2016年1月9日雅思閱讀考情回顧

AnswerthequestionsChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSAND/ORANUMBERthepassageforeachWriteyouranswersinboxes7-14onyouranswerWhyisthedisadvantagefortheCharlesWheatstone's egraphsystemtofailinthebeginningIt'sWhatmaterialwasusedforinsulatingcableacrossthesea?9WhatwasusedbyBritishpioneerstoincreasetheweightofthecableinthesea.LeadWhatdidFishermanmistakenlytakethecableas?UnusualseaseedWhowasthemessagefirstlysenttoacrosstheAtlanticbytheQueenwhatgiantanimalswereusedtocarrythecablethroughdesert?WhatweatherconditiondiditdelaytheconstructioninnorthAustralia?TropicalHowlongdidittaketosenda egraphmessagefromAustraliatoSeveralATheideaofelectricalcommunicationseemstohavebegunaslongagoas1746,whenabout200monksatmonasteryinParisarrangedthemselvesinalineoveralong,eachholdingendsof25ftironwires.Theabbot,alsoascientist,dischargedaprimitiveelectricalbatteryintothewire,givingallthemonksasimultaneouselectricalshock."Thisallsoundsverysilly,butisinfactextremelyimportantbecause,firstly,theyallsaid'ow'whichshowedthatyouweresendingasignalrightalongtheline;and,secondly,theyallsaid'ow'atthesametime,andthatmeantthatyousendingthesignalveryquickly,"exinsTomStandage,authorofVictorianInternetandtechnologyeditorattheEconomist.Givenamorehumanedetectionsystem,thiscouldbeawayofsignalingoverlongBWithwarsinEuropeandcolonies,suchasignallingsystemwasurgentlyneeded.Allsortsofelectricalpossibilitieswereproposed,someofthemquiteridiculous.TwoEnglishmen,WilliamCookeandCharlesWheatstonecameupwithasysteminwhichdialsweremadetopointatdifferentletters,butthatinvolvedfivewiresandwouldhavebeenexpensivetoconstruct.CMuchsimplerwasthatofanAmerican,SamuelMorse,whosesystemonlyrequiredasinglewiretosendacodeofdotsanddashes.Atfirst,itwasimaginedthatonlyafewhighlyskilledencoderswouldbeabletouseitbutitsoonbecameclearthatmanypeoplecould eproficientinMorsecode.AsystemoflinesstrungonegraphpolesbegantospreadinEuropeandAmerica.DThenextproblemwastocrossthesea.Britain,asanislandwithanempire,ledtheway.Anysuchcablehadtobeinsulatedandthefirstbreakthroughcamewiththediscoverythatarubber-likelatexfromatropicaltreeontheMalaypeninsulacoulddothetrick.Itwascalledguttapercha.Thefirstattemptatacrosschannelcablecamein1850.Withthinwireandthickinstallation,itfloatedandhadtobeweigheddownwithleadpipe.EItneverworkedwellastheeffectofwateronitselectricalpropertieswasnotunderstood,anditisreputedthataFrenchfishermenhookedoutasectionandtookithomeasastrangenewformofseaweedThecablewastoobigforasingleboatsotwohadtostartinthemiddleoftheAtlantic,jointheircablesandsailinoppositedirections.Amazingly,theysucceededin1858,andthisenabledQueenVictoriatosenda egraphmessagetoBuchanan.However,the98-wordmessagetookmorethan19hourstosendandamisguidedattempttoincreasethespeedbyincreasingthevoltageresultedinfailureofthelineaweeklater.FBy1870,asubmarinecablewasheadingtowardsAustralia.ItseemedlikelythatitwouldcomeashoreatthenorthernportofDarwinfromitmightconnectaroundthecoasttoQueenslandandNewSouthWales.wasanundertakingmoreambitiousthanspanninganocean.Flocksofsheephadtobedrivenwiththe400workerstoprovidefood.Theyneededhorsesandbullockcartsand,fortheparchedinterior,camels.Inthenorth,tropicalrainslefttheteamsflooded.Inthecentre,itseemedthattheywoulddieofthirst.OnecriticalsectionintheredheartofAustraliainvolvedfindingaroutethroughtheMcDonnellmountainrangeandthenfindingwaterontheotherside.GThewaterwasnotonlyessentialfortheconstructionteam.Therehadtobeegraphrepeaterstationseveryfewhundred