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文檔簡介
定語從句(AttributiveClause)
I.概念:
(1)定語從句:在主從復(fù)合句中用作定語的從句叫定語從句。
定語從句一般緊接在先行詞(antecedent)后面。
(2)先行詞:被定語從句修飾的成份。先行詞可以為一個詞,
短語,或整個主句。
(3)引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞,分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。
關(guān)系詞的作用:1)引導(dǎo)定語從句,連接主句和從句,相當(dāng)于
一個連詞;2)必在從句中作某個句子成份(可以做主語,賓
語,表語,定語,狀語)
常用的關(guān)系代詞:that(在從句中作主語,賓語,表語;可指
人或物),which(在從句中作主語,賓語,表語或定語;只
可指物),who(主格,在從句中作主語,在口語或非正式用
法中作賓語;只可指人),whom(賓格,在從句中作賓語;
只可指人),whose(屬格,在從句中作定語,可指人或物),
as(在從句中作主語,賓語,表語;可指人或物,通常指代事);
but(文語,置于否定詞之B=that/who…not…,“沒有...
不……”,在從句中作主語,賓語)
常用的關(guān)系副詞(在從句中只作狀語):when(時間狀語),why
(原因狀語),where(地點狀語),how(方式狀語)
(4)句子成分:
主語一謂語動詞前;
賓語—介賓或及物動詞的賓語;
表語一be動詞后或系動詞后;
狀語一時間狀語、地點狀語、原因狀語,etc.
例如:
l.ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.(Who
做關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾先行詞student,who在從句
中用作主語.)
2.1knowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.(Why做關(guān)系副詞,
修飾先行詞reason,why在從句中作原因狀語.)
3.Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.(Whom
做關(guān)系代詞,修飾先行詞boy,whom在從句中作賓語.)
4.I'dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.
(Whose做關(guān)系代詞,修飾先行詞room,whose在從句中用作
定語,可代之以ofwhich)
定語從句三步:第一找出先行詞;第二看先行詞在定語從句
中的語法功能(做主語、賓語或狀語);第三選擇合適的關(guān)
系詞。
II.幾個關(guān)系代詞的基本用法:
一、that:可指人或物;在定語從句中作主語,賓語,表語。
(指人時,相當(dāng)于who或whom;指物時,相當(dāng)于which)(一
般不用于非限制性定語從句;不可置于介詞后作賓語)如:
1.Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.
(主語)
2.Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?
3.Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.(賓語)
4.Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?
5.Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.
6.She'snolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobebefore.(表
語)
7.Ourhometownisnolongertheone(that)itusedtobe.=
Ourhometownisnotthesameasitusedtobe.=Our
hometownisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe.=Our
hometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.
二、which:指物;在定語從句中作主語,賓語,表語,定
語。如:
1.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymy
father.(主語)
2.Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisvery
interesting.(賓語)
3.Thefactoryinwhichhisfatherworksisfarfromhere.
4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.(表語)
5.Tomspentfouryearsincollege,duringwhichtimehe
learnedFrench.(定語)
6.Hemaybelate,inwhichcaseweoughttowaitforhim.
三、who,whom,whose:
who:主格,在從句中作主語,在口語或非正式用法中作賓語;
只可指人
whom:賓格,在從句中作賓語;只可指人
whose:屬格,在從句中作定語,可指人也可指物。
1.1likethestudentswho/thatworkhard.(主語)
2.Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.(代詞如he,they,any,
those,all,one等后多用who.)
3.Chaplin,forwhomlifehadoncebeenveryhard,wasa
successasanactor.(賓語)
4.He,samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.=He'saman
(whom/who/that)weshouldlearnfrom.
比較:Heisthestudentwhomyouthinktobeworthyofyour
praise.
Heisthestudentwhoyouthinkisworthpraising.
5.Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.(指人)
rdlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.(指物)=I'dlike
aroomofwhichthewindowfacessouth.=I'dlikearoom
thewindowofwhichfacessouth.
ThereisateapotshapedlikeaChineseduck,outofwhose
mouthteaissupposedtocome
關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語:
關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中用作介詞賓語時,介詞可放于從句之
首,也可放于從句之末.但以放于句首較為正式.(介詞前置,
必須注意不影響動詞詞組的含義。關(guān)系代詞who和that用
作介詞賓語時,介詞必須放在句末.)如:
1.Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.
=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.
2.DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands?=Do
youknowtheperson(whom/who/that)Ishookhandswith?
