英國(guó)文學(xué)史-名詞解釋

英國(guó)文學(xué)史-名詞解釋名詞解釋Romance:alongcomposition,inverseinprose,describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero,especiallyfortheknight.ThemostpopularthemeemployedwasthelegendofKingArthurandtheroundtableknight.Renaissance:arevivalorrebirthoftheartisticandscientificrevivalwhichoriginatedinItalyinthe14thcenturyandgraduallyspreadalloverEurope.Ithastwofeatures:athirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliteratureandkeeninterestinactivitiesofhumanity.Sonnet:14-linelyricpoem,usuallyinrhymediambicpentameter.Enlightenment:arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,logic,order,restrainedemotionandaccuracy.Neoclassicism:theEnlightenmentaboutarevivalofinterestinGreekandRomanworks.ThistendencyisknownasNeoclassicism.Romanticism:imagination,emotionfreedomarecertainlythefocalpointsromanticism.Theparticularcharacteristicsoftheliteratureofromanticisminclude:subjectivityandanemphasisonindividualism;freedomfromsolitaryliferatherthenlifeinsociety;thebeliefsthatimaginationissuperiortoreason;andloveofandworshipofnature.ByronicHeroes:avariantoftheRomanticheroesasatypeofcharacter(enthusiasm,persistence,pursuingfreedom),namedafterEnglishRomanticPoetGordonByron.Realism: seeks to portray characters,situations,andsettingsinarealisticmanner. This is done primarily by using anobjectivenarrativepointofviewandthroughthebuildupofaccuratedetail.Aestheticism: anartmovementsupportingtheemphasisofaestheticvaluesmoresocio-politicalthemesforliterature,fineart,musicandotherarts.Stream-of-Consciousness:itisaliterarytechniquethatpresentsthethoughtsandfeelingsofacharacterastheyoccurwithoutanyclarificationbytheauthor.Itisanarrativemode.11．Epic: alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.一、TheAnglo-Saxonperiod(449-1066)1、這個(gè)時(shí)期的文學(xué)作品分類：pagan(異教徒)Christian(基督徒)2TheSongofBeowulfnationalepic)3、Alliteration押頭韻（寫作手法）ofmanwasthemildestandbeloved,Tohiskinthekindest,keenestforpraise.二、TheAnglo-Normanperiod(1066-1350)Canto詩(shī)章1、romance傳奇文學(xué)2SirGawainandtheGreenKnight(高文爵士和綠衣騎士)是一首押頭韻的長(zhǎng)詩(shī)三、GeoffreyChaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里時(shí)期1、thefatherofEnglishpoetry英國(guó)詩(shī)歌之父2、heroiccouplet英雄雙韻體：averseunitconsistingoftworhymed(押韻linesinpentameter(五步抑揚(yáng)格)3CanterburyTales英國(guó)文學(xué)史的開端)pilgrimsarepeoplefrompartsofEngland,representativesofvariouswalksoflifeandsocialgroups.朝圣者都是來(lái)自英國(guó)的各地的人,代表著社會(huì)的各個(gè)不同階層和社會(huì)團(tuán)體ofthenarratorstellshistaleapeculiarmanner,thusrevealinghisownviewsandcharacter.這些敘述者以自己特色的方式講述自己的故格。小說(shuō)觀點(diǎn)：hebelievesintherightofmantoearthlyhappiness.Heisanxioustoseemanfreedfrom迷信andablindinfate(盲目地相信命運(yùn)).他希望人們能從迷信和對(duì)命運(yùn)的盲從中解脫出來(lái)。4、PopularBalladsastoryholdin4-linestanzaswithsecondandfourthlinerhymed(筆記)Balladsareanonymousnarrativesongsthathavebeenpreservedbyoral書上歌謠是匿名敘事歌曲,一直保存著口頭傳播的BishopThomasPercy斯帕希主教代表作：RobinHoodandAllin-a-Dale羅賓漢和阿林代爾四、TheRenaissance(16世紀(jì))文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期（GreekanddramaThetermRenaissanceoriginallyindicatedarevivalofclassical(GreekandRoman)artsandsciences.