臨床醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)藥理學(xué)案例式教學(xué)案例分析題例

學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載選擇題：1.鄭某，女，23歲，患癲癇大發(fā)作3年余，某日大發(fā)作后持續(xù)處于痙攣、抽搐和昏迷狀態(tài)，醫(yī)生診斷為癲癇持續(xù)狀態(tài)，宜選用下列何藥治療（）A口服地西泮B口服硝西泮C靜注地西泮D口服阿普唑侖E口服勞拉西泮2.王某，女，42歲。因咽痛、發(fā)熱就診，檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)扁桃體腫大，體溫39℃，醫(yī)生給予青霉素注射治療，同時(shí)還應(yīng)選下列何藥（）A吲哚美辛B對(duì)乙酰氨基酚C羥基保泰松D舒林酸E酮洛芬3.張某,66歲。既往患“慢性心功能不全”。近日因嚴(yán)重頭痛、頭暈、惡心、嘔吐而入院。體檢：血壓治療（）A硝普鈉B可樂定25.0/13.3kPa，診斷為“高血壓危象”。應(yīng)首選下列何藥C哌唑嗪D硝苯地平E卡托普利4.一患慢性心功能不全的患者，因不遵遺囑將兩次的藥一次服用，并自稱是“首次劑量加倍”，結(jié)果造成強(qiáng)心苷用量過大，引起竇性心動(dòng)過緩，應(yīng)選擇哪個(gè)治療措施（）A停藥B服用利尿藥C服用氯化鉀D服用苯妥英鈉E以上均不對(duì)簡答題：1.有一位膽絞痛患者，疼痛劇烈，醫(yī)生為其開出下列止痛處方，請(qǐng)分析是否合理？為什么？處方：鹽酸嗎啡注射液10mg*1用法：一次10mg，立即肌內(nèi)注射答案：不合理。因?yàn)椋簡岱瓤杉せ畎⑵荏w，屬中樞性鎮(zhèn)痛藥，具有很強(qiáng)的用于其他藥無效的急性銳痛，但治療劑量的引起膽道平滑肌痙攣、奧狄氏括約肌收縮，膽囊內(nèi)壓升高，甚至誘發(fā)和加重膽絞痛，因此該處方不合理。（應(yīng)合用阿托品）鎮(zhèn)痛作用，可嗎啡即可學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載2.某帕金森病患者，伴有惡心、食欲不振，醫(yī)生給與下列處方是否合理？為什么？處方：左旋多巴片0.25g*100用法：一次0.5g，一日3次維生素B片10mg*306用法：一次20mg，一日3次答案：不合理。因?yàn)椋鹤笮喟涂蛇M(jìn)入中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)在多巴脫羧酶作用下生成多巴胺，治療帕金森病。但維生素B6是多巴脫羧酶的輔基，可增強(qiáng)外周脫羧酶的活性，使外周多巴胺生成增多，副作用增強(qiáng)，因此單獨(dú)用左旋多巴時(shí)，禁同服維生素B6。論述題：一、請(qǐng)用學(xué)過的藥理學(xué)知識(shí)簡要分析下例患者的用藥過程。患者，男，66歲。經(jīng)醫(yī)院確診為左肺腫瘤并肺內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移，咳嗽、胸痛劇烈，①服用痛去片（主要為解熱鎮(zhèn)痛抗炎藥復(fù)方制劑）兩天，疼痛未見緩解，②換用硫酸嗎啡控釋片（美施康定），患者疼痛緩解。后因胸痛③擅自服用硫酸嗎啡控釋片6片，出現(xiàn)惡心、嘔吐、血壓降低，嗜睡，反應(yīng)遲鈍，呼吸淺慢，雙瞳孔縮小成針尖樣，④急予呼吸興奮劑及升壓藥，20分鐘后呼吸稍好轉(zhuǎn)，仍昏迷，⑤給予納洛酮后患者神智清楚，血壓90/60mmHg，1小時(shí)后血壓110/70mmHg，呼吸22次/分，對(duì)答應(yīng)題。答案：1.患者為癌性疼痛，予解熱鎮(zhèn)痛抗炎藥:解熱鎮(zhèn)痛抗炎藥的鎮(zhèn)痛作用為抑制前列腺素合成酶—環(huán)氧酶，抑制前列腺素的合成，主要于外周發(fā)揮鎮(zhèn)痛作用，可用于輕、中度疼痛，且無成癮性，因此本例患者首先選用該類藥物鎮(zhèn)痛。2．患者為劇烈癌痛，予解熱鎮(zhèn)痛抗炎藥未見緩解，改用硫酸嗎啡：嗎啡激活阿片受體，抑制痛覺沖動(dòng)的傳導(dǎo)，為作用于中樞的鎮(zhèn)痛藥，因有成癮性，主要用于其他藥無效的急性銳痛，因此本例患者的劇烈癌痛予解熱鎮(zhèn)痛抗炎藥無效后，改用嗎啡，并緩解疼痛。（解熱鎮(zhèn)痛藥和鎮(zhèn)痛藥的鎮(zhèn)痛作用特點(diǎn)與臨床應(yīng)用有何區(qū)別？）3.患者擅自大劑量用藥，出現(xiàn)的反應(yīng)為嗎啡的急性中毒反應(yīng)，嚴(yán)重的呼吸抑制甚至可導(dǎo)致死亡，因此醫(yī)生除對(duì)癥予升壓藥外，還予呼吸興奮劑，并改善了呼吸抑制。學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載4.嗎啡的急性中毒反應(yīng)未完全好轉(zhuǎn)，予納洛酮后好轉(zhuǎn)：納洛酮為阿片受體的拮抗劑，能迅速對(duì)抗嗎啡等阿片類藥物中毒引起的呼吸抑制，血壓下降和中樞抑制等癥狀，臨床主要用于阿片類藥物中毒的搶救，因此本例予納洛酮后患者好轉(zhuǎn)。(嗎啡的主要不良反應(yīng)有哪些？急性中毒的解救措施？納洛酮為什么能解救嗎啡中毒患者？)作業(yè)：試用藥理學(xué)知識(shí)分析下例患者的用藥過程：案例：患者，男，48歲，因工作繁忙、心理壓力大而患有高血壓病多年；既往有支氣管哮喘病史。近日因勞累過度和精神抑郁而出現(xiàn)頭暈、頭痛等癥狀，伴有心悸、胸悶等，到私人診所就醫(yī)，診斷為高血壓、心動(dòng)過速（早期心衰），予氫氯噻嗪和普萘洛爾（心得安）口服。經(jīng)上述治療后，朱先生高血壓癥狀明顯好轉(zhuǎn)，但困難、臉色發(fā)紺等癥狀，到醫(yī)院就診。醫(yī)生囑其停用心得安，使用沙丁胺醇（舒喘靈）氣霧劑噴喉后，上述癥狀立即緩解。建議：在本案例上先順序標(biāo)出疾病診斷、所有藥物及相關(guān)治療，然后逐條分析。用名詞或"as+名詞(或V-ing)"作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞1.用名詞直接作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞有:name,nominate,call,choose,elect,define.例如:WeelectedJohnMonitor.WecallhimIronOx.(注意不是說這些動(dòng)詞的后面,只能用名詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語)(1)(把…看成…)regard,see,recognize(2)(把…當(dāng)成…)treat,take(3)(把…認(rèn)為是…)consider,lookup,referto,accept,acknowledge(4)(把…描述為…)describe,depict,represent另外,還有:declare,denounce,employ,use,show,organize,express等,例如:todescribesbasateacher學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載todescribesbasbeingveryclevertotreatthemashonouredgueststodenouncesbasatraitortoseesbasabasicallykindpersontoacknowledgedsbasanauthority既可用不定式,也可用動(dòng)名詞做賓語的動(dòng)詞1.用不定式和動(dòng)名詞做賓語,含義基本相同的動(dòng)詞有:begin,start,continue,cannotbear,hate,like,love,prefer,propose,regret.