聯(lián)合國 2022年電子政務(wù)調(diào)查-數(shù)字政府的未來 -E-Government Survey 2022 The Future of Digital Government

DigitalGovernment

E-GovernmentSurvey2022

TheFutureof

A

DepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs

UNITEDNATIONS

E-GOVERNMENT

SURVEY2022

TheFuTureoFDigiTalgovernmenT

UNITEDNATIONS

NewYork,2022

/en/

/egovkb/en-us/

i

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2022UNE-GovErNmENtSUrvEy

DISclAIMERS

UnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs

TheDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairsoftheUnitedNationsSecretariatisavitalinterfacebetweenglobalpoliciesintheeconomic,socialandenvironmentalspheresandnationalaction.TheDepartmentworksinthreemaininterlinkedareas:(i)itcompiles,generatesandanalysesawiderangeofeconomic,socialandenvironmentaldataandinformationonwhichStatesMembersoftheUnitedNationsdrawtoreviewcommonproblemsandtotakestockofpolicyoptions;(ii)itfacilitatesthenegotiationsofMemberStatesinmanyintergovernmentalbodiesonjointcourseofactiontoaddressongoingoremergingglobalchallenges;and(iii)itadvisesinterestedGovernmentsonthewaysandmeansoftranslatingpolicyframeworksdevelopedinUnitedNationsconferencesandsummitsintoprogrammesatthecountryleveland,throughtechnicalassistance,helpsbuildnationalcapacities.

Disclaimers

ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofthematerialinthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheSecretariatoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorarea,orofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.Thedesignations“developed”and“developing”economicsareintendedforstatisticalconvenienceanddonotnecessarilyimplyajudgmentaboutthestatereachedbyaparticularcountryorareainthedevelopmentprocess.Theterm“country”asusedinthetextofthispublicationalsorefers,asappropriate,toterritoriesorareas.Theterm“dollar”normallyreferstotheUnitedStatesdollar($).TheviewsexpressedarethoseoftheindividualauthorsanddonotimplyanyexpressionofopiniononthepartoftheUnitedNations.

copyