsofmathematics，aswellasthefundamentalsofmoretrickyareas．These30fantasticlecturesaredesignedtoprovidestudentswithanunderstandingofarithmeticandtopreparethemforAlgebra（代數(shù)）andbeyond．ThelessonsinBasicMathcovereverybasicaspectofarithmetic．Theyalsolookintoexponents（指數(shù)），theorderofoperations，andsquareroots．Inadditiontolearninghowtoperformvariousmathematicaloperations，studentsdiscoverwhytheseoperationswork，howaparticularmathematicaltopicrelatestootherbranchesofmathematics，andhowtheseoperationscanbeusedpractically．BasicMathstartsfromtherelativelyeasierconceptsandgraduallymovesontothemoretroublesomeones，soastoallowforsteadyandsureunderstandingofthematerialbystudents．Thelecturesofferstudentsthechanceto"makesense"ofmathematicalknowledgethatmayhaveseemedsofrightening．Theyalsohelpstudentsprepareforcollegemathematicsandovercometheiranxietyaboutthisamazing﹣andcompletelyunderstandable﹣fieldofstudy．Bytheconclusionofthecourse，studentswillhaveimprovedtheirunderstandingofbasicmath．Theywillbeabletoclearawaythemystery（神秘性）ofmathematicsandfacetheirstudieswithmoreconfidencethantheyeverimagined．Inaddition，theywillstrengthentheirabilitytoacceptnewandexcitingmathematicalchallenges．ProfessorH．Siegel，honoredbyKentuckyEducationalTelevisionas"thebestmathteacherinAmerica，"isadevotedteacherandhasagiftforexplainingmathematicalconceptsinwaysthatmakethemseemclearandobvious．Fromthebasicconcreteideastothemoreabstractproblems，heismasterinmakingmathlectureslearner﹣friendlierandlessscary．WithaPhDinMathematicsEducationfromGeorgiaStateUniversity，Dr．SiegelteachesmathematicsatCentralArizonaCollege．Hiscoursesincludevariousmake﹣upclassesandanumberoflecturesforfutureprimaryschoolteachers．Ifthecoursefailstoprovidecompletesatisfactiontoyou，youcaneasilyexchangeitforanyothercoursethatweoffer．Oryoucangetyourmoneyback．（1）WhatdoesthecourseBasicMathmainlycover？A．Algebra．B．CollegeMathematics．C．Arithmetic．D．MathematicsEducation．（2）WhatbenefitscanstudentsexpectfromBasicMath？A．Strongerimaginativeability．B．Additionalpresentationskills．C．Moremathematicalconfidence．D．Greaterchancesofbecomingteachers．（3）WhatcanwelearnaboutProfessorH．Siegel？A．HeisaguestlectureratKentuckyEducationalTelevision．B．Heistodeliver30lecturesinBasicMath．C．HeworksinGeorgiaStateUniversity．D．Hespecializesintrainingteachers．（4）Whereisthepassagemostlikelytohavebeentakenfrom？A．Anewsreport．B．AbookreviewC．Alessonplan．D．Anadvertisement7．（2018北京?東城高三期中）PeanutstoThisProudlyreadingmywords，Iglancedaroundtheroom，onlytofindmyclassmatesbearingbigsmilesontheirfacesandtearsintheireyes．Confused，Iglancedtowardmystone﹣facedteacher．Havingnochoice，IslowlyraisedthereportIhadslavedover，hopingtohidemyself．"Whatcouldbecausingeveryonetoactthisway？"Quickly，IflashedbacktothedayMissLancelotgavemethetask．ThiswasthefirstrealtalkIreceivedinmynewschool．Itseemedsimple：goontheInternetandfindinformationaboutamannamedGeorgeWashington．Sincemyideaofhistorycamefromanancientteacherinmyhomecountry，Ihadneverheardofthatnamebefore．AsIsearchedthenameofthisfellow，itbecameevidentthatthereweretwopeoplebearingthesamenamewholookedcompletelydifferent!Oneinventedhundredsofusesforpeanuts，whiletheotherledsomesortofarmyacrossAmerica．Istaredatthescreen，wonderingwhichonemyteachermeant．Icalledmygrandfatherforagoldenpieceofadvice；flip（擲）acoin．Heads﹣thecommander，andtails﹣thepeanutsguy．Ah!Tails，myreportwouldbeaboutthegreatmanwhoinventedpeanutbutter，GeorgeWashingtonCarver．Weekslater，standingbeforethisunfriendlymass，Iwastotallylost．Ohwell，Iloweredthepaperandsatdownatmydesk，burningtofindoutwhatIhaddonewrong．Asaclassmatebeganhisreport，itallbecameclear，"MyreportisonGeorgeWashington，themanwhostartedtheAmericanRevolution．"Thewholeworldbecamequite!HowcouldIknowthatshemeantthatGeorgeWashington？Obviously，mygradewasawful．Heartbrokenbutfearless，Idecidedtoturnthisaround．ItalkedtoMissLancelot，butsheinsisted：Nore﹣dos；nonewgrade．Ifeltthatthepunishmentwasnotjustified，andIbelievedIdeservedasecondchance．Consequently，Ithrewmyselfheartilyintomyworkfortherestoftheschoolyear．Tenmonthslater，thatchanceunfoldedasIfoundmyselfsittingintheheadmaster'sofficewithmygrandfather，nowhavinganentirelydifferentconversation．