新高考數(shù)學一輪復習考點練習考點43 導數(shù)及幾何意義、導數(shù)的運算 (含解析)_第1頁
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考點43導數(shù)及幾何意義、導數(shù)的運算考向一導數(shù)的概念及幾何意義1.導數(shù)的概念(1)在點x0處的導數(shù)limΔx→0ΔyΔx=limΔx→0f(x0+Δx)-f(x0)(2)區(qū)間(a,b)上的導數(shù)

當x∈(a,b)時,f'(x)=limΔx→0ΔyΔ2.導數(shù)的幾何意義函數(shù)y=f(x)在點x=x0處的導數(shù)f'(x0)就是函數(shù)圖像在該點處切線的斜率.曲線y=f(x)在點(x0,f(x0))處的切線方程是y-f(x0)=f'(x0)(x-x0).1.【2020全國高三課時練習(理)】函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖像在點SKIPIF1<0處的切線方程為()A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】B【解析】SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,因此,所求切線的方程為SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0.故選:B.2.【2020山東高三其他】已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象在點SKIPIF1<0處的切線經(jīng)過坐標原點,則SKIPIF1<0()A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】A【解析】SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,切點為SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象在點SKIPIF1<0處的切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,由于該直線過原點,則SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,故選A.考向二導數(shù)的運算1.常用導數(shù)公式(1)C'=0(C為常數(shù))(2)(xn)'=nxn-1(n∈Z)

(3)(sinx)'=cosx(cosx)'=-sinx(4)(ax)'=axlna(a>0,且a≠1)

(5)(logax)'=1xlna((6)(ex)'=ex(7)(lnx)'=1x,(ln|x|)'=2.導數(shù)的運算法則[f(x)±g(x)]'=f'(x)±g'(x)[f(x)·g(x)]'=f'(x)·g(x)+f(x)·g'(x)[f(x復合函數(shù)y=f[g(x)]的導數(shù)與函數(shù)y=f(u),u=g(x)的導數(shù)之間具有關系y'x=y'u·u'x這個關系用語言表達就是“y對x的導數(shù)等于y對u的導數(shù)與u對x的導數(shù)的乘積”