3.Thebeginningofagriculturewasabigstepinhuman
progresswithwhichnothingcouldcompareuntilour
informationage.
4.1nthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasinglepersontowhom
shecouldturnforhelp.
Isthisthefactorytowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?
Isthisfactorytheonetowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?
5.Thisisthegirlwhomtheyarelookingafter.(介詞after與
look構(gòu)成固定詞組,不可前置。Sin:lookat,lookfor,look
after,takecareof等)
四、as的用法:(as引導(dǎo)定語從句,在定語從句中作主語、賓
語、表語)
(1)如為限制性的,多用于thesame...as;thesameas;
such...asasmany/muchas;so...as等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如:
1.Ihavethesamebookasyou(have).我有一本和你的一樣
的書。
Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalways
been.(關(guān)系代詞as和指示代詞same連用,在從句中用作表
語,先行詞是same.)
2.—Whydidn'tyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejust
now?
-Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardly
worthmentioning.
Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodo
withourowninterests.
Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.
Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.
比較:Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.
I'mwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.
比較:Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.(定語從句)
Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.(結(jié)果狀
語從句)
(2)如為非限制性的,多單獨引導(dǎo)一個定語從句,這種定語
從句可置于句首,句中或句尾,譯為“正如,這一點”。(動
詞常為know,see,expect,pointout,etc.)
1.Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as
作賓語)
=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as
作主語)
=Ifsknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth.
或:Smokingisharmfultoone'shealth,asweallknow.(as
作賓語)
或:Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.
2.Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.(賓語,先
行詞是前面整個句子)
五、but的用法:
but用作關(guān)系代詞,其意思相當(dāng)于who/that…not…,“沒
有……不……",如:
1.Thereisnotoneofusbutwishestohelpyou.
2.Thereisnotreebutbearssomefruit.
3.Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.
in.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句:
When指時間,在定語從句中作時間狀語。其先行詞是表時
間的名詞(如:time,day,week,tear,month,etc.)
1.HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.
2.Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whenthe
weatherwouldbebetter.
注意:先行詞為“時間名詞”,可用when引導(dǎo)定語從句,when
在定語從句中作狀語;還可以用which或that引導(dǎo),which
或that在從句中作主語或賓語。
比較:1.1stillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrother
joinedthearmy.(作狀語)
Nextmonth,whenyouwillbeinyourhometown,is
justaroundthecorner.
2.Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespent
together.(作賓語)
Nextwinterwhich/thatyou'llspendinHarbin,I'm
sure,willbeexciting.
3.1shallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhouVwas
launched,whichhasagreateffectonmylife.
Thereareoccasionswhenjokingisnotpermissible.
Where指地點,在定語從句中作地點狀語。其先行詞是表
示地點的名詞,如:place,school,factory,room,etc.如:
1.ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.
2.1liveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.
注意:先行詞是“地點名詞”,定語從句可用where引導(dǎo),還
可用which或that引導(dǎo),which/that在從句中作主語或賓語。
比較:1.Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlast
year.(作狀語)
Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthe
pointwherehecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.
Ithinkyouhavegottothepointwhereachangeisneeded,
oryouwouldfail.
Governmentreports,legalpapersandmostbusinessletters
arethemainsituationswhereEnglishisused.
He'sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationwherehe'slikely
tolosecontroloftheplane.
Thesmallmountainvillagewherewespentourholidaylast
monthliesinwhat/theplacewhichisnowpartofHubei.
2.Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.(作賓
語)
Nothavingbeentherebefore,hesimplyhadnoideaabout
theplace,whicheveryonesaysisworthvisiting.
Why指原因,在定語從句中作原因狀語。先行詞為reason
時,可用forwhich指代;當(dāng)關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語或賓語
時,則用which或that引導(dǎo)。如:
1.Thereasonwhy/forwhich/(that)hedidn'tattendthe
meetingwasthathewasill.(作狀語)
2.1don'tbelievethereason(that/which)hegaveme.(作賓
語)
Haveyouaskedhimthereasonthatmayexplainhis
success?(作主語)
Ex.)Hewaslate.Thafsbecausehegotuplate.
.Hegotuplate.That'swhyhewaslate.(表語從句)
(thereason)why/forwhichhewas
late.(定語從句)
當(dāng)先行詞為way時,定語從句常用that,inwhich,或how引
導(dǎo),that??梢允÷浴?/p>
way后的定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞不用時較多。但如果關(guān)系詞在
句中作主語或賓語
時,則用which或that引導(dǎo)。如:
1.Thisistheway(that)/inwhichIdosuchthings.
