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語言學(xué)第十章第一頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日FOCUSES:PsycholinguisticsLanguageacquisition:stagesandtheoriesLanguagecomprehensionLanguageproductionCognitivelinguisticsImageschemaMetaphorMetonymy2第二頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日1.WhatisCognition?什么是認(rèn)知?Mentalprocessesofanindividual,informationprocessing信息加工過程Mentalprocessorfacultyofknowing,includingawareness察覺,perception感知,reasoning推理,andjudgment判斷.3第三頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Threeapproachestothestudyoflgeandcognition:Theformalapproach形式法:addressesthestructuralpatterns,includingthestudyofmorphological,syntactic,andlexicalstructure.4第四頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Thepsychologicalapproach:looksatlgefromtheperspectiveofgeneralcognitivesystemsrangingfromperception感知,memory記憶,attention注意力toreasoning推理.PSYCHOLOGICALLINGUISTICS心理語言學(xué)Theconceptualapproach:addresseshowlanguagestructures(processes&patterns)conceptualcontent.

COGNITIVELINGUISTICS認(rèn)知語言學(xué)5第五頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日2.PsycholinguisticsThestudyofPsychologicalaspectsoflgePsychologicalstates心理狀態(tài)andmentalactivity思維活動(dòng)withtheuseoflge6第六頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日StructurallinguisticsCognitivepsychologyAnthropologyNeurosciencesRelatedfields7第七頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Languageacquisition(L1/L2)LanguagecomprehensionLanguageproductionLanguagedisordersLanguageandThoughtNeurocognitionSixsubjectsofresearch8第八頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日2.1LanguageAcquisitionLgeacquisition:thelearninganddevelopmentofaperson’slge.FLA:thelearningofanativeorfirstlge.SLA:thelearningofasecondorforeignlge.9第九頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Stages:

Pre-linguisticstages(3-11months)cooing:3months,[k][g][i][u]babbling:6months,fricatives,nasals9months,intonationpatterns10-11months,expressemotions

10第十頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Holophrastic(One-word)stage:objects,actions,motions,routines.11第十一頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Two-wordstage:around18monthsChildutteranceMaturespeakerPurposeWantcookieIwantacookieRequestMoremilkIwantsomemoremilkRequestJoeseeI(Joe)seeyouInformingMycupThisismycupWarningMommychairThischairbelongstoMWarningBigboyIamabigboyBraggingRedcarThatcarisredNamingThatcarThatisacarNaming12第十二頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日ChildutteranceMaturespeakerPurposeNosleepIdon’twanttogotosleepRefusalNottiredIamnottiredRefusalWheredoll?Whereisthedoll?QuestionTrucktableThetruckisonthetableInformingDaddyrunDaddyisrunningInformingJoepushI(Joe)pushed(thecat)InformingPushcatIpushedthecarInformingGivecandyGivemethecandyRequest13第十三頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Three-word-utterancestageGivedoggiepaper.Puttruckwindow.Tractorgofloor.14第十四頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日FluentgrammaticalconversationstageEmbedoneconstituentinsideanother:Givedoggiepaper.Givebigdoggiepaper.Usemorefunctionwords:missingfunctionwordsandinflectioninthebeginningbutgooduse(90%)bytheageof3,withafullrangeofsentencetypes.Allpartsoflgeareacquiredbeforethechildturns4.15第十五頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日LanguageacquisitiontheoriesReinforcementtheory強(qiáng)化論:stimulus-responsetheory(Bloomfield,Skinner)16第十六頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Innatenesstheory內(nèi)在論:

childrenarebornwithlgeacquisitionsystem,lgedevelopmentmodelconsistsof2parts:lgeinformationandassessmentprocess.17第十七頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Cognitivetheory認(rèn)知論:

childrenacquirethelgethroughassimilationandadaptationandlearnfromtheenvironmentthroughinteractionwiththeenvironment.