例如:tobeginwriting(towrite)tostartreading(toread)topreferwatching(towatch)televisiontoloveplaying(toplay)football對(duì)上述動(dòng)詞的應(yīng)用注意以下三點(diǎn):(1)在like,hate,prefer等表示情感的動(dòng)詞后面,如果表示一般傾向,多用動(dòng)名詞做賓語,如果指具體某次行動(dòng),用不定式更多。例如：Ihatespeakingbeforeabigaudience.Ilikereadingbooks.I'dliketoreadthatbook.(2)當(dāng)謂語動(dòng)詞用進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí),用不定式作賓語.例如:Iamstartingtoworkonmyessaynextweek.(3)在attempt,intend,plan等動(dòng)詞后面用不定式較普遍.例如:學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載toattempttodoitbyyouselftointendtopaythebillthismonthtoplantotakeaholidayabroad2.用不定式作賓語與用名詞做賓語,含義有差別的動(dòng)詞(1)動(dòng)詞remember,forget,regret的后面,若用不定式作賓語,不定式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在上述謂語動(dòng)詞之后,若用動(dòng)名詞做賓語,動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在上述謂語動(dòng)詞之前.例如:"remember+不定式"表示"記住要去做某一件事""remmember+動(dòng)名詞或不定式的完成形式"表示"記住過去做過的一件事".Youmustremembertowriteuswhenyougetthere.到那時(shí)記住給我們寫信.Doyourememberwritingherlastmonth?你還記得上個(gè)月給她寫信的事嗎?"forger+不定式"表示"忘記要做某件事""forger+動(dòng)名詞"表示"忘記過去做過的一件事"Don'tforgertomeethimwhenyougetthere.別忘了到了那里去會(huì)見他.Ishallneverforgetmeetinghimduringhisinspectionofourfactory.我將不會(huì)忘記,在他視察我們廠時(shí),我見到了他."regret+不定式"表示"對(duì)尚未做,或正在做的事情的遺憾""regret+動(dòng)名詞"表示"對(duì)過去做過的事情的遺憾"Weregrettotellyouthatyoucan'tstayhereanylonger.學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載我們遺憾的通知你,你不能再在這兒多呆了.Theyregrettedorderingthesebooksfromabroad.向國外訂購了這些書,他們很后悔.(2)在動(dòng)詞try,cannothelp,mean,stop,goon后,用不定式作賓語(有時(shí)是狀語),還是用動(dòng)名詞做賓語,其含義有明顯的差別.例如:"try+不定式"表示"設(shè)法去做某事""try+定名詞"表示"試一試某種方法""connothelp+不定式"表示"不能幫助做某事""cannothelp+V-ing"表示"禁不住""mean+不定式"表示"打算,想要""mean+動(dòng)名詞"表示"意味著,意思是""stop+不定式"表示"停止原來做的事,開始做另一件事""stop+動(dòng)名詞"表示"停止做某事""goon+不定式"表示"放下原來做的,改做另一件事""goon+V-ing"表示"繼續(xù)做一直在做的事"用分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞1.表示"致使"動(dòng)詞+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞,例如:tosetsbthinkingtokeepsbwartingtogettheclockgoingtostartsbcoughing這樣的動(dòng)詞還有have,leave等2.表示"感覺"動(dòng)詞+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞,例如:學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載tosmellsomethingburningtowatchsbswimmingtofindsblisteningtotherecorder這樣的動(dòng)詞還有see,hear,feel,notice,observe,lookat,listento等注意:從上述可以看出,表示"感覺"的動(dòng)詞,既可以用不帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語,又可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語,但兩者有含義上的差別.現(xiàn)在分詞作這些動(dòng)詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語,表示動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行.Iheardherplayingtheviolin.我聽到她在拉小提琴.以不帶to的不定式作這些動(dòng)詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語,表示動(dòng)作的完成,例如:Idon'tseetheballbreakthewindow.我沒有看到球砸壞玻璃.用不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語的動(dòng)詞1.表示"感覺"的動(dòng)詞see,hear,watch,notice,observe,feel等和三個(gè)表示"致使"的動(dòng)詞make,have,let后面跟不帶to的不定式作補(bǔ)語.例如:toseesb.goouttohearsbcomeintomakesblaughtohavesbexplainittoletsbgoout2.表示"致使"的其他動(dòng)詞advise,cause,allow,drive,encourage,expect,force,intend,invite,permit,tell,trust,urge,persuade,remind,teach,want,warn,get,ask,forbid,beg,require,tempt,enable,lead,學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載instruct等,以及表示"情感狀態(tài)"的動(dòng)詞love,like,prefer,hate等后面跟帶to的不定式作補(bǔ)語.例如:towantsbtoworktogetherwiththemtoexpectsbtosucceedintheexamtoadvisesbtodothattoallowmetointroducesbtogetsbtotalktotellsbnottowaitanylongertowarnsbnottodosthtoprefersbtostaytolovesbtocomeagaintohatesbtodothat3.表示"心理狀態(tài)"的動(dòng)詞think,know,believe,discover,feel(=think),imagine,judge,suppose,understand,consider,declare,find(=consider)等后面常跟tobe結(jié)構(gòu)作賓補(bǔ),上述動(dòng)詞中的consider,declare,find,prove,think后跟的tobe往往可以省略.例如:toprovesb(tobe)wrongtothinksb(tobe)agoodstudenttobelievesbtobereliabletoimaginesbtobeabovefiftytodeclaresbtobeinnocenttofindsb(tobe)dishonesttoconsidersb(tobe)foolish可帶兩個(gè)賓語的動(dòng)詞學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載一般,間接賓語指人,放在前面,直接賓語指物,放在講結(jié)賓語的后面.例如:togivesb.acameratosendsb.thebilltolendsb.abooktoawardsb.thefirstprice如果間接賓語放在直接賓語的后面,這類動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用介詞"to"或"for",如上句應(yīng)變?yōu)閠oawardthefirstpricetosb.可帶雙賓語的動(dòng)詞有:bring,buy,cost,give,tell,offer,lend,make,pass,pay,promise,read,send,refuse,show,take,write,call,cook,fetch,find,hand,prepare,refuse,return,sell,wish,throw,choose,allow,teach,accord,assign,award,catch,deny,grant,order,reach,recommend,render,reserve等.只能用動(dòng)詞做賓語的動(dòng)詞及雙語動(dòng)詞只能用動(dòng)詞做賓語的動(dòng)詞及雙語動(dòng)詞,例如:toavoidovertakingtoconsiderchangingthejobtokeepwartingforsb,toenjoyplayingfootballtodelaysendingthebookovertofinishreadingittosuggestgoingbybustogiveupsmoking學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載這樣的動(dòng)詞和雙語動(dòng)詞還有:miss,admit,avoid,acknowledge,consider,appreciate,delay,dislike,enjoy,escape,deny,fancy,favour,finish,mind,postpone,quit,recall,evade,practise,excuse,imagine,include,keep,mind,report,resent,resist,suggest,risk,resume,facilitate,detest,involve,justify,permit,prevent,putoff,cannotstand,can'thelp,giveup,objectto,putoff,feellike,lookforwardto,persistin,insiston,dependon,approveof,thinkabout,thinkof,refrainfrom注意以下兩點(diǎn):1,上述動(dòng)詞中的大多數(shù)都可根據(jù)需要,在其詞得賓語前增添獲取掉邏輯主語,例如:todenyhisbreakingtheagreementtopostponemydraftingtheplan,(2)在need,require,want后通常跟表被動(dòng)含義的動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式,或被動(dòng)不定式形式,但用動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式較為普遍,例如:Thedoorneedsoiling(tobeoiled)Theroomwantscleaning(tobecleaned),Hisletterrequiresanswering(tobeanswered)immediately,用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞及結(jié)構(gòu)1.動(dòng)詞+帶to不定式,例如:toexpecttoseetofailtopasshisdriver'stesttoagreetosmokenomorecigarrettes學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載toarrangetomeethimtoasktoseethemanagertohopetogetafewmoretopretendnottoseemetohappentomeet常見的還有以下動(dòng)詞:decide,demand,determine,attempt,claim,consent,deserve,long,plan,prepare,presume,promise,refuse,resolve,strive,wish,volunteer,intend,desire,offer,mean,learn,threaten,try,want,aim,undertake,choose,decline,seek,tend2.若干結(jié)構(gòu)+不帶to不定式,例如:Youhadbetterhavealookatthispicture.Iwouldrathernotwait.常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有:wouldrather,hadrather,wouldsooner,ratherthan,hadbetter,may(just)aswell,wouldyouplease另外,在let后跟不帶to不定式,例如:Letcomewhatmay.Lettherebenomistakeaboutthis.在help后,不定式作賓語可帶to也可不帶,例如:CanIhelp(to)carryitforyou?Ihelphim(to)mendhisbicycle.3.少數(shù)動(dòng)詞加不定式動(dòng)詞不定式一般不做介詞賓語,但下列介詞用在含否定意義的句子中,其后可跟不學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載定式（注意帶to和不帶to的情況）。(1)介詞except有兩種情況，若該介詞前有do，后跟的不定式不帶to，其他情況帶to。例如：Thechilddidnothingexceptweep.Hewilldoanythingforyouexceptlendyoumoney.下述句子中跟to不定式Heseldomcomesexcepttolookatmypictures.Thereisnothingtobedoneexcepttoreturn.(2)介詞besides,than,save(均作"除…之外"解)后常常跟不帶to的不定式,例如:Theydidnothingelsethanlaugh.Whathadshedoneforherfathersaveleavehimatthefirstopportunity?IhardlyrememberwhatIdidbesidesread.(3)當(dāng)but用作except解時(shí),可跟帶to不定式,例如:Theyhadnowayoutbuttosurrender.Shehadnochoicebuttoswallowtheletter.但是,在"donothingbut","cannotbut"和"cannothelpbut"(三者意為"不得不")短語后,跟不帶to的不定式,例如:Theycoulddonothingbutwaitforthedoctorstoarrive.Shecouldnotbutadmitthattheywerejustifiedinthis.Thatcannothelpbuthaveanimpactonhisidea.