比較:Pleasedotheexperimentintheway(that/which)I
haveshownyou.
IV.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別:
1.形式上,非限制性定語從句往往用逗號隔開。
2.語法上,非限制性定語從句一般不用that.
3.語義上,限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系緊密,起限定作用,
如果去掉了這個定語從句,整個句子就不完整或者會改變意
思;而非限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系不是很緊密,對先行
詞起補充說明或描述的作用。
l).ThisisthebookIlikebest,這就是我最喜歡的那本書。
2).Beijing,whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800
years,isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中國八
百年之久的古都,它有著豐富的文化和歷史遺產(chǎn)。
4.翻譯時,限制性定語從句可譯為一句(較短的一般譯為
“的”字結(jié)構(gòu));而非限制性定語從句可譯為兩句。(見上句翻
譯)
比較:Hehasasister,whoisamusician.
Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.
引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞,指人時用who,whom,
whose,指物時用which,whose;關(guān)系副詞when,where,
why,etc.
1.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleads
tohissuccessinhislaterlife.
2.Tom'sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.
3.Theysetupaseparatestateoftheirown,wherethey
wouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.
4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.
V.幾個易混淆的關(guān)系代詞的比較:
(A)that&which:
在定語從句中,which和that在指代事物時,一般可以互
換使用,但并非在任何情況下都是這樣,這里介紹宜用that,
而不宜用which的情況.
(1)先行詞為不定代詞,如all,much,something,everything,
anything,nothing,none,theone等。如:
l.Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.
2.There'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.
3.Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday?
(2)先行詞被only,any,few,little,no,just,very,oneof等詞
修飾時。如:
l.Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait.
2.Thafstheverywordthatiswronglyused.
3.Thelastplace(that)wevisitedwasthechemicalworks.
4.Youcantakeany(=whichever)seatthatisfree.
5.1hopethelittlethatIcanwillbeofsomehelptothem.
6.比較*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublished
lastyear.
*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwas
publishedlastyear.
(3)先行詞是序數(shù)詞時或被序數(shù)詞修飾時。如:
l.WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindis
TaiLake.
2.Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschool
thisterm.
(4)先行詞是最高級或被最高級修飾時。如:
l.Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.
2.Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowis
howtostophimfromgoingon.
(5)先行詞既有人又有物,用which和who都不適合,這時
宜用that.如:
l.Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutis
reallywellknown.
2.Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwoman
wereheldupbythepolice.
(6)被修飾詞為數(shù)詞時.如:
l.YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinof
water.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.
(7)如果有兩個從句,其中一個關(guān)系代詞已用which,另一個
關(guān)系代詞宜用that,以避免語言的單調(diào)或重復(fù)。如:
1.Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathad
neverbeenseenbefore.
(8)疑問詞是who或which,關(guān)系代詞宜用that,以避免重
復(fù)。如:
1.Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?
2.Whoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate?
(9)主句是Therebe結(jié)構(gòu),修飾其主句的定語從句宜用that
作關(guān)系代詞.如:
1.Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.
(10)被修飾成分為表語時,或者關(guān)系代詞本身是定語從句的
表語時,該關(guān)系代詞宜用that.如:
1.Thafsagoodbookthatwillhelpyoualot.
2.Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace(that)itusedto
be.
定語從句中宜用which而不宜用that的情況:
(1)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞的前面有介詞時.如:
l.Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekept
forexhibition.
2.1sthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives?
(2)在非限制性定語從句中.如:
l.Crusoe^dog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameilland
died.
2.MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,
whichisbecomingverypopularinourcountry,(which指代
主句)
(3)在一個句子中有兩個定語從句,其中一個定語從句的關(guān)
系代詞用了that,另一個宜用which.如:
1.Letmeshowyouthenovel,thatIborrowedfromthe
librarywhichwasnewlyopentous.
2.AtthestationIboughtsomemagazinesthatmighthelp
metopassthetimeonthetrainandwhichIcouldpassonto
otherswhenIfinishedthem.
(4)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞后面帶有插入語時.如:
1.Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,
willhelpimproveyourEnglish.
(5)先行詞本身是that,宜用which.如:
Whafsthatwhichsheislookingat?
(6)先行詞是those+復(fù)數(shù)名詞.如:
Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.
(B)who&that:
who和that指代人時,有些情況宜用who,而不宜用that
(1)先行詞為anyone,anybody,those,all,one,ones,they,he,
people時.如:
l.ThepersonIwanttolearnfromistheonewhostudies
hardandworkswell.