18第十八頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日2.2LanguagecomprehensionAprocessforustogetfamiliarwiththerealword.Mentallexicon:fromapsychologicalpointofview,westoreagreatdealof

infaboutthepropertiesofwords,retrievablewhenunderstandinglge.Wecaninstinctivelyconnecttheknownitemsstoredinourmindtotheunknownonesandaccesstomoreinfinprocessingandcomprehendinglge.19第十九頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日e.g.,wemayusemorphologicalrulestodecomposeacomplexwordlikerewritablethefirstfewtimesweencounteritandafterseveralexposureswemaystoreandaccessitasaunitorword.Itmeansthatfrequencyofexposuredeterminesourabilitytorecallstoredinstances.

20第二十頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Connectionism聯(lián)結(jié)主義:readersusethesamesystemoflinksbetweenspellingunitsandsoundunitstogeneratethepronunciationsofwrittenwordsliketoveandtoaccessthepronunciationsoffamiliarwordslikestove,orwordsthatareexceptionstothesepatterns,likelove.Similarityandfrequencyplayimportantrolesinprocessingandcomprehendinglge,withthenovelitemsbeingprocessedbasedontheirsimilaritytotheknownones.21第二十一頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日AninitialstepinunderstandinganymessageHowdowegoaboutrecognizingwords?Assoonaspeoplehearspeech,theystartnarrowingdownthepossiblewordsthattheymaybehearing.Awordisidentifiedassoonasthereisonlyonepossibilityleft.speakWordrecognition22第二十二頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Cohorttheory(集群理論)

:Marslen-Wilson&Welsh(1978)Thefirstfewphonemesofaspokenwordactivateasetofwordcandidatesthatareconsistentwiththeinput.23第二十三頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Ithypothesizesthatauditorywordrecognitionbeginswiththeformationofagroupofwordsattheperceptionoftheinitialsoundandproceedssoundbysoundwiththecohortofwordsdecreasingasmoresoundsareperceived.24第二十四頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日交股模型:是Marslen-Wilson提出來的,它包括兩個(gè)階段。在詞辨認(rèn)的第一個(gè)階段里,一個(gè)詞的聲學(xué)/語音信息激活了記憶中和它相近的詞,所以如果這個(gè)詞是“drive”,所有以[d]開始的詞,如“dive,drink,date,dunk”等,都會(huì)被激活。這些激活的詞構(gòu)成一個(gè)“股”;這些交股的詞是在一個(gè)目標(biāo)詞的聲學(xué)信息的基礎(chǔ)上提取的,并沒有受到其他層面的分析所影響。一個(gè)交股結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生后,詞辨認(rèn)的第二個(gè)階段就開始了。在第二階段里,所有可能的信息都會(huì)影響目標(biāo)詞的選擇,這些交互作用的信息資源都起到排除那些和交股不相似的的詞的作用。例如進(jìn)一步的聲學(xué)/語音信息可能排除一些交股的詞,如“date”和“dunk”,而高層次的信息源也可能產(chǎn)生,把別的語義和句法上不合適的詞,如“dive”和“drink”,加以排除。最后才辨認(rèn)到目標(biāo)詞。(桂詩春)25第二十五頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日26第二十六頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Factorsinvolvedinwordrecognition:Frequencyeffect(頻率效應(yīng),詞頻效應(yīng))

:

Oneofthemostimportantfactorsthataffectswordrecognitionishowfrequentlythewordisusedinagivendiscourseorcontext.FrequencyeffectdescribestheadditionaleasewithwhichawordisaccessedduetoitsmorefrequentusageintheL.27第二十七頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日RECENCYEFFECTS(近期效應(yīng),近現(xiàn)率):Peoplerecognizeawordfasterwhentheyhavejusthearditorreaditthanwhentheyhavenotrecentlyencounteredit.Recencyeffectsdescribetheadditionaleasewithwhichawordisaccessedduetoitsrepeatedoccurrenceinthediscourseorcontext.例如在奧運(yùn)會(huì)期間一些體育項(xiàng)目成為報(bào)章雜志和人們交談的熱點(diǎn),成了高頻詞,辨認(rèn)的閾限因而就降低。但是奧運(yùn)會(huì)后,它們又慢慢降溫,辨認(rèn)的閾限又升高。所以近現(xiàn)效應(yīng)實(shí)際上是動(dòng)態(tài)的頻率效應(yīng)。28第二十八頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日AnotherfactorthatisinvolvedinwordrecognitionisCONTEXT.Peoplerecognizeawordmorereadilywhentheprecedingwordsprovideanappropriatecontextforit.e.g.Thisistheaorta主動(dòng)脈.Theheartsurgeoncarefullycutintothewalloftherightaorta.29第二十九頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日