常用形容詞同介詞的搭配1.absentfrom不在,缺席學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載2.abundantin富于3.aliento與...相反4.angrywithsbat/aboutsth生氣,憤怒5.anxiousabout/for憂慮,擔(dān)心6.appropriatefor/to適當(dāng),合適7.applicableto適用于8.aptat聰明,善于9.aptto易于10.ashamedof羞愧,害臊11.approximateto近擬,接近12.awareof意識(shí)到13.availabletosbforsth可用,可供14.bareof幾乎沒有,缺乏15.boundfor開往...16.capableof能夠17.carefulof/about/with;小心,注意18.certainof/about確信,肯定19.characteristicof特有,獨(dú)特20.clearof沒有,不接觸21.cleverat善于22.closeto接近,親近23.comparableto/with可比較24.consciousof察覺到,意識(shí)到25.consequenton隨之而來26.consideratetowards體諒,體貼27.contemporarywith與...同時(shí)代28.contentwith滿足于29.contraryto違反30.counterto與...相反31.crazyabout熱衷,著迷32.criticalof挑剔,批評(píng)33.curiousabout好奇,想知道34.distinctfrom種類(風(fēng)格)不同35.doubtfulof/about懷疑36.eastof在...東面37.equalto相等,勝任38.equivalentto等于,相當(dāng)于39.essentialto/for必不可少40.expertat/in/on善于41.faithfulto忠實(shí)于42.familiartosb為...所熟悉43.familiarwithsth熟悉,通曉44.fatalto致命的45.favourableto支持,贊成學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載46.favourablefor有幫助的47.fearfulof懼怕48.fitfor適于49.foreignto非...所原有50.fondof喜歡51.freeof/from未受...;免費(fèi)52.freewith康慨,大方53.guiltyof有...罪的54.hungryfor渴望55.ignorantof不知道56.impatientatsth.不耐煩57.impatientof無法容忍58.withsbindependentof不受...支配59.impatientfor急切,渴望60.indifferentto無興趣,不關(guān)心61.indignantwithsb.憤慨62.inferiorto級(jí)別低于,不如63.innocentof無...罪,無辜64.intenton專心于65.invisibleto不可見的66.jealousof嫉妒67.keepon愛好,很喜歡68.liablefor對(duì)...有責(zé)任69.liableto易于70.loyalto忠于71.madat/withsb.生氣,憤怒72.madwith因...發(fā)狂73.nextto下一個(gè),其次74.necessaryto/for必要的75.oppositeto在對(duì)面76.opento不限制,開放的77.particularabout挑剔,講究78.parallelto與...平等,類似79.peculiarto獨(dú)特的,獨(dú)有的80.patientwith有耐心81.priorto在...之前82.popularwith受...喜愛,愛戴83.representativeof代表...的84.relativeto與...有關(guān)85.richin富于86.responsiblefor負(fù)責(zé),是...原因87.sensitiveto對(duì)...敏感88.sensibleof察覺到89.sickof厭惡,厭倦學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載90.shortof缺少91.skilledat/in善于92.similarto相似93.sufficientfor足夠的94.subjectto受制于,易于95.superiorto優(yōu)于,級(jí)別高于96.suitablefor/to適合于97.suspiciousof懷疑98.sureof/about對(duì)...有信心,確信99.typicalof是典型的,特有的100.tiredof對(duì)...不在感興趣101.vitalto對(duì)...關(guān)系重大102.uncertainof/about不確知103.madabout/on狂熱迷戀104.voidof沒有,缺乏常用名詞同介詞的搭配1.absencefrom缺席,不在2.absenceof缺乏3.accessto...的入口,通路4.acquaintancewith相識(shí),了解5.actiononsth對(duì)...的作用6.additiontosth增加7.admissionto/into進(jìn)入,入(場,學(xué),會(huì))8.admissionofsth承認(rèn)9.advancein改進(jìn),進(jìn)步10.advantageover優(yōu)于...的有利條件11.affectionfor/towards愛,喜歡12.answerto...的答案13.anxietyforsth渴望14.apologytosbforsth道歉15.appealtosbforsth懇求,呼吁16.appealfor魅力,吸引力17.appetitefor對(duì)...的欲望18.applicationofsth/tosth把...應(yīng)用于...19.approachto類似,辦法,通道20.argument贊成/反對(duì)...的理由21.arrangementfor對(duì)...的安排22.for/againstattackon對(duì)...的進(jìn)攻,評(píng)擊23.attemptat嘗試,企圖24.attentionto對(duì)...的注意25.attractionfor對(duì)...的吸引力學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載26.balancebetween...之間的平衡27.barrierto...的障礙28.beliefin對(duì)...的信仰,相信29.candidatefor候選人,人選30.checkon檢查,阻止31.claimforsth要求32.collisionwithsb/sth碰撞,沖突33.commenton/about對(duì)...的評(píng)論34.betweenAandB35.complaintof/about報(bào)怨,控告36.compromisebetween/on折中,妥協(xié)37.concentrationonsth專心,集中精力38.concentrationofsth集中,聚集39.concernabout/for/over擔(dān)心40.confidencein對(duì)...的信任,相信41.connectionbetween;關(guān)系,連接42.consenttosth同意43.with/tosthcontactwithsb/sth接觸,聯(lián)系44.contestforsth爭奪,競爭45.contradictionbetween矛盾,不一致46.contrastto/withsth對(duì)比,對(duì)照47.contributionto貢獻(xiàn),捐獻(xiàn),促成48.conversationwithsb對(duì)話49.conversionofsthintosth轉(zhuǎn)變,轉(zhuǎn)換50.creditforsth榮譽(yù),贊揚(yáng)51.damagetosth損壞52.dangertosb/sth危險(xiǎn)53.decisionon/against做/不做...