文藝復(fù)興最初是指經(jīng)典藝術(shù)和科學(xué)在英國(guó)的復(fù)興。TheepochofRenaissancewitnessedaparticulardevelopmentofEnglishdrama文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的英國(guó)戲劇也得到了迅速的發(fā)展。1、keywork:humanism人文主義：admirehumanbeautyandhumanachievement2、代表人物：1)、ThomasMore托馬斯莫Utopia烏托邦2)、FrancisBacon弗朗西斯.培根第一個(gè)散文家(essayist) 3)、ThomasWyatt托馬斯sonnet(十四行詩(shī))formofpoetryintricatelyrhymed(間隔押韻)in14linesiambicpentameter4)、EdmundSpenser埃德蒙poet’spoet(詩(shī)人中的詩(shī)人TheFairy《仙后》(epicpoem史詩(shī)5)、ChristopherMarlowe克里斯托弗馬洛blankverse(步抑揚(yáng)格)是十六世紀(jì)英國(guó)戲劇的主要表現(xiàn)形6)WilliamShakespeare威廉姆.莎士比亞dramaHamlet哈姆雷特Othello奧賽羅)，KingLear(李爾王Tragedyof克白)theperiodofRevolutionandRestoration(17世紀(jì))資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命與王權(quán)復(fù)辟prose散文1、文學(xué)特點(diǎn)：thePuritans(清教徒believedinsimplicityof、disapprovedofthesonnetsandthelovepoetry、breakingupofoldideals.清教徒崇尚儉樸的生活、拒絕十四行詩(shī)和愛情詩(shī)、與舊思想脫離。2、代表人物：JohnDonne約翰多恩“(玄學(xué)派詩(shī)人)的代表人物sonnetDeathbenot》筆記2)JohnMilton約翰agreatpoet（poem詩(shī)歌blankverse）《DefensefortheEnglish《ParadiseLostSatanisnota撒旦不是壞人《ParadiseRegained)JohnBunyan約翰agreatprosewriter“giveustheonlygreat寓言)”Pilgrim’sprose散文六TheAgeofEnlightenment(18世紀(jì))啟蒙動(dòng) prose散文1、EmphasizedformalityorcorrectnessoftowriteproselikeAddison,orverselikePope.散文，和蒲柏一樣創(chuàng)作詩(shī)歌。TheEnlightenmentwasanexpressionstruggleofthethenprogressiveclassofbourgeoisieagainstfeudalism.啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)實(shí)際上是當(dāng)時(shí)先進(jìn)的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)同落后的封建主義斗爭(zhēng)的一種形式。Theenlightenersrepudiatethefalsereligiousdoctrinesabouttheviciousnessofhumanandprovethatmanisbornkindandhonest,andifhebecomesdepraved,itisonlyduetoinfluenceofcorruptedsocialenvironment.啟蒙主義者顛覆了宗教所宣揚(yáng)的人類本惡的觀天腐敗的社會(huì)環(huán)境所致。Contrarytoallreasoning,socialinjusticestillheldstrong,foundthepowerofreasontobeinsufficient,andthereforeappealedtosentimentasameansofachievinghappinessandsocialjustice.無(wú)論怎樣講究理性，社會(huì)不平等現(xiàn)象仍然普遍存求作為一種謀求幸福和社會(huì)公平的手段。2、18thcentury文學(xué)的三個(gè)方面：Classicism(古典主義)、revivalofromanticpoetry(新興的浪漫主義詩(shī)歌)、beginningsofmodernnovel(剛啟萌的現(xiàn)代派小說(shuō))、代表人物：1)、DanielDefoe丹尼爾.realisticnovel現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)NoveRobinsonCrusoeJonathan森威爾德《MollFlanders》摩.弗蘭德斯2)HenryFielding亨利.菲爾丁fatherofmodernfiction(現(xiàn)代小說(shuō)之父) 《Joseph》約瑟夫.安德魯斯受到了理查森的《帕美勒》的啟發(fā)3)、JonathanSwift喬納森.斯威夫特《Gulliver’snovel反諷作品特點(diǎn)：novisiblesignofanger,norraisingthevoice;thetoneiscold,restrained,ironic,variedonlybysomeflashesoffoolingwhenSwift’ssenseoftheridiculourgetsthebetterhim.努不動(dòng)顏，罵不揚(yáng)聲，語(yǔ)調(diào)冷酷，鋒芒暗藏，諷態(tài)?！禔Modest4)SamuelRichardson塞繆爾.理查森《Pamela》帕美勒Themethodofpsychologicalanalysis心理分析的方法Intheformofletters書信體小說(shuō)5)RichardB.Sheridan理查德謝爾丹《Schoolfor》造謠學(xué)校，喜劇comedy 6)、OliverGoldsmith’s奧利佛哥爾德斯密斯散文作家essayist《TheVicarof威克菲爾德的牧師小說(shuō)novel《SheStoopsto》委曲求全，歡樂(lè)喜劇rollickingcomedy《TheDeserted荒村詩(shī)歌poems、Sentimentalism感傷主義nobelief沒有信仰Therepresentativesofsentimentalismcontinuedtostruggleagainstfeudalismbuttheyvaguelysensedatthesametimethecontradictionsofbourgeoisprogressthatbroughtwithitenslavementandruintothepeople. 