語境可以促進(jìn)詞的辨認(rèn),解決詞的歧義。

Thecarturnedright.OnemechanismthathasbeenproposedtoaccountforthiskindofcontexteffectisaSEMANTICASSOCIATIONNETWORK(語義關(guān)聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)).Itrepresentstherelationshipbetweenvarioussemanticallyrelatedwords.Wordrecognitionisthoughttobefasterwhenothermembersoftheassociationnetworkareprovidedinthediscourse.辨認(rèn)有語義聯(lián)系的詞比無意義聯(lián)系的詞要快。butter-bread,nurse-doctor等30第三十頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日LexicalambiguityHowareambiguouswordsunderstood?Twotheories:1)All

themeaningsassociatedwiththewordareaccessed2)Only

onemeaningisaccessedinitially.31第三十一頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Areyouengaged?Myfrienddrovemetothebank.Pleasegivemeacamel.32第三十二頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Theclerk(entering):Areyouengaged?Augustus:Whatbusinessisthatofyours?However,ifyouwilltakethetroubletoreadthesocietypapersforthisweek,youwillseethatIamengagedtotheHonourableLucyPopham,youngestdaughterof...Theclerk:Thatisn’twhatImean.Canyouseeafemale?Augustus:Ofcourse,Icanseeafemaleaseasilyasamale.DoyousupposeIamblind?(GeorgeBernardShaw:AugustusDoesHisBit)33第三十三頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Anexperiment:Whenpeopleareaskedtofinishasentence,theytakelongerwhenthefragmenttobefinishedcontainsanambiguouswordthanwhentheambiguouswordisreplacedbyanunambiguousterm.e.g.Aftertakingtherightturnattheintersection…AftertakingtheleftturnattheintersectionThisdelaysuggeststhatallmeaningsofambiguouswordsareaccessedandthattimehastobetakentodecideamongthem.34第三十四頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Otherexperimentssuggestthatundersomecircumstances,onlyonemeaningisinitiallyaccessed.Thefrequencyandcontexteffectshavebeenshowntobeimportanthere.First,ifoneofthemeaningsismuchmorefrequentthantheother,peopletendtoassumethatthewordhasthemorefrequentmeaning.ChairThesemanticcontexteffectalsoplaysasignificantpartindecidingwhichmeaningisthemostappropriate.Bug(spy,spidersandroaches)35第三十五頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日ComprehensionofsentencesOnceawordhasbeenidentified,itisusedtoconstructasyntacticstructure.Insomecasesthisisquitestraightforward.Thejealouswomanwentaway.However,therearecomplicationsduetotheambiguityofindividualwordsandtothedifferentpossiblewaysthatwordscanbefitintophrases.Sometimesthereisnowaytodeterminewhichstructureandmeaningasentencehas.36第三十六頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日SyntacticambiguityDifferentpossiblewaysinwhichwordscanbefitintophrases.Thecopsawthespywiththebinoculars.

ThePPwiththebinocularsisambiguous.Itcaneitherbeacomplementoftheverb

seeorbepartofthenounphrase.Someambiguitiesareduetotheambiguouscategoryofsomeofthewordsinthesentence.