的決定54.decreaseinsth...的減少55.defenceagainst防御,保衛(wèi)56.delegateto參加...的代表57.demandfor對(duì)...的需求58.departurefrom離開59.desireforsth渴望60.differencebetween...in...分歧61.disputeabout爭論,辯論62.distinctionbetween區(qū)別63.doubtabout/asto懷疑64.effecton對(duì)...的作用65.emphasison對(duì)...的強(qiáng)調(diào),注重66.encounterwith遭遇,遇到67.enthusiasmabout/for熱情68.entranceto...的入口,入場69.envyofsb嫉妒學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載70.exceptionto...的例外71.exposuretosth暴露72.fancyforsth喜愛73.faithin對(duì)...的信任,信仰74.glanceat掃視75.gratitudetosb感激76.guessatsth猜測77.hatredfor/of仇恨78.hazardto危險(xiǎn)79.hungerfor渴望80.impacton/upon對(duì)...的撞擊,巨大影響81.improvementon/in對(duì)...的改進(jìn),提高82.increaseinsth增加,增長83.independencefrom獨(dú)立,自主84.influenceon對(duì)...的影響85.inquiryabout對(duì)...的查詢86.inquiryinto對(duì)...的調(diào)查87.interactionwithsth/between/amongsth相互作用88.inteferencein/with干涉,阻礙89.introductionto引言,介紹,入門90.invitationto邀請(qǐng)91.investmentinsth投資92.loyaltytosb/sth忠誠93.memorialtosb/sth紀(jì)念碑94.obstacletosth紀(jì)念碑95.objectiontosth反對(duì)96.opponentofsth...的障礙97.opponentat/insth對(duì)手,反對(duì)者98.passionfor對(duì)...的強(qiáng)烈愛好,熱愛99.patiencewith耐心100.pityforsb/sth可憐,憐憫101.preferenceforsth偏愛102.precautionagainst預(yù)防,防備103.prefaceto...的前言104.preferencetosth優(yōu)先105.proposalforsth建議106.prejudiceagainst/對(duì)...的偏見,偏重107.preparationfor準(zhǔn)備108.infavourof...傾向，贊成109.protectionforsb保護(hù)110.protestagainststh抗議111.provisionfor/against準(zhǔn)備112.pullat/onsth拉,拖113.ratioofsthtosth比率學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載114.reactionto對(duì)...的反應(yīng)115.reasonfor原因,理由116.referenceto提及,參考117.regardfor對(duì)...的注意,尊重118.remedyfor補(bǔ)救,解決119.replytosb/sth對(duì)...的回答120.reputationfor名聲,名氣121.requestforsth要求122.researchon/into對(duì)...的研究,調(diào)查123.resistanceto對(duì)...的抵抗,阻力124.responseto對(duì)...的回答,反應(yīng)125.responsibilityfor責(zé)任,負(fù)責(zé)126.restrainstonsb/sth限制,約束127.searchfor對(duì)...的搜尋128.serviceto服務(wù),貢獻(xiàn)129.similaritybetween...的相似之處130.skillat技巧,熟練131.solutionto...的解決辦法132.sorrowat/for/over悲哀,悲痛133.stresson對(duì)...的強(qiáng)調(diào)134.supplementtosth補(bǔ)充,增刊135.sympathyfor對(duì)...的同情136.sympathywith對(duì)...的贊同137.tastefor對(duì)...的愛好,喜愛138.tastein對(duì)...的審美能力139.tendencytosth趨向,趨勢140.trustin對(duì)...的信賴,信任141.wishfor欲望,愿望短語動(dòng)詞(由動(dòng)詞加介詞\副詞構(gòu)成)Return1.addupto合計(jì)達(dá)2.allowfor考慮到3.answerfor對(duì)...負(fù)有責(zé)任4.askafter探問,問候5.askfor要,要求6.backdown放棄,后退7.backoff放棄,后退8.backup倒退,支持9.breakaway突然離開,強(qiáng)行逃脫10.breakdown損壞11.breakin闖入;學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載12.breakinto強(qiáng)行闖入13.breakoff中止,中斷14.breakout暴發(fā),使逃脫15.breakthrough突圍,突破16.breakup打碎,粉碎;終止17.bringabout導(dǎo)致,引起18.bringdown打倒;降低19.bringforward提出,提議20.bringout出版,推出;使顯出21.bringup教育,培養(yǎng)22.buildup逐步建立;增強(qiáng)23.burnout燒光,燒毀24.burnup燒光,燒毀,燒起來25.callfor邀約;要求,需要26.calloff取消27.callon訪問,拜訪28.callup打電話;召集29.carefor照料;喜歡30.carryoff拿走,奪走31.carryon繼續(xù)32.carryout執(zhí)行,貫徹33.catchupwith趕上34.checkin辦理登記手續(xù)35.checkout結(jié)帳離去36.cheerup高興/振作起來37.clearaway把...清除掉,收拾38.clearup放晴;清理39.comearound/round蘇醒;順便來訪40.comeoff舉行;成功;脫落41.comeon進(jìn)展;發(fā)生42.comeout出現(xiàn);發(fā)現(xiàn);結(jié)果是43.comethrough經(jīng)歷...仍活著44.cometo蘇醒;總數(shù)為45.comeup出現(xiàn);走上前來46.comeupagainst偶然遇到47.comeupto等于;比得上48.comeupwith提出49.counton依靠,指望50.countup算出總數(shù),共計(jì)51.coverup掩蓋,掩飾52.cutacross抄近路穿過53.cutback急忙返回;縮減54.cutdown削減,減少55.cutin插嘴,打斷學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載56.cutoff切斷,阻斷57.cutout割去,刪去58.dealin經(jīng)營59.dealwith處理;論述,涉及60.diedown變?nèi)?