Ismiledandflashedbacktotheembarrassingmomentatthebeginningoftheyearastheheadmasterinformedmeofmyoptiontoskipthesixthgrade．Justiceissweet!（1）Whatdidtheauthor'sclassmatesthinkabouthisreport？A．Controversial．B．Ridiculous．C．Boring．D．Puzzling．（2）Whywastheauthorconfusedaboutthetask？A．HewasunfamiliarwithAmericanhistory．B．Hefollowedtheadviceandflippedacoin．C．Heforgothisteacher'sinstruction．D．Hewasnewattheschool．（3）heunderlinedword"burning"inPara．3probablymeans．A．a(chǎn)nnoyedB．a(chǎn)shamedC．readyD．eager（4）Intheend，theauthorturnedthingsaround．A．byredoinghistaskB．throughhisowneffortsC．withthehelpofhisgrandfatherD．undertheguidanceofhisheadmaster8．（2018北京?東城高三期中）Decision﹣makingunderStressAnewreviewbasedonaresearchshowsthatacutestressaffectsthewaythebrainconsiderstheadvantagesanddisadvantages，causingittofocusonpleasureandignorethepossiblenegative（負(fù)面的）consequencesofadecision．Theresearchsuggeststhatstressmaychangethewaypeoplemakechoicesinpredictableways．"Stressaffectshowpeoplelearn，"saysProfessorMaraMather．"Peoplelearnbetteraboutpositivethannegativeoutcomesunderstress．"Forexample，tworecentstudieslookedathowpeoplelearnedtoconnectimages（影像）witheitherrewardsorpunishments．Inoneexperiment，someoftheparticipantswerefirststressedbyhavingtogiveaspeechanddodifficultmathproblemsinfrontofanaudience；intheother，somewerestressedbyhavingtokeeptheirhandsinicewater．Inbothcases，thestressedparticipantsrememberedtherewardedmaterialmoreaccuratelyandthepunishedmateriallessaccuratelythanthosewhohadn'tgonethroughthestress．Thisphenomenonislikelynotsurprisingtoanyonewhohastriedtoresisteatingcookiesorsmokingacigarettewhileunderstress﹣atthosemoments，onlythepleasureassociatedwithsuchactivitiescomestomind．Butthefindingsfurthersuggestthatstressmaybringaboutadoubleeffect．Notonlyarerewardingexperiencesrememberedbetter，butnegativeconsequencesarealsoeasilyrecalled．Theresearchalsofoundthatstressappearstoaffectdecision﹣makingdifferentlyinmenandwomen．Whilebothmenandwomentendtofocusonrewardsandlessonconsequencesunderstress，theirresponsestoriskturnouttobedifferent．Menwhohadbeenstressedbythecold﹣watertasktendedtotakemorerisksintheexperimentwhilewomenrespondedintheoppositeway．Instressfulsituationsinwhichrisk﹣takingcanpayoffbig，menmaytendtodobetter，whencautionweighsmore，however，womenwillwin．Thistendencytoslowdownandbecomemorecautiouswhendecisionsareriskymightalsohelpexplainwhywomenarelesslikelytobecomeaddictedthanmen：theymaymoreoftenavoidmakingtheriskychoicesthateventuallyhardenintoaddiction．（1）Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatpeopleunderpressuretendto．A．keeprewardsbetterintheirmemoryB．recallconsequencesmoreeffortlesslyC．makeriskydecisionsmorefrequentlyD．learnasubjectmoreeffectively（2）Accordingtotheresearch，stressaffectspeoplemostprobablyintheir．A．waysofmakingchoicesB．preferenceforpleasureC．toleranceofpunishmentsD．responsestosuggestions（3）Theresearchhasprovedthatinastressfulsituation，．A．womenfinditeasiertofallintocertainhabitsB．menhaveagreatertendencytoslowdownC．womenfocusmoreonoutcomesD．menaremorelikelytotakerisks9．（2018北京?東城高三期中）Wilderness"Inwilderness（荒野）isthepreservationoftheworld．"Thisisafamoussayingfromawriterregardedasoneofthefathersofenvironmentalism．Thefrequencywithwhichitisborrowedmirrorsaheateddebateonenvironmentalprotection：whethertoplacewildernessattheheartofwhatistobepreserved．AsJohnSauvenofGreenpeaceUKpointsout，thereisastrongappealinimagesofthewild，theuntouched；morethananythingelse，theyspeakofthenaturethatmanypeoplevaluemostdearly．Theurgetoleavethesubjectofsuchimagesuntouchedisstrong，andthedangerexploitation（開發(fā)）bringstosuchlandscapes（景觀）isreal．Someofthesewildernessesalsoperformfunctionsthathumansneed﹣therainforests，forexample，storecarboninvastquantities．ToMr．Sauven，these"ecosystemservices"faroutweighthegainsfromexploitation．LeeLane，avisitingfellowattheHudsonInstitute，takestheopposingview．Heacknowledgesthatwildernessesdoprovideusefulservices，suchaswaterconservation．Butthatisnot，heargues，areasontoavoidallhumanpresence，orindeedcommercialandindustrialexploitation．ThereareevermorepeopleontheEarth，andtheyreasonablyandrightfullywanttohavebetterlives，ratherthanmerely