toboostthesignalandthestaffobviouslyhadtohaveasupplyofwater,lustasonemapteamwasabouttogiveupandresorttodrinkingbrackishwater,someaboriginalstookpityonthem.Altogether,40,000egraphpoleswereusedintheAustralianoverlandwire.Somewerecutfromtrees.Wheretherewerenotrees,orwheretermitesatethewood,steelpoleswereHOnThursday,August22,1872,theoverlandlinewascompletedandthefirstmessagescouldbesentacrossthecontinent;andwithinafewmonths,AustraliawasatlastindirectcontactwithEnglandviathesubmarinecable,too.ThelineremainedinservicetobringnewsoftheJapaneseattackonDarwinin1942.itcouldcostseveralpoundstosendamessageanditmighttakeseveralhoursforittoreachitsdestinationontheothersideoftheglobe,buttheworldwouldneverbesameagain.ernmentscouldbeintouchwiththeircolonies.Traderscouldsendcargoesbasedondemandandthelatestprices.Newspaperscouldpublishnewsthatjusthappenedandwasnotmanymonths題型分布與題型分布與whichonenotmentionedaboutinfantA ligenceCsocialskillsDwhattheanimalexperimentistoDifferentlinesandanglesaffect3thesecondexperimenton…isproveHuman’sdevelopmentissimilartoanimalsinthis4whychildrenappearsmindlessCortexstilldoeswork5-9實(shí)驗(yàn)用的speechsound語(yǔ)言是Japanese研究人員選用的，做第二個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)（noiserate有關(guān)，仔細(xì)觀察physicaleyemovement.第四個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)因?yàn)檫x的地域廣，結(jié)論充分harnessdialects，由此科學(xué)家可以很好的控制他們的實(shí)驗(yàn)。10-14）YES/NO/NOTJapaneseresearchonadultsproduce Somebabiescanidentifyall twopeoplehaveintendedtofind****8monthsto adultscanhearphonemesbuttakeslongertimetoprocessthe childrenwhocangrewupinbilingualfamiliestend eTherehasalwaysbeenaninterestingeniusesandprodigies.Theword'genius',fromtheLatingens(=family)andtheterm'genius',meaning'begetter',comesfromtheearlyRomancultofadivinityastheheadofthefamily.Initsearliestform,geniuswasconcernedwiththeabilityoftheheadofthefamily,thepaterfamilias,toperpetuatehimself.Gradually,geniuscametorepresenta 'scharacteristicsandthenceanindividual'shighestattributesderivedfromhis'genius'orguidingspirit.Today,peoplestilllooktostarsorgenes,astrologyorgenetics,inthehopeoffindingthesourceofexceptionalabilitiesor alcharacteristics.Theconceptofgeniusandofgiftshas epartofourfolkculture,them.Inthemythologyofgiftedness,itispopularlybelievedthatifpeoplearetalentedinonearea,theymustbedefectiveinanother,thatinlectualsareimpractical,thatprodigiesburntoobrightlytoosoonandburnout,thatgiftedpeopleareeccentric,thattheyarephysicalweaklings,thatthere'sthinlinebetweengeniusandmadness,thatgeniusrunsinfamilies,thatgiftedaresoclevertheydon'tneedspecialhelp,thatgiftednessisthesameashavingahighIQ,thatsomeracesaremoreinligentormusicalormathematicalthanothers,thatgeniusgoesunrecognisedandunrewarded,thatadversitymakesmenwiseorthatpeoplewithgiftshavearesponsibilitytousethem.Languagehasbeenenrichedwithsuchtermsas'highbrow','