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定語從句(AttributiveClause)

I.概念:

(1)定語從句:在主從復(fù)合句中用作定語的從句叫定語從句。

定語從句一般緊接在先行詞(antecedent)后面。

(2)先行詞:被定語從句修飾的成份。先行詞可以為一個詞,

短語,或整個主句。

(3)引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞,分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。

關(guān)系詞的作用:1)引導(dǎo)定語從句,連接主句和從句,相當(dāng)于

一個連詞;2)必在從句中作某個句子成份(可以做主語,賓

語,表語,定語,狀語)

常用的關(guān)系代詞:that(在從句中作主語,賓語,表語;可指

人或物),which(在從句中作主語,賓語,表語或定語;只

可指物),who(主格,在從句中作主語,在口語或非正式用

法中作賓語;只可指人),whom(賓格,在從句中作賓語;

只可指人),whose(屬格,在從句中作定語,可指人或物),

as(在從句中作主語,賓語,表語;可指人或物,通常指代事);

but(文語,置于否定詞之B=that/who…not…,“沒有...

不……”,在從句中作主語,賓語)

常用的關(guān)系副詞(在從句中只作狀語):when(時間狀語),why

(原因狀語),where(地點狀語),how(方式狀語)

(4)句子成分:

主語一謂語動詞前;

賓語—介賓或及物動詞的賓語;

表語一be動詞后或系動詞后;

狀語一時間狀語、地點狀語、原因狀語,etc.

例如:

l.ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.(Who

做關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾先行詞student,who在從句

中用作主語.)

2.1knowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.(Why做關(guān)系副詞,

修飾先行詞reason,why在從句中作原因狀語.)

3.Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.(Whom

做關(guān)系代詞,修飾先行詞boy,whom在從句中作賓語.)

4.I'dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.

(Whose做關(guān)系代詞,修飾先行詞room,whose在從句中用作

定語,可代之以ofwhich)

定語從句三步:第一找出先行詞;第二看先行詞在定語從句

中的語法功能(做主語、賓語或狀語);第三選擇合適的關(guān)

系詞。

II.幾個關(guān)系代詞的基本用法:

一、that:可指人或物;在定語從句中作主語,賓語,表語。

(指人時,相當(dāng)于who或whom;指物時,相當(dāng)于which)(一

般不用于非限制性定語從句;不可置于介詞后作賓語)如:

1.Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.

(主語)

2.Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?

3.Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.(賓語)

4.Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?

5.Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.

6.She'snolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobebefore.(表

語)

7.Ourhometownisnolongertheone(that)itusedtobe.=

Ourhometownisnotthesameasitusedtobe.=Our

hometownisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe.=Our

hometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.

二、which:指物;在定語從句中作主語,賓語,表語,定

語。如:

1.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymy

father.(主語)

2.Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisvery

interesting.(賓語)

3.Thefactoryinwhichhisfatherworksisfarfromhere.

4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.(表語)

5.Tomspentfouryearsincollege,duringwhichtimehe

learnedFrench.(定語)

6.Hemaybelate,inwhichcaseweoughttowaitforhim.

三、who,whom,whose:

who:主格,在從句中作主語,在口語或非正式用法中作賓語;

只可指人

whom:賓格,在從句中作賓語;只可指人

whose:屬格,在從句中作定語,可指人也可指物。

1.1likethestudentswho/thatworkhard.(主語)

2.Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.(代詞如he,they,any,

those,all,one等后多用who.)

3.Chaplin,forwhomlifehadoncebeenveryhard,wasa

successasanactor.(賓語)

4.He,samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.=He'saman

(whom/who/that)weshouldlearnfrom.

比較:Heisthestudentwhomyouthinktobeworthyofyour

praise.

Heisthestudentwhoyouthinkisworthpraising.

5.Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.(指人)

rdlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.(指物)=I'dlike

aroomofwhichthewindowfacessouth.=I'dlikearoom

thewindowofwhichfacessouth.

ThereisateapotshapedlikeaChineseduck,outofwhose

mouthteaissupposedtocome

關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語:

關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中用作介詞賓語時,介詞可放于從句之

首,也可放于從句之末.但以放于句首較為正式.(介詞前置,

必須注意不影響動詞詞組的含義。關(guān)系代詞who和that用

作介詞賓語時,介詞必須放在句末.)如:

1.Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.

=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.

2.DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands?=Do

youknowtheperson(whom/who/that)Ishookhandswith?