thedeserttrains37第三十七頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日J(rèn)ohnpaintedthecarinthegarage.38第三十八頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Maylikesthevaseonthecupboardwhichsheboughtyesterday.Thestudentswilldiscusstheirplantoholdadancingpartyintheclassroom.IknowSimonbetterthanyou.Tellmeifyouhavetime.39第三十九頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Mybrotherwasn’treadingallthetime.ThechairmanappointedMr.Brownanassistant.Thescholarwrotelongthesisandbooks.Flyingplanescanbedangerous.40第四十頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日GardenpathsentenceThehorseracedpastthebarnfell.Themanwhohuntsducksout奇妙地抽出時(shí)間onweekends.ThecottonclothingisusuallymadeofgrowsinMississippi.Fatpeopleeataccumulates.41第四十一頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Asentenceinwhichthecomprehenderassumesaparticularmeaningofawordorphrasebutdiscoverslaterthattheassumptionwasincorrect,forcingthecomprehendertobebacktrackandreinterpretthesentence.42第四十二頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日agrammaticallycorrectsentencethatstartsinsuchawaythatareader'smostlikelyinterpretationisanincorrectone,luringhiminitiallyintoanimproperparsethatthenturnsouttobeadeadend.GPSsareusedinpsycholinguisticstoillustratethat,whilereading,humanbeingsprocesslgeonewordatatime.The"gardenpath"isareferencetothesaying"tobeleddownthegardenpath",meaning"tobemisled."43第四十三頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Themanpushedthroughthedoorfell.大多數(shù)聽者在語言處理過程的瞬間會(huì)傾向于將Themanpushedthroughthedoor理解為NP+V+PP的一個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)。只有當(dāng)聽到動(dòng)詞fell時(shí),才折回頭對(duì)語言輸入重新進(jìn)行處理。這種現(xiàn)象被很形象地稱之為“花園路徑現(xiàn)象”,就像在花園中走錯(cuò)了道,折回頭再尋路徑。一般認(rèn)為,這類歧義現(xiàn)象會(huì)對(duì)語言的處理過程造成較大的困難。44第四十四頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Animportantquestioninsentenceprocessingishowpeopledecidewhichstructureanambiguoussentencehas.Peopleeitherconsiderallpossibilitiesanddecidewhichisthebest,orelsetheyusesomestrategytodecidewhichstructuretoconsiderfirst.Severalsuggestionshavebeenmadeabouthowpeopledecidewhichanalysistotryfirst.Oneguessisthatthereisastrongtendencytobuildaslittlestructureaspossible.

45第四十五頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日MINIMALATTACHMENTTHEORY(最少接觸理論):Peoplearemostlikelytochoosethesimplest.Theideaisthatpeopleinitiallyconstructthesimplestsyntacticstructurewheninterpretingthestructureofsentences.46第四十六頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日ComprehensionoftextSentencescomeintextsanddiscourses,andtheentiretextordiscourseisrelevanttothemessagesconveyed.Textisthenetofpropositions命題

thatmakeupthesemanticinterpretationsofindividualsentences.47第四十七頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Readersabstractthemainthreadsofadiscourseandinfermissingconnections,constrainedbylimitationsofshort-termmemoryandguidedbyhowargumentsoverlapacrosspropositionsandbylinguisticcuessignaledbythetext.讀者受短期記憶的限制,在文本命題中重疊論元和語言線索的引導(dǎo)下抽象出語篇的主要思路并推斷出潛在的聯(lián)系。48第四十八頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Discourseinterpretation

Resonancemodel共振模式:informationinlong-termmemoryisautomaticallyactivatedbythepresenceofmaterialthatapparentlybearsaroughsemanticrelationtoit.SchemataanddrawinginferencesSchema圖式:apre-existingknowledgestructureinmemorytypicallyinvolvingthenormalexpectedpatternsofthings.49第四十九頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日[RESTAURANT]Schema:Entering,ordering,eatingandexiting.EnteringScene:Thecustomerentersarestaurant,looksforatable,decideswheretosit,walkstothetable…50第五十頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日J(rèn)ohnwentintoarestaurant.Heaskedthewaitressforcoqauvin酒悶仔雞.Heateit,paidthebillandleft.(perfectlyunderstandable)Johnwentintoarestaurant.Hesawawaitress.Hegotupandwenthome.(doesnotseemtomakesense)51第五十一頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Apartmentforrent.$500.Istoppedtogetsomegroceriesbutthereweren'tanybasketsleftsobythetimeIarrivedatthecheck-outcounterImusthavelookedlikeajugglerhavingabadday.52第五十二頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日2.3LanguageproductionTheabilitytoproducewordsisacoreingredientoftheabilitytoproducelargerutterances.Singlewordaccesshasbeenandstillisacentralresearchtopic.Accesstowords詞的生成Conceptualization:whattoexpressWordselection:acompetitiveprocessMorpho-phonologicalencoding:targetwords53第五十三頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日GenerationofsentencesConceptualpreparation:decidingwhattosay–aglobalplanisneededWordretrievalandapplicationofsyntacticknowledgeProcessesofsentencegenerationFunctionalplanning:assigninggrammaticalfunctionsPositionalencoding:gettingintopositionsforeachunit54第五十四頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日WrittenlanguageproductionSimilartospokenlanguage.Orthographicforminsteadofphonologicalform.However,phonologyplaysanimportantroleinthisprocess.Writershavemoretimeavailableforconceptualpreparationandplanning.55第五十五頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日3.CognitiveLinguisticsCognitivelinguistics:AnewlyestablishedapproachtothestudyoflgeItisthescientificstudyoftherelationbetweenthewaywecommunicateandthewaywethink.Itisanapproachtolgethatisbasedonourexperienceoftheworldandthewayweperceiveandconceptualizeit.

56第五十六頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日3.1Construal識(shí)解(方法)Construal:theabilitytoconceiveandportraythesamesituationindifferentways.57第五十七頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Construaloperation識(shí)解操作:conceptualizingprocessesusedinlgeprocessbyhumanbeings.Theunderlyingpsychologicalprocessesandresourcesemployedintheinterpretationoflinguisticexpressions.58第五十八頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日1)Attention/salience(注意∕突顯)Weactivatethemostrelevantconceptsmorethanconceptsthatareirrelevanttowhatwearethinkingabout.Wedrovealongtheroad.Sheranacrosstheroad.Theworkersdugthroughtheroad.在知覺中,我們把注意力集中在感知到的情景部分。馬路被概念化為一條線(一維),一個(gè)平面(二維),一個(gè)立體(三維)59第五十九頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日a.Hecleanedthewindow.(玻璃)b.Heopenedthewindow.(窗扇)a.I’vebrokenthewindow.(我)b.Astonehasbrokenthewindow.(石頭)60第六十頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日2)Judgment/Comparison

判斷∕比較Wecannotattendtoallfacetsofasceneatthesametime.Wecannotpayattentiontoeverything.Instead,wefocusoneventsofparticularsalience.61第六十一頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Figure-ground(圖形-背景)62第六十二頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Figure-groundThegroundseemstobeplacedbehindthefigureextendinginthebackground.Thefigureisthusmoreprominent,orevenmoreinteresting,thantheground.63第六十三頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Figure-groundalsoseemstoapplytoourperceptionofmovingobjects.Inordertodistinguishbetweenstationaryanddynamicfigure-groundrelations,somecognitivelinguists(egLangacker)usethetermtrajector

(射體)foramovingfigureandlandmark

(界標(biāo))forthegroundofamovingfigure.64第六十四頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日There’sacat[figure]onthemat[ground]Therearestillsomepeanuts[figure]inthebag[ground]Batman[figure]wasstandingontheroof[ground]Thecomputer[figure]underthetable[ground]ismineThespacecraft[figure]washoveringoverMetropolis[ground]65第六十五頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Tarzan[trajector]jumpedintotheriver[landmark]Spiderman[trajector]climbedupthewall[landmark]Thebird[trajector]wingeditswayoutthewindow[landmark]We[trajector]wentacrossthefield[landmark]I[trajector]’mgoingtoLondon[landmark]66第六十六頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日3)Perspective∕Situatedness視點(diǎn)∕情景Perspective

:thewayinwhichweviewasceneintermsofoursituatedness.dependingontwothings:wherewearesituatedinrelationtothescenewe'reviewinghowthesceneisarrangedinrelationtooursituatedness.67第六十七頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Thetreeisbehindtheman.Themanisinfrontofthetree.68第六十八頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Thetreeisinfrontoftheman.Themanisbehindthetree.69第六十九頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日3.2Categorization(范疇化)Theprocessofclassifyingourexperiencesintodifferentcategoriesbasedoncommonalitiesanddifferences.Amajoringredientinthecreationofhumanknowledge;Allowsustorelatepresentexperiencestopastones.70第七十頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日PrototypeTheory原型理論:amodeofgradedcategorizationincognitivescience,wheresomemembersofacategoryaremorecentralthanothers.eg,whenaskedtogiveanexampleoftheconceptbird,robinismorefrequentlycitedthan,say,penguin.71第七十一頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Threelevels:basiclevelsuperordinatelevelsubordinatelevel72第七十二頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Basiclevel Superordinatelevel