逐漸消失61.dieout消失,滅絕62.doawaywith廢除,去掉63.dowithout沒...也行,將就64.doubleup彎著身子,彎曲65.drawin到站66.drawon動(dòng)用,利用,吸67.drawup起草,制定;使停住68.dressup盛裝打扮69.dropby順便來訪70.dropin順便來訪71.dropoff睡著;讓下車,下降72.dropout退出,退學(xué)73.faceupto大膽面對(duì)74.fallbackon求助于75.fallbehind落后76.fallinwith同意;依從77.fallout脫落;吵架78.fallthrough失敗,落空79.feellike想要80.figureout計(jì)算出,想出81.fillin填寫82.fillout填寫83.findout查明,發(fā)現(xiàn)84.getacross(使)被了解85.getalong進(jìn)展;過活86.getat夠得著;了解87.getaway離開;逃脫88.getby通過;過活89.getdown從...下來;寫下90.getdownto開始,著手91.getin進(jìn)入;收獲;插話92.getinto卷入,(使)進(jìn)入93.getoff下來;逃脫懲罰94.geton騎上,登上;有進(jìn)展95.getonto轉(zhuǎn)入;同...聯(lián)系96.getonwith友好相處;進(jìn)展97.getout離去;泄露;取出98.getover恢復(fù),克服,解決99.getthrough完成;度過;被理解學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載100.giveaway贈(zèng)送;泄露101.giveback歸還102.givein認(rèn)輸,讓步,屈服,交上103.giveoff釋放,放出104.giveout分發(fā)105.giveup停止,放棄,辭去106.goafter追求107.goalongwith贊同,支持108.goaround流傳;足夠分配109.gobackon違背110.goby(時(shí)間)過去;遵守111.godown下降;減少,被接受112.gofor選擇;襲擊;適用于113.goinfor從事;愛好114.gointo敘述;調(diào)查;從事;被用于115.gooff爆炸,響起,斷電116.goon繼續(xù);進(jìn)行;發(fā)生117.goout熄滅;過時(shí)118.goover檢查,審查119.goround流傳;足夠分配120.gothrough遭受,經(jīng)歷;檢查,被通過121.goup上升,增長;被炸毀122.gowithout沒有...而將就對(duì)付123.handdown把...傳下來124.handin交上,遞交125.handon把...傳遞下去126.handout分發(fā),散發(fā)127.handover交出,移交128.hangabout閑蕩,閑呆著129.hangon不掛斷;稍等;堅(jiān)持130.hangonto(onto)緊緊抓住131.hangup掛斷(電話)132.haveon穿著,戴著133.headfor走向134.holdback躊躇;阻擋;隱瞞135.holdon握住不放;等一會(huì)136.holdonto緊緊抓住137.holdout伸出;堅(jiān)持;不屈服138.holdup延遲;展示139.hurryup(使)趕快,匆匆完成140.improveon改進(jìn),超過141.keepback隱瞞;保留;阻止142.keepdown壓縮,控制,鎮(zhèn)壓143.keepoff(使)不接近,(使)讓開學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載144.keepon繼續(xù),反復(fù)地做145.keepto遵守,堅(jiān)持146.keepup繼續(xù)下去,堅(jiān)持147.keepupwith跟上148.knockdown擊倒,撞倒149.knockout擊昏,擊倒150.laughat因...而笑,嘲笑1#yaside擱置一旁;儲(chǔ)存152.laydown放下;制定153.layoff解雇154.layout安排,布置;擺出155.leavealone讓獨(dú)自呆著,不打擾156.leavebehind忘了帶;遺留157.leaveoff停止,中斷158.leaveout遺漏,省略159.letdown放下,降低;使失望160.letoff放,松手161.letout放走,釋放,發(fā)出162.lineup(使)排隊(duì)163.liveon靠...生活164.livethrough度過,經(jīng)受住165.liveupto遵守;不辜負(fù)166.lookafter照料,注意,關(guān)心167.lookback回頭看;回顧168.lookdownupon看不起,輕視169.lookforwardto盼望;預(yù)期170.lookin順便訪問/看望171.lookinto調(diào)查,觀察172.lookon觀看,旁觀173.lookout注意,留神174.lookover把...看一遍,察看175.lookthrough瀏覽;詳盡檢查176.lookup查(詞典)177.makefor走向;導(dǎo)致,促成178.makeout寫出,,解理179.makeup構(gòu)成;捏造,化裝180.makeupfor補(bǔ)償,彌補(bǔ)181.mixup攪勻,混淆182.passaway去世183.passon偉授,傳遞184.payback償還;回報(bào);報(bào)復(fù)185.payoff還清;取得好結(jié)果186.pickout,挑出187.pickup拿起,帶走,學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載188.pullin進(jìn)站,停下,靠岸189.pulldown拆毀,降低190.pullon穿,帶191.pulloff脫(衣,帽)192.pullup(使)停下193.pullout取出,駛出194.putaside儲(chǔ)存,保留195.putacross解釋清楚,說明196.putdown記下,放下,鎮(zhèn)壓197.putaway放好,收好198.putin花費(fèi),付出,申請(qǐng)199.putforward提出200.puton穿上,上演,增加201.putoff推遲,阻止,勸阻202.putover解釋清楚,說明203.putout熄滅,公布,生產(chǎn)204.putupwith容忍,忍受205.putup建造,張?zhí)?投宿206.referto...as把...稱作207.referto提到,參考208.ringup打電話209.ringoff掛斷電話210.rundown說壞話,用壞211.runawaywith偷走,大量消耗212.runout(of)用完,耗盡213.runinto偶到,偶然碰見214.runthrough貫穿,瀏覽215.runover壓過去,溢出216.seeabout辦理,安排217.scrapethrough勉強(qiáng)通過218.seethrough看穿,識(shí)破219.seeoff送行220.sendfor派人去請(qǐng)/拿/接/取221.seeto注意,負(fù)責(zé),照料222.sendoff郵寄,發(fā)送223.sendin呈遞,提交224.setapart使分離225.setabout開始,著手226.setback推遲,阻礙227.setaside留出,不理會(huì)228.setoff出發(fā),激起229.setdown寫下,記下230.setup建立,建造,開業(yè)231.setout動(dòng)身,開始,闡明學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載232.shakeoff擺脫,甩掉233.settledown定居;靜下心來234.showup來到,露面235.showoff炫耀,賣弄236.slowup放慢,減速237.slowdown放慢,減速238.standby旁觀,支持,遵守239.springup涌現(xiàn)240.standout引人注目241.standfor是...