3.Thebeginningofagriculturewasabigstepinhuman

progresswithwhichnothingcouldcompareuntilour

informationage.

4.1nthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasinglepersontowhom

shecouldturnforhelp.

Isthisthefactorytowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?

Isthisfactorytheonetowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?

5.Thisisthegirlwhomtheyarelookingafter.(介詞after與

look構(gòu)成固定詞組,不可前置。Sin:lookat,lookfor,look

after,takecareof等)

四、as的用法:(as引導(dǎo)定語從句,在定語從句中作主語、賓

語、表語)

(1)如為限制性的,多用于thesame...as;thesameas;

such...asasmany/muchas;so...as等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如:

1.Ihavethesamebookasyou(have).我有一本和你的一樣

的書。

Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalways

been.(關(guān)系代詞as和指示代詞same連用,在從句中用作表

語,先行詞是same.)

2.—Whydidn'tyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejust

now?

-Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardly

worthmentioning.

Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodo

withourowninterests.

Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.

Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.

比較:Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.

I'mwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.

比較:Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.(定語從句)

Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.(結(jié)果狀

語從句)

(2)如為非限制性的,多單獨引導(dǎo)一個定語從句,這種定語

從句可置于句首,句中或句尾,譯為“正如,這一點”。(動

詞常為know,see,expect,pointout,etc.)

1.Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as

作賓語)

=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as

作主語)

=Ifsknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth.

或:Smokingisharmfultoone'shealth,asweallknow.(as

作賓語)

或:Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.

2.Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.(賓語,先

行詞是前面整個句子)

五、but的用法:

but用作關(guān)系代詞,其意思相當(dāng)于who/that…not…,“沒

有……不……",如:

1.Thereisnotoneofusbutwishestohelpyou.

2.Thereisnotreebutbearssomefruit.

3.Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.

in.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句:

When指時間,在定語從句中作時間狀語。其先行詞是表時

間的名詞(如:time,day,week,tear,month,etc.)

1.HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.

2.Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whenthe

weatherwouldbebetter.

注意:先行詞為“時間名詞”,可用when引導(dǎo)定語從句,when

在定語從句中作狀語;還可以用which或that引導(dǎo),which

或that在從句中作主語或賓語。

比較:1.1stillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrother

joinedthearmy.(作狀語)

Nextmonth,whenyouwillbeinyourhometown,is

justaroundthecorner.

2.Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespent

together.(作賓語)

Nextwinterwhich/thatyou'llspendinHarbin,I'm

sure,willbeexciting.

3.1shallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhouVwas

launched,whichhasagreateffectonmylife.

Thereareoccasionswhenjokingisnotpermissible.

Where指地點,在定語從句中作地點狀語。其先行詞是表

示地點的名詞,如:place,school,factory,room,etc.如:

1.ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.

2.1liveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.

注意:先行詞是“地點名詞”,定語從句可用where引導(dǎo),還

可用which或that引導(dǎo),which/that在從句中作主語或賓語。

比較:1.Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlast

year.(作狀語)

Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthe

pointwherehecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.

Ithinkyouhavegottothepointwhereachangeisneeded,

oryouwouldfail.

Governmentreports,legalpapersandmostbusinessletters

arethemainsituationswhereEnglishisused.

He'sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationwherehe'slikely

tolosecontroloftheplane.

Thesmallmountainvillagewherewespentourholidaylast

monthliesinwhat/theplacewhichisnowpartofHubei.

2.Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.(作賓

語)

Nothavingbeentherebefore,hesimplyhadnoideaabout

theplace,whicheveryonesaysisworthvisiting.

Why指原因,在定語從句中作原因狀語。先行詞為reason

時,可用forwhich指代;當(dāng)關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語或賓語

時,則用which或that引導(dǎo)。如:

1.Thereasonwhy/forwhich/(that)hedidn'tattendthe

meetingwasthathewasill.(作狀語)

2.1don'tbelievethereason(that/which)hegaveme.(作賓

語)

Haveyouaskedhimthereasonthatmayexplainhis

success?(作主語)

Ex.)Hewaslate.Thafsbecausehegotuplate.

.Hegotuplate.That'swhyhewaslate.(表語從句)

(thereason)why/forwhichhewas

late.(定語從句)

當(dāng)先行詞為way時,定語從句常用that,inwhich,或how引

導(dǎo),that??梢允÷浴?/p>

way后的定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞不用時較多。但如果關(guān)系詞在

句中作主語或賓語

時,則用which或that引導(dǎo)。如:

1.Thisistheway(that)/inwhichIdosuchthings.

比較:Pleasedotheexperimentintheway(that/which)I

haveshownyou.

IV.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別:

1.形式上,非限制性定語從句往往用逗號隔開。

2.語法上,非限制性定語從句一般不用that.

3.語義上,限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系緊密,起限定作用,

如果去掉了這個定語從句,整個句子就不完整或者會改變意

思;而非限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系不是很緊密,對先行

詞起補充說明或描述的作用。

l).ThisisthebookIlikebest,這就是我最喜歡的那本書。

2).Beijing,whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800

years,isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中國八

百年之久的古都,它有著豐富的文化和歷史遺產(chǎn)。

4.翻譯時,限制性定語從句可譯為一句(較短的一般譯為

“的”字結(jié)構(gòu));而非限制性定語從句可譯為兩句。(見上句翻

譯)

比較:Hehasasister,whoisamusician.

Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.

引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞,指人時用who,whom,

whose,指物時用which,whose;關(guān)系副詞when,where,

why,etc.

1.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleads

tohissuccessinhislaterlife.

2.Tom'sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.

3.Theysetupaseparatestateoftheirown,wherethey

wouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.

4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.

V.幾個易混淆的關(guān)系代詞的比較:

(A)that&which:

在定語從句中,which和that在指代事物時,一般可以互

換使用,但并非在任何情況下都是這樣,這里介紹宜用that,

而不宜用which的情況.

(1)先行詞為不定代詞,如all,much,something,everything,

anything,nothing,none,theone等。如:

l.Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.

2.There'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.

3.Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday?

(2)先行詞被only,any,few,little,no,just,very,oneof等詞

修飾時。如:

l.Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait.

2.Thafstheverywordthatiswronglyused.

3.Thelastplace(that)wevisitedwasthechemicalworks.

4.Youcantakeany(=whichever)seatthatisfree.

5.1hopethelittlethatIcanwillbeofsomehelptothem.

6.比較*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublished

lastyear.

*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwas

publishedlastyear.

(3)先行詞是序數(shù)詞時或被序數(shù)詞修飾時。如:

l.WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindis

TaiLake.

2.Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschool

thisterm.

(4)先行詞是最高級或被最高級修飾時。如:

l.Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.

2.Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowis

howtostophimfromgoingon.

(5)先行詞既有人又有物,用which和who都不適合,這時

宜用that.如:

l.Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutis

reallywellknown.

2.Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwoman

wereheldupbythepolice.

(6)被修飾詞為數(shù)詞時.如:

l.YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinof

water.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.

(7)如果有兩個從句,其中一個關(guān)系代詞已用which,另一個

關(guān)系代詞宜用that,以避免語言的單調(diào)或重復(fù)。如:

1.Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathad

neverbeenseenbefore.

(8)疑問詞是who或which,關(guān)系代詞宜用that,以避免重

復(fù)。如:

1.Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?

2.Whoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate?

(9)主句是Therebe結(jié)構(gòu),修飾其主句的定語從句宜用that

作關(guān)系代詞.如:

1.Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.

(10)被修飾成分為表語時,或者關(guān)系代詞本身是定語從句的

表語時,該關(guān)系代詞宜用that.如:

1.Thafsagoodbookthatwillhelpyoualot.

2.Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace(that)itusedto

be.

定語從句中宜用which而不宜用that的情況:

(1)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞的前面有介詞時.如:

l.Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekept

forexhibition.

2.1sthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives?

(2)在非限制性定語從句中.如:

l.Crusoe^dog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameilland

died.

2.MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,

whichisbecomingverypopularinourcountry,(which指代

主句)

(3)在一個句子中有兩個定語從句,其中一個定語從句的關(guān)

系代詞用了that,另一個宜用which.如:

1.Letmeshowyouthenovel,thatIborrowedfromthe

librarywhichwasnewlyopentous.

2.AtthestationIboughtsomemagazinesthatmighthelp

metopassthetimeonthetrainandwhichIcouldpassonto

otherswhenIfinishedthem.

(4)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞后面帶有插入語時.如:

1.Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,

willhelpimproveyourEnglish.

(5)先行詞本身是that,宜用which.如:

Whafsthatwhichsheislookingat?

(6)先行詞是those+復(fù)數(shù)名詞.如:

Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.

(B)who&that:

who和that指代人時,有些情況宜用who,而不宜用that

(1)先行詞為anyone,anybody,those,all,one,ones,they,he,

people時.如:

l.ThepersonIwanttolearnfromistheonewhostudies

hardandworkswell.