Animal

Horse Dog Cat

Chihuahua German dachshund

shepherd

Subordinatelevel

Verticalorganization73第七十三頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日BLC:thosethataremostculturallysalientandarerequiredtofulfillourcognitiveneedsthebest.Thisisthelevelwhereweperceivethemostdifferencesbetween“objects”intheworld.Allcategoriesofdogsaredifferent,buttheystillshareenoughtobedistinguishedfromcats,birds,snakes,primates,etc.Soitisatthislevelthatwecanfindtheidealizedconfigurationoffeatureofacategory范疇特性的最理想化的結(jié)構(gòu).74第七十四頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日SPLC:themostgeneralones.Themembersofasuperordinatecategorydonothaveenoughfeaturesincommontoconjureupacommongestaltatthislevel.ButifsomeoneasksyoutothinkofaVEHICLEyoumightthinkofaCARoraBUSorifsomeoneasksyoutothinkofaPLANTyoumightthinkofaTREEoraFLOWER.Thisisparasiticalcategorization寄生范疇.75第七十五頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日SLC:Theyhaveclearlyidentifiablegestalts完形andlotsofindividualspecificfeatures.Atthislevelweperceivethedifferencesbetweenthemembersofthebasiclevelcategories.OftenthenamesforSUBORDINATELEVELcategoriesaremorphologicallycomplex.Theyaretypicallycompositeforms.raincoat,applejuice,andwheelchair76第七十六頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日77第七十七頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日3.3ImageSchema(意象圖式)Johnson,Mark.1987.Thebodyinthemind:Thebodilybasisofmeaning,imagination,andreason.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.78第七十八頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日arecurringstructurewithinourcognitiveprocesseswhichestablishespatternsofunderstandingandreasoning.Imageschemasareformedfromourbodilyinteractions,fromlinguisticexperience,andfromhistoricalcontext.79第七十九頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日80第八十頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Center-peripheryschema

(中央—邊緣圖式)

Involves:aphysicalormetaphoricalcoreandedge,anddegreesofdistancefromthecore.Examples(English):ThestructureofanappleAnindividual’sperceptualsphereAnindividual’ssocialsphere,withfamilyandfriendsatthecoreandothershavingdegreesofperipherality81第八十一頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Containmentschema

(容器圖式)Involvesaphysicalormetaphoricalboundary界限enclosedareaorvolume

閉合的區(qū)域或容器excludedareaorvolume

不閉合的范圍或容器82第八十二頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Bodilyexperience:humanbodiesascontainers.Structuralelements:interior,boundary,exteriorTheshipiscomingintoview.She’sdeepinthought.Westoodinsilence.83第八十三頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Cycleschema

(循環(huán)圖式)Involvesrepetitiouseventsandeventseries.Itsstructureincludesthefollowing:AstartingpointAprogressionthroughsuccessiveeventswithoutbacktracking不受阻礙的事件進(jìn)程Areturntotheinitialstate回到起始點(diǎn)84第八十四頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Examples(English)DaysWeeksYearsSleepingandwakingBreathingCirculationEmotionalbuildupandrelease85第八十五頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Forceschema

(力量圖式)Involvesphysicalormetaphoricalcausalinteraction生理或隱喻因果互動(dòng)關(guān)系.Itincludesthefollowingelements:AsourceandtargetoftheforceAdirectionandintensityoftheforceApathofmotionofthesourceand/ortargetAsequenceofcausation86第八十六頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Examples(English):Physical:Wind,GravityStructuralelements:force,path,entity,etc.Interaction,directionality,causalityCompulsionBlockageCounterforceDiversionRemovalofrestraint87第八十七頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Linkschema(連接圖式)Consistsoftwoormoreentities,connectedphysicallyormetaphorically,andthebondbetweenthem.

EntityA EntityB88第八十八頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Examples(English):Achildholdinghermother’shandSomeonepluggingalampintothewallAcausal“connection”Kinship“ties”89第八十九頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Part-wholeschema(部分—整體圖式)

Involvesphysicalormetaphoricalwholesalongwiththeirpartsandaconfigurationoftheparts.Examples(English):Physical:ThebodyanditspartsMetaphorical:Thefamily; ThecastestructureofIndia

印度種姓等級(jí)90第九十頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Pathschema(路徑圖式)Involvesphysicalormetaphoricalmovementfromplacetoplace,andconsistsofastartingpoint,agoal,andaseriesofintermediatepoints.91第九十一頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Examples(English):Physical:Paths;TrajectoriesMetaphorical:Thepurpose-as-physical-goalmetaphor,asexpressedinthefollowingsentences:Tomhasgonealongwaytowardchanginghispersonality.Youhavereachedthemidpointofyourflighttraining.She'sjuststartingouttomakeherfortune.Janewassidetrackedinhersearchforself-understanding.92第九十二頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Scaleschema(刻度圖式)Involvesanincreaseordecreaseofphysicalormetaphoricalamount,andconsistsofanyofthefollowing:Aclosed-oropen-ended progressionofamountApositionintheprogression ofamount數(shù)量級(jí)數(shù)的位置Oneormorenormsofamount93第九十三頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Examples:PhysicalamountsPropertiesinthenumbersystemEconomicentitiessuchassupplyanddemand94第九十四頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Verticalityschema(垂直圖式)Involves“up”and“down”relations.Examples:StandinguprightClimbingstairsViewingaflagpoleWatchingwaterriseinatub95第九十五頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日3.4MetaphorGeorgeLakoffandMarkJohnson(1980).MetaphorsWeLiveBy.UniversityofChicagoPress.96第九十六頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Metaphoristheconceptofunderstandingonethingintermsofanother.Ametaphorisafigureofspeechthatconstructsananalogybetweentwothingsorideas;theanalogyisconveyedbytheuseofametaphoricalwordinplaceofsomeotherword.Forexample:"Hereyeswereglisteningjewels".97第九十七頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日ConceptualMetaphorTheory

(概念隱喻理論)Metaphorsareactuallycognitivetoolsthathelpusstructureourthoughtsandexperiencesintheworldaroundus.Metaphorisaconceptualmapping,notalinguisticone,fromonedomaintoanother,notfromawordtoanother.98第九十八頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Targetdomain-whatisactuallybeingtalkedabout.Sourcedomain-thedomainusedasabasisforunderstandingtargetXisY.

Targetdomain(X)Sourcedomain

(Y)RATIONALARGUMENTWAR99第九十九頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Therearethreecategoriesofconceptualmetaphors:Ontologicalmetaphors實(shí)體隱喻Structuralmetaphors結(jié)構(gòu)性隱喻Orientationalmetaphors方位性隱喻100第一百頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日(1)OntologicalmetaphorsHumanexperienceswithphysicalobjectsprovidethebasisforwaysofviewingevents,activities,emotions,ideas,etc.,asentitiesandsubstances.

Categorizeevents,actionsandstatesassubstances.

人類以自身經(jīng)驗(yàn)和生理實(shí)體為基礎(chǔ),把事件、行為、情感、思想等抽象概念轉(zhuǎn)換為實(shí)體。

101第一百零一頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Example:INFLATIONISANENEMYa.Inflationisloweringourstandardofliving.b.Ifthereismuchmoreinflation,we’llneversurvive.c.Weneedtocombatinflation.d.Inflationisbackingusintoacorner.102第一百零二頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Example:THEMINDISAMACHINEa.Mymindjustisn’toperating.b.I’malittlerustytoday.c.We’restilltryingtogrindoutthesolutiontothisequation.103第一百零三頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日(2)StructuralmetaphorsProvideshighlystructured,clearlydelineatedsourcedomaintostructuretargetdomain.Themappinginvolvestwotypesofcorrespondencebetweentargetandsourcedomain,whicharebothgroundedinourexperiencesintheworld.Itimplieshowoneconceptismetaphoricallystructuredintermsofanother.104第一百零四頁,共一百四十四頁,2022年,8月28日Example:ARGUMENTISWARYourclaimsareindefensible.Heattackedeveryweakpointinmyargument.Hiscriticismswererightontarg

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