egghead','blue-stocking','wiseacre','know-all','boffin'and,formany,'inlectual'isatermofdenigration.Thenineteenthcenturysawconsiderableinterestinthenatureofgenius,andproducednotafewstudiesoffamousprodigies.Perhapsforustoday,twoofthemostsignificantaspectsofmostofthesestudiesofgeniusarethefrequencywithwhichearlyencouragementandteachingbyparentsandtutorshadbeneficialeffectsontheinlectual, icormusicaldevelopmentofthechildrenbutcausedgreatdifficultiesofadjustmentlaterintheirlives,andthefrequencywithwhichabilitieswentunrecognisedbyteachersandschools.However,thedifficultywiththeevidenceproducedbythesestudies,fascinatingastheyareincollectingtogetheranecdotesandapparentsimilaritiesandexceptions,isthattheyarenotwhatwewouldtodaycallnorm-referenced.Inotherwords,when,forinstance,informationiscollatedaboutearlyillnesses,methodsofupbringing,schooling,etc.,wemustalsotakeintoaccountinformationfromotherhistoricalsourcesabouthowcommonorexceptionalthesewereatthetime.Forinstance,infantmortalitywashighandlifeexpectancymuchshorterthantoday,hometutoringwascommoninthefamiliesofthenobilityandwealthy,bullyingandcorporalpunishmentwerecommonatthebestindependentschoolsand,forthemostpart,thecasesstudiedweremembersoftheprivilegedclasses.Itwasonlywiththegrowthofpaediatricsandpsychologyinthetwentiethcenturythatstudiescouldbecarriedoutonamoreobjective,ifstillnotalwaysveryscientific,basis.Geniuses,howevertheyaredefined,arebutthepeakswhichstandoutthroughthemistofhistoryandarevisibletotheparticularobserverfromhisorherparticularvantagepoint.Changetheobserversandthepoints,clearawaysomeofthemist,andadifferentlotofpeaksGeniusisatermweapplytothosewhomwerecognisefortheiroutstandingachievementsandwhostandneartheendofthecontinuumofhumanabilitieswhichreachesbackthroughthemundaneandmediocretotheincapable.ThereisstillmuchtruthinDrSamuelJohnson'sobservation,'Thetruegeniusisamindoflargegeneralpowers,accidentallydeterminedtosomeparticulardirection'.Wemaydisagreewiththe'general',forwedoubtifallmusiciansofgeniuscouldhave escientistsofgeniusorviceversa,butthereisnodoubtingtheaccidentaldeterminationwhichnurturedortriggeredtheirgiftsintothosechannelsintowhichtheyhavepouredtheirpowerssosuccessfully.Alongthecontinuumofabilitiesarehundredsofthousandsofgiftedmenandwomen,boysandgirls.Whatweappreciate,enjoyormarvelatintheworksofgeniusortheachievementsofprodigiesarethemanifestationsofskillsorabilitieswhicharesimilarto,butsomuchsuperiorto,ourown.Butthattheirmindsarenotdifferentfromourownisdemonstratedbythefactthatthehard-wondiscoveriesofscientistslikeKeplerorEinstein ethecommonceknowledgeofschoolchildrenandtheonceoutrageousshapesandcoloursofan likePaulKleesosoonappearonthefabricswewear.Thisdoesnotminimisethesupremacyoftheirachievements,whichoutstripourownasthesub-four-minutersoutstripourjogging.Tothinkofgeniusesandthegiftedashavinguniquelydifferentbrainsisonlyreasonableifweacceptthateachhumanbrainisuniquelydifferent.Thepurposeofinstructionistomakeusevenmoredifferentfromoneanother,andintheprocessofbeingeducatedwecanlearnfromtheachievementsofthosemoregiftedthanourselves.Butbeforewetrytoemulategeniusesorencourageourchildrentodosoweshouldnotethatsomeofthethingswelearnfromthemmayproveunpalatable.Wemayenvytheirachievementsandfame,butweshouldalsorecognisethepricetheymayhavepaidintermsofperseverance,single-mindedness,dedication,restrictionsontheir allives,thedemandsupontheirenergiesandtime,andhowoftentheyhadtodisygreatcouragetopreservetheirintegrityortomaketheirwaytothetop.Geniusandgiftednessarerelativedescriptivetermsofnorealsubstance.Wemay,atbest,givethemsomeprecisionbydefiningthemandcingtheminacontextbut,whateverwedo,weshouldneverdeludeourselvesintobelievingthatgiftedchildrenorgeniusesaredifferentfromtherestofhumanity,saveinthedegreetowhichtheyhavedevelopedperformanceoftheir題型分布與題型分布與Thetheoryofinternationaltradeandcommercialisoneoftheoldestbranchesofeconomicthought.FromtheancientGreekstothepresent,ernmentofficials,in lectuals,andeconomistshaveponderedthedeterminantsoftradebetweencountries,haveaskedwhethertradebringbenefitsorharmsthenation,and,moreimportantly,havetrieddeterminewhattradeisbestforanyparticularSincethetimeoftheancientGreekphilosophers,therehasbeenadualviewoftrade:arecognitionofthebenefitsofinternationalexchangecombinedwithaconcernthatcertaindomesticindustries(orlaborers,orculture)wouldbeharmedbyforeigncompetition.Dependingupontheweightsputontheoverallgainsfromtradeoronthelossesofthoseharmedbyimports, ystshavearrivedatdifferentconclusionsaboutthedesirabilityofhavingtrade.Buteconomistshavelikenedtradetotechnologicalprogress:althoughsomenarrowinterestsmaybeharmed,theoverallbenefitstosocietyaresubstantial.Still,asevidencedbytheintensedebatesovertradetoday,thetensionsinherentinthisdualviewoftradehaveneverbeen Thefirstreasonablysystematicbodyofthoughtdevotedtointernationaltradeiscalled"mercantilism"andemergedinseventeenthandeighteenthcenturyEurope.AnoutpouringofpamphletsoneconomicparticularlyinEnglandandespeciallyrelatedtotrade,beganduringtime.Althoughmanydifferentviewpointsareexpressedinthisliture,severalcorebeliefsarepervasiveandtendtogetrestatedtimeandtimeagain.Formuchofthisperiod,mercantilistwritersarguedthatakeyobjectiveoftradeshouldbetopromoteafavorablebalanceoftrade.A"favorable"balanceoftradeisoneinwhichthevalueofdomesticgoodsexportedexceedsthevalueofforeigngoodsimported.Tradewithagivencountryorregionwasjudgedprofitablebytheextenttowhichthevalueofexportsexceededthevalueofimports,therebyresultinginabalanceoftradesurplusandaddingpreciousmetalsandtreasuretothecountry'sstock.Scholarslaterdisputedthedegreetowhichmercantilistsconfusedtheaccumulationofpreciousmetalswithincreasesinnationalwealth.Butwithoutadoubt,mercantiliststendedtoviewexportsfavorablyandimportsunfavorably.Evenifthebalanceoftradewasnotaspecificsourceofconcern,thecommoditycompositionoftradewas.Exportsofmanufacturedgoodswereconsideredbeneficial,andexportsofrawmaterials(forusebyforeignmanufacturers)wereconsideredharmful;importsofrawmaterialswereviewedasadvantageousandimportsofmanufacturedgoodswereviewedasdamaging.Thisrankingofactivitieswasbasednotonlyonemploymentgrounds,whereprocessingandaddingvaluetorawmaterialswasthoughttogeneratebetteremploymentopportunitiesthanjustextractionorprimaryproductionofbasicgoods,butalsoforbuildingupindustriesthatwouldstrengthentheeconomyandth