2.Anyonewho(=Whoever)failedtocometothemeeting

yesterdaymustgivehisreason.

3.Thosewhoarenotfitfortheirworkshouldleaveofficeat

once

4.1don'tliketheones(=those)whotalkbig.

5.Personswhoarequarrelsomearedespised.

(2)在Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中,修飾主語的定語從句宜用關(guān)系代詞

who指代人.如:

l.Thereisagentlemanwhowantstoseeyou.

l.Thereareseveralstudentsinourclasswhoarestillnot

sureabouttheuseofattributiveclauses.

(3)當(dāng)先行詞有較長的后置定語時.如:

1.Imetaforeignerintheparkyesterdayafternoonwho

couldspeakChineseverywell.

(4)一個句子中帶有兩個定語從句,其中一個定語從句的關(guān)

系代詞是that,另一個則宜用who,以免重復(fù).如:

1.Thestudentthatwaspraisedatyesterday'smeetingisthe

monitorwhoisverymodestandworksveryhard.

(C)as&which:

as&which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別:

(1)位置的不同:

which引導(dǎo)的定語從句只置于所限制的句子后;as位置較

靈活,也就是說as可置于所限制的句子前面;插在句子中

或放在句子后。如:

1.Hewaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.

2.Jack,asyouknow,isanhonestman.或Jackisanhonest

man,asyouknow.

或Asyouknow,Jackisanhonestman.

(2)先行詞的不同:

as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時,其先行詞多為一個句子;

which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時,其先行詞可以是一個詞,

一個短語或一個句子。

1.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.(先行詞是一

個詞)

Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichher

husbandseldomwas.(先行詞是一個短語)

Hewasproud,whichIdislikeverymuch.(先行詞是一個

句子)

2.Heisanhonestman,asisknowntoall.

Hewasaforeigner,asIknowfromhisaccent.

(3)as一般譯為“正如”“就像”,“這一點”

asweallknow;asyouknow;asisknowntoall;asyousee;

aswecansee;ashasbeenexpected;aswehaveimagined.

附:關(guān)系代詞的省略:

1.ThisisthefastesttrainthereistoBeijing.

2.Heasksforthelatestbookthereisontheshelf.

3.--Whatdidthefootballplayeryouweretalkingtowant?

----Hewouldliketoreadorlistentoanaccountof

everythingthereisgoingonintheworld.

強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu):

it可用來對句子的某一成分加以強調(diào),如:Nancysawyour

sisterinTokyotheotherday.

可改為許多強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu):

ItwasNancywho/thatsawyoursisterinTokyotheother

day.(強調(diào)主語)

Itwasvoursisterwhom/thatNancysawinTokyotheother

day.(強調(diào)賓語)

ItwasinTokyothatNancysawyoursistertheotherday.(強

調(diào)狀語)

ItwastheotherdaythatNancysawyoursisterinTokyo.(強

調(diào)狀語)

可見,強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)為:

It+動詞+被強調(diào)部分+who(m)/that+其他部分

Exercises:

1.1feelitisyouaswellasyourwifethatforyour

son'sbadperformanceinschool.

A.aretoblameB.isgoingtoblameC.aretobe

blamedD.istobeblamed

2.—Whywassheputoffgoingabroadforfurther

education?-Forlackofmoney.

A.thatB.itC.whatD.itthat

3.Wasitshesaidorsomethingthatshedid

youwereangryatsomuch?

A.what;thatB.that;whichC.that;whatD.

what;which

4.Wasitinthishousewasbuiltbythefather

hisfirstdaughterwasborn?

A.which;thatB.that;whichC.that;what

D.which;where

5.一Wasitthereyouwereawaytoseeyourfriends

off?

---I'mnotsure.ButwhenIgotback,itwasgone.

A.thatB.whichC.whileD.where

6.一makesherdifferentfromtheotherstudents?一

Honestyandmodesty.,Ithink.

A.WhatisthatB.WhatisitthatC.Howisitthat

D.Howisthat

7.—Ican'tfindMrSmith.Wheredidyoumeethimthis

morning?

-Itwasinthehotelhestayed.

A.whereB.whichC.theoneD.that

8.WasitinthelabwhichwastakenchargeofbyProfessor

Zhangtheydidtheexperiment?A.when

B.whichC.whereD.that

9.—MrBartonchangedhismindtotake

partinthemovement?

---AfterhelistenedtothespeechbyMrKing.

A.WhenwasthatitB.WhenwasitthatC

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