感傷主義的代表人物在繼續(xù)反對(duì)封建主義的同時(shí)又模糊的感覺到資本主義進(jìn)程中出現(xiàn)的種種矛盾感覺到資本主義制度對(duì)人性的奴役和破壞。代表人物：ThomasGray托馬斯.格雷《Elegy,WritteninaCountryChurchyard》墓園挽歌七、theRomanticPeriod(1798-1832)浪漫主義散文prose、前浪漫主義代表人物：WilliamBlake威廉布萊克詩(shī)人poetRobertBurns伯特.彭斯蘇格蘭詩(shī)人poet Pre-RomanticismwasgreatlyinfluencedbytheIndustrialRevolutionandtheFrenchRevolution2Educational：liberty,equalityandfraternity3beginningwiththepublicationofWilliam《Lyrical》4、lakepoets(湖畔詩(shī)人)：ColeridgeSoutheyWordsworth 51)、WilliamWordsworth威廉.華茲華斯poet-laureate冠詩(shī)人)《The》序曲自傳性詩(shī)歌Autobiographicalpoetry WithS.T.coleridge,theyjointlypublishedthe“LyricalBallad.與s.t.coleridge一起,聯(lián)合發(fā)表了“抒情民謠”andpurityofthelanguage,fightingagainsttheconventionalformsof18thcenturypoetry簡(jiǎn)單而純潔的語(yǔ)言,反傳統(tǒng)形式的18世紀(jì)詩(shī)歌、LordByron拜倫《ChildeHaroldPilgrimage》查爾德?cantos詩(shī)章DonJuanpoemsatiricmasterpieceHoursofIdlenesspoemthefirstvolumeofpoem首3)、PercyByssheShelley雪萊《Prometheus》解放的普羅米修斯drama戲劇《OdetotheWest》西風(fēng)頌poem 詩(shī)4)JohnKeats濟(jì)慈poet詩(shī)人《TheEveofSt.圣阿格良斯之夜poem《OnaGreeian》希臘古甕頌poem《ToaNightingale》致夜鶯poem“Beautyistruth,truthbeauty”美學(xué)原則5)WalterScott沃特.斯科特Heisthecreatorandagreatmasterofthehistoricalnovel.他是創(chuàng)造者和歷史小說(shuō)大師6)、JaneAusten簡(jiǎn)奧斯丁女《PrideandPrejudice傲慢與偏見《SenseandSensibility理智與情感《Emma》愛瑪寫作特點(diǎn)：thelove-makingofheryoungpeople,thoughseriousandsympathetic,issubduedbyhumortotheordinaryplaneofemotiononwhichmostofuslive.Shewasthefounderofthenovelwhichdealswithunimportantmiddleclasspeople.她7)、CharlesLamb查爾斯essayist6特點(diǎn)：InthefirstofthesetwoperiodsAddisonandSteelesocializedtheessay,sotospeak;theybroughtitintoeverydaylifeandmadeitfamiliaranddelightfultothemultitude.在這兩文帶入日常生活并使其熟悉和并令人愉快。Earlyinthenineteenthcenturyitbecamemoredefinitelyameansofintimate在定CriticalRealismPeriodhumanism人文主義1、意義：ChartismsignifiedthefirstgreatpoliticalmovementoftheproletariatinEnglish階級(jí)政治運(yùn)動(dòng)。21)、CharlesDickensHard》艱難時(shí)刻《PickwickPapers》匹克威克外傳《OliverATaleofTwo》雙城記FrenchRevolution)describingthemiseryandsufferingsofcommonpeople.描述苦難和苦難的群眾。2)、CharlotteBronte夏洛特Shirley》雪利《Jane》簡(jiǎn).EmilyBronte艾米麗.勃郎特《Wuthering》呼嘯ft莊（主人公：Mr.特點(diǎn)：broughttothenovelintrospectionandanintenseconcentrationontheinnerlifeofemotionwhichbeforethemhadbeentheprovinceofpoetryalone. 3)、Mrs.Gaskell 《MaryBarton,Northand》瑪麗4)、WilliamMakepeaceThackeray《VanitythistitlewasborrowedbyThackerayfromThesProgressbyBunyan.Thackeraydrawsabroadpanoramaofsociallifeinhisnovel,ruthlesslycriticizingmoneyworship,crueltyandunscrupulousness.在他的小說(shuō)中描繪了廣闊的byandmeans.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利場(chǎng)中，完美的獲取財(cái)富和地位的手段。特novelsmainlycontainasatiricalportrayaloftheupperstrataof5)、GeorgeEliot喬治艾略特女《AdamBedenovel《Themillonthefloss《Middlemarch》Herpreoccupationwasalwayswiththeseriousconsiderationofthemoralpo