1.【2020全國高三課時練習(理)】已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的導函數(shù)為SKIPIF1<0,且滿足SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0等于()A.1 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】B【解析】SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,故選B.2.【2020河南高三其他(理)】已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0______.【答案】1【解析】由SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0.故答案為:1.題組一(真題在線)1.【2020年高考全國Ⅰ卷理數(shù)】函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖像在點SKIPIF1<0處的切線方程為A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<02.【2020年高考全國III卷理數(shù)】若直線l與曲線y=SKIPIF1<0和x2+y2=SKIPIF1<0都相切,則l的方程為A.y=2x+1 B.y=2x+SKIPIF1<0 C.y=SKIPIF1<0x+1 D.y=SKIPIF1<0x+SKIPIF1<03.【2020年高考北京】為滿足人民對美好生活的向往,環(huán)保部門要求相關企業(yè)加強污水治理,排放未達標的企業(yè)要限期整改、設企業(yè)的污水摔放量W與時間t的關系為SKIPIF1<0,用SKIPIF1<0的大小評價在SKIPIF1<0這段時間內企業(yè)污水治理能力的強弱,已知整改期內,甲、乙兩企業(yè)的污水排放量與時間的關系如下圖所示.給出下列四個結論:①在SKIPIF1<0這段時間內,甲企業(yè)的污水治理能力比乙企業(yè)強;②在SKIPIF1<0時刻,甲企業(yè)的污水治理能力比乙企業(yè)強;③在SKIPIF1<0時刻,甲、乙兩企業(yè)的污水排放都已達標;④甲企業(yè)在SKIPIF1<0這三段時間中,在SKIPIF1<0的污水治理能力最強.其中所有正確結論的序號是____________________.4.【2019年高考全國Ⅲ卷理數(shù)】已知曲線SKIPIF1<0在點(1,ae)處的切線方程為y=2x+b,則A.SKIPIF1<0 B.a(chǎn)=e,b=1C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<05.【2019年高考全國Ⅰ卷理數(shù)】曲線SKIPIF1<0在點SKIPIF1<0處的切線方程為___________.6.【2020年高考北京】已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0.(Ⅰ)求曲線SKIPIF1<0的斜率等于SKIPIF1<0的切線方程;(Ⅱ)設曲線SKIPIF1<0在點SKIPIF1<0處的切線與坐標軸圍成的三角形的面積為SKIPIF1<0,求SKIPIF1<0的最小值.題組二1.【2020陜西西安高三二模(理)】已知曲線SKIPIF1<0在點SKIPIF1<0處的切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,則()A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<02.【2020全國高三課時練習(理)】若曲線SKIPIF1<0與曲線SKIPIF1<0在交點SKIPIF1<0處有公切線,則SKIPIF1<0()A.SKIPIF1<0 B.0C.2 D.13.【2020邢臺市第二中學高二期末】已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在點SKIPIF1<0處的切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0()A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<04.【2020陜西西安高三三?!亢瘮?shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象在點SKIPIF1<0處的切線的傾斜角為()A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<05.【2020山東師范大學附中高二月考】已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的導函數(shù)為SKIPIF1<0,且滿足SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0等于()A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.16.【2020全國高三課時練習(理)】函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在點(0,f(0))處的切線方程是___________.7.【2020福建高三其他(理)】設曲線SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0處的切線與直線SKIPIF1<0平行,則實數(shù)a的值為_______.8.【2020山東萊陽一中高三月考】已知SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0_____.9.【2020河南開封高三二模(理)】已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0.則函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0處的切線方程為___________.10.【2019山東聊城】如圖,SKIPIF1<0是可導函數(shù),直線l是曲線SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0處的切線,令SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0___________.題組一1.B【解析】SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,因此,所求切線的方程為SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0.故選:B.2.D【解析】設直線SKIPIF1<0在曲線SKIPIF1<0上的切點為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的導數(shù)為SKIPIF1<0,則直線SKIPIF1<0的斜率SKIPIF1<0,設直線SKIPIF1<0的方程為SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,由于直線SKIPIF1<0與圓SKIPIF1<0相切,則SKIPIF1<0,兩邊平方并整理得SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0(舍),則直線SKIPIF1<0的方程為SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0.故選:D.3.①②③【解析】SKIPIF1<0表示區(qū)間端點連線斜率的負數(shù),在SKIPIF1<0這段時間內,甲的斜率比乙的小,所以甲的斜率的相反數(shù)比乙的大,因此甲企業(yè)的污水治理能力比乙企業(yè)強;①正確;甲企業(yè)在SKIPIF1<0這三段時間中,甲企業(yè)在SKIPIF1<0這段時間內,甲的斜率最小,其相反數(shù)最大,即在SKIPIF1<0的污水治理能力最強.④錯誤;在SKIPIF1<0時刻,甲切線的斜率比乙的小,所以甲切線的斜率的相反數(shù)比乙的大,甲企業(yè)的污水治理能力比乙企業(yè)強;②正確;在SKIPIF1<0時刻,甲、乙兩企業(yè)的污水排放量都在污水打標排放量以下,所以都已達標;③正確;故答案為:①②③4.D【解析】∵SKIPIF1<0∴切線的斜率SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,將SKIPIF1<0代入SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0.故選D.5.SKIPIF1<0【解析】SKIPIF1<0所以切線的斜率SKIPIF1<0,則曲線SKIPIF1<0在點SKIPIF1<0處的切線方程為SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0.6.見解析【解析】(Ⅰ)因為SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,設切點為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,所以切點為SKIPIF1<0,由點斜式可得切線方程:SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0.(Ⅱ)顯然SKIPIF1<0,因為SKIPIF1<0在點SKIPIF1<0處的切線方程為:SKIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,不妨設SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0時,結果一樣SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,由SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,由SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上遞減,在SKIPIF1<0上遞增,所以SKIPIF1<0時,SKIPIF1<0取得極小值,也是最小值為SKIPIF1<0.題組二1.D【解析】SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0將SKIPIF1<0代入SKIPIF1<0得SKIPIF1<0,故選D.2.D【解析】由曲線SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,由曲線SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,因為曲線SKIPIF1<0與曲線SKIPIF1<0在交點SKIPIF1<0出有公切線,所以SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,又由SKIPIF1<0,即交點為SKIPIF1<0,將SKIPIF1<0代入曲線SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,故選D.3.D【解析】切點SKIPIF1<0在切線SKIPIF1<0上,∴SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,又切線斜率SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0.故選:D4.B【解析】SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,則傾斜角為SKIPIF1<0.故選:B.5.B【解析】SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,故選:B6.SKIP

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