的縮寫,代表,主張242.standupfor支持,維護(hù),保衛(wèi)243.standup(論點(diǎn))站得住腳244.stepup加速,增加245.standupto勇敢面對(duì),經(jīng)得起246.sumup總結(jié),概括247.stickto粘在...上,堅(jiān)持248.switchon開啟249.switchoff關(guān)掉250.takeapart拆卸,拆開251.takeafter與...相像252.takedown拆除,記下253.takeaway減去254.takeoff起飛,匆匆離開,脫下255.takein欺騙,領(lǐng)會(huì),接受256.takeover接管,借用257.takeon承擔(dān),呈現(xiàn),雇用258.takeup開始從事,占據(jù)259.taketo開始喜歡,開始從事260.thinkof...as把...看作是261.thinkof想起,考慮,想一想262.throwaway扔掉,拋棄,浪費(fèi)263.thinkover仔細(xì)考慮264.touchon談及,提及265.throwup嘔吐266.tryout試用,267.tryon試穿268.turndown拒絕,調(diào)低269.tunein(to)收聽270.turnoff拐彎,關(guān)上271.turnin上床,上交272.turnout結(jié)果是,生產(chǎn),關(guān)掉273.turnon打開274.turnto變成,求助于275.turnover仔細(xì)考慮學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載276.useup用光277.turnup出現(xiàn)278.warmup(使)加熱/活躍279.waiton服侍,侍候280.watchout(for)密切注意,提防281.washup洗(餐具/手臉)282.wearout穿破,磨損,用壞283.wearoff漸漸減少/消失284.wipeout消滅285.windup結(jié)束,上發(fā)條286.workout算出,想出,解決287.workat從事于,致力于288.writeoff取消,勾銷其它搭配形式的短語動(dòng)詞1.beabouttodo剛要,即將2.befriendswith與...友好3.bearinmind記住4.bringintoeffect實(shí)行;使生效5.bringintooperation實(shí)施;使生效6.cannothelp禁不住,忍不住7.carryintoeffect施行;使生效8.castlighton/upon闡明,使了解9.catchfire著火,燒著10.catchone'sbreath喘氣,松口氣;屏息11.catchone'seye引人注目12.catchsightof看到,發(fā)現(xiàn)13.comeintoeffect生效;實(shí)施14.comeintooperation施行,實(shí)行,生效15.cometoone'ssenses醒悟;蘇醒16.cometrue實(shí)現(xiàn)17.couldnothelp禁不住,忍不住18.cutshort中斷,打斷19.doone'sbest盡力,努力20.enjoyoneself過得快活21.fallinlovewith愛上22.findfault(with)找岔23.gainanadvantageover勝過,優(yōu)于24.getholdof得到,獲得25.getridof丟棄,擺脫,26.getthebestof戰(zhàn)勝27.getthebetterof戰(zhàn)勝,占上風(fēng)28.gettogether會(huì)面,裝配學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載29.giveriseto引起,導(dǎo)致30.giveway讓路,讓步31.goahead開始,進(jìn)行32.gointoeffect施行,實(shí)行,生效33.gointooperation生效,實(shí)施34.gowrong出錯(cuò),出故障35.hadbetter應(yīng)該36.hadrather寧愿37.hadrather...than寧愿...而不愿...38.haveanadvantageover勝過,優(yōu)于39.haveinmind想到;記得;打算40.havenothingtodowith和...毫無關(guān)系41.have(something/much/little)todowith和...(有些/有很大/沒有什么)關(guān)系42.helponeself自用,自取43.keepaneyeon留意,照看44.keepinmind記住45.keepone'shead保持鎮(zhèn)靜46.keepone'sword守信用47.keeppace(with)(與...)齊步前進(jìn)48.leadtheway引路,帶路49.learnbyheart記住,背誦50.leavealone不打擾,不干預(yù)51.letalone更別提,不打擾52.letgo(of)放,松手53.loseheart失去勇氣,喪失信心54.loseone'shead慌亂,倉皇失措55.loseone'stemper發(fā)脾氣,發(fā)努56.losesightof忘記,忽略;看不見57.makea/thedifference有影響,起作用58.makefriends交朋友59.makefunof取笑,嘲弄60.makeone'sway去,前往61.makesense講得通,言之有理62.makesure查明;務(wù)必63.makethebestof充分利用64.makethemostof充分利用65.makeupone'smind下決心,打定主意66.makeuseof使用,利用67.makeway讓路,讓出地方68.mayaswell還不如,不妨69.nevermind不要緊;不用擔(dān)心70.payattentionto注意71.piecetogether拼合學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載72.playapart(in)起作用,參于73.putintoeffect實(shí)施;使生效74.putintooperation實(shí)施;使生效75.putintopractice實(shí)施;實(shí)行76.puttouse使用77.seetoitthat注意,務(wù)必,保證78.seethat注意,務(wù)必,保證79.setfireto使燃燒,點(diǎn)燃80.take...for把...認(rèn)為是81.takeachance冒險(xiǎn),投機(jī)82.take(a)delightin以...為樂83.takeadvantageof利用,趁...之機(jī)84.takecare當(dāng)心,注意85.takecareof照顧,照料86.takecharge管理,接管87.takeeffect生效,起作用88.takeintoaccount考慮89.takeforgranted認(rèn)為...理所當(dāng)然90.takeone'stime不著急,不著慌91.takepains努力,盡力,下苦功92.takepart(in)參加,參于93.takeplace發(fā)生,進(jìn)行,舉行94.taketheplaceof代替,取代95.taketurns依次,輪流96.tahorwlighton闡明,使了解97.thinkbetterof經(jīng)考慮改變對(duì)...的看法98.tryone'sbest盡力,努力Return常用短語1.aseriesof一系列,一連串2.aboveall首先,尤其是3.afterall畢竟,究竟4.aheadof在...之前5.aheadoftime提前6.allatonce突然,同時(shí)7.allbut幾乎;除了...