2.Anyonewho(=Whoever)failedtocometothemeeting
yesterdaymustgivehisreason.
3.Thosewhoarenotfitfortheirworkshouldleaveofficeat
once
4.1don'tliketheones(=those)whotalkbig.
5.Personswhoarequarrelsomearedespised.
(2)在Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中,修飾主語的定語從句宜用關(guān)系代詞
who指代人.如:
l.Thereisagentlemanwhowantstoseeyou.
l.Thereareseveralstudentsinourclasswhoarestillnot
sureabouttheuseofattributiveclauses.
(3)當(dāng)先行詞有較長的后置定語時.如:
1.Imetaforeignerintheparkyesterdayafternoonwho
couldspeakChineseverywell.
(4)一個句子中帶有兩個定語從句,其中一個定語從句的關(guān)
系代詞是that,另一個則宜用who,以免重復(fù).如:
1.Thestudentthatwaspraisedatyesterday'smeetingisthe
monitorwhoisverymodestandworksveryhard.
(C)as&which:
as&which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別:
(1)位置的不同:
which引導(dǎo)的定語從句只置于所限制的句子后;as位置較
靈活,也就是說as可置于所限制的句子前面;插在句子中
或放在句子后。如:
1.Hewaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.
2.Jack,asyouknow,isanhonestman.或Jackisanhonest
man,asyouknow.
或Asyouknow,Jackisanhonestman.
(2)先行詞的不同:
as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時,其先行詞多為一個句子;
which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時,其先行詞可以是一個詞,
一個短語或一個句子。
1.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.(先行詞是一
個詞)
Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichher
husbandseldomwas.(先行詞是一個短語)
Hewasproud,whichIdislikeverymuch.(先行詞是一個
句子)
2.Heisanhonestman,asisknowntoall.
Hewasaforeigner,asIknowfromhisaccent.
(3)as一般譯為“正如”“就像”,“這一點”
asweallknow;asyouknow;asisknowntoall;asyousee;
aswecansee;ashasbeenexpected;aswehaveimagined.
附:關(guān)系代詞的省略:
1.ThisisthefastesttrainthereistoBeijing.
2.Heasksforthelatestbookthereisontheshelf.
3.--Whatdidthefootballplayeryouweretalkingtowant?
----Hewouldliketoreadorlistentoanaccountof
everythingthereisgoingonintheworld.
強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu):
it可用來對句子的某一成分加以強調(diào),如:Nancysawyour
sisterinTokyotheotherday.
可改為許多強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu):
ItwasNancywho/thatsawyoursisterinTokyotheother
day.(強調(diào)主語)
Itwasvoursisterwhom/thatNancysawinTokyotheother
day.(強調(diào)賓語)
ItwasinTokyothatNancysawyoursistertheotherday.(強
調(diào)狀語)
ItwastheotherdaythatNancysawyoursisterinTokyo.(強
調(diào)狀語)
可見,強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)為:
It+動詞+被強調(diào)部分+who(m)/that+其他部分
Exercises:
1.1feelitisyouaswellasyourwifethatforyour
son'sbadperformanceinschool.
A.aretoblameB.isgoingtoblameC.aretobe
blamedD.istobeblamed
2.—Whywassheputoffgoingabroadforfurther
education?-Forlackofmoney.
A.thatB.itC.whatD.itthat
3.Wasitshesaidorsomethingthatshedid
youwereangryatsomuch?
A.what;thatB.that;whichC.that;whatD.
what;which
4.Wasitinthishousewasbuiltbythefather
hisfirstdaughterwasborn?
A.which;thatB.that;whichC.that;what
D.which;where
5.一Wasitthereyouwereawaytoseeyourfriends
off?
---I'mnotsure.ButwhenIgotback,itwasgone.
A.thatB.whichC.whileD.where
6.一makesherdifferentfromtheotherstudents?一
Honestyandmodesty.,Ithink.
A.WhatisthatB.WhatisitthatC.Howisitthat
D.Howisthat
7.—Ican'tfindMrSmith.Wheredidyoumeethimthis
morning?
-Itwasinthehotelhestayed.
A.whereB.whichC.theoneD.that
8.WasitinthelabwhichwastakenchargeofbyProfessor
Zhangtheydidtheexperiment?A.when
B.whichC.whereD.that
9.—MrBartonchangedhismindtotake
partinthemovement?
---AfterhelistenedtothespeechbyMrKing.
A.WhenwasthatitB.WhenwasitthatC
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