都8.allofasudden突然9.allover遍及10.alloveragain再一次,重新11.allthetime一直,始終12.allthesame仍然,照樣的學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載13.asregards關(guān)于,至于14.anythingbut根本不15.asamatteroffact實(shí)際上16.apartfrom除...外(有/無)17.asarule通常,照例18.asaresult(of)因此,由于19.asfaras...beconcerned就...而言20.asfaras遠(yuǎn)至,到...程度21.asfor至于,關(guān)于22.asfollows如下23.asif好像,仿佛24.asgoodas和...幾乎一樣25.asusual像平常一樣,照例26.asto至于,關(guān)于27.allright令人滿意的;可以28.aswell同樣,也,還29.aswellas除...外(也),即...又30.asidefrom除...外(還有)31.ataloss茫然,不知所措32.atatime一次,每次33.atall絲毫(不),一點(diǎn)也不34.atallcosts不惜一切代價(jià)35.atallevents不管怎樣,無論如何36.atalltimes隨時(shí),總是37.atanyrate無論如何,至少38.atbest充其量,至多39.atfirst最初,起先40.atfirstsight乍一看,初看起來41.athand在手邊,在附近42.atheart內(nèi)心里,本質(zhì)上43.athome在家,在國內(nèi)44.atintervals不時(shí),每隔...45.atlarge大多數(shù),未被捕獲的46.atleast至少47.atlast終于48.atlength最終,終于49.atmost至多,不超過50.atnotime從不,決不51.byaccident偶然52.atonetime曾經(jīng),一度;同時(shí)53.atpresent目前,現(xiàn)在54.atsb'sdisposal任...處理55.atthecostof以...為代價(jià)56.atthemercyof任憑...學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載57.atthemoment此刻,目前58.atthisrate照此速度59.attimes有時(shí),間或60.backandforth來回地,反復(fù)地61.backof在...后面62.beforelong不久以后63.besidepoint離題的,不相干的64.beyondquestion毫無疑問65.byair通過航空途徑66.byallmeans盡一切辦法,務(wù)必67.byandby不久,遲早68.bychance偶然,碰巧69.byfar最,...得多70.byhand用手,用體力71.byitself自動(dòng)地,獨(dú)自地72.bymeansof用,依靠73.bymistake錯(cuò)誤地,無意地74.bynomeans決不,并沒有75.byoneself單獨(dú)地,獨(dú)自地76.byreasonof由于77.bytheway順便說說78.byvirtueof借助,由于79.bywayof經(jīng)由,通過...方法80.dueto由于,因?yàn)?1.eachother互相82.evenif/though即使,雖然83.everso非常,極其84.everynowandthen時(shí)而,偶爾85.everyother每隔一個(gè)的86.exceptfor除了...外87.facetoface面對(duì)面地88.farfrom遠(yuǎn)非,遠(yuǎn)離89.forever永遠(yuǎn)90.forgood永久地91.forthebetter好轉(zhuǎn)92.forthemoment暫時(shí),目前93.forthepresent暫時(shí),目前94.forthesakeof為了,為了...的利益95.forthetimebeing暫時(shí),眼下96.fromtimetotime有時(shí),不時(shí)97.handinhand手拉手,密切關(guān)聯(lián)98.headon迎面地,正面的99.heartandsoul全心全意地100.howabout...怎么樣學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載101.inahurry匆忙,急于102.incaseof假如,防備103.inamoment立刻,一會(huì)兒104.inasense從某種意義上說105.inaway在某種程度上106.inaword簡言之,總之107.inaccordancewith與...一致,按照108.inaddition另外,加之109.inadditionto除...之外(還)110.inadvance預(yù)先,事先111.inall總共,合計(jì)112.inanycase無論如何113.inanyevent無論如何114.inbrief簡單地說115.inchargeof負(fù)責(zé),總管116.incommon共用的,共有的117.inconsequence(of)因此;由于118.indebt欠債,欠情119.indetail詳細(xì)地120.indifficulty處境困難121.ineffect實(shí)際上,事實(shí)上122.ingeneral一般來說,大體上123.infavourof支持,贊成124.infrontof面對(duì),在...前125.inhalf成兩半126.inhand在進(jìn)行中,待辦理127.inhonourof為慶祝,為紀(jì)念128.initself本質(zhì)上,就其本身而言129.inlinewith與...一致130.inmemoryof紀(jì)念131.innocase決不132.innotime立即,馬上133.innoway決不134.inorder按順序,按次序135.inotherwords換句話說136.inpart部分地137.inparticular特別,尤其138.inperson親自,本人139.inplace在合適的位置140.inplaceof代替,取代,交換141.inpractice在實(shí)踐中,實(shí)際上142.inproportionto與...成比例143.inpublic公開地,當(dāng)眾144.inquantity大量學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載145.inquestion正在談?wù)摰?46.inregardto關(guān)于,至于147.inrelationto關(guān)于,涉及148.inreturn作為報(bào)答/回報(bào)/交換149.inreturnfor作為對(duì)...報(bào)答150.inshort簡言之,總之151.insight被見到;在望152.inspiteof盡管153.instep齊步,合拍154.instepwith與...一致/協(xié)調(diào)155.intears流著淚,在哭著156.inthecourseof在...期間/過程中157.inthedistance在遠(yuǎn)處158.intheend最后,終于159.intheeventof如果...發(fā)生,萬一160.inthefaceof即使;在...面前161.inthefirstplace首先162.inthefuture在未來163.intheleast絲毫,一點(diǎn)164.in(the)lightof鑒于,由于165.intheway擋道166.intheworld究竟,到底167.intime及時(shí)168.intouch聯(lián)系,接觸169.inturn依次,輪流;轉(zhuǎn)而170.invain徒勞,白費(fèi)力171.insteadof代替,而不是172.justnow眼下;剛才173.littlebylittle逐漸地174.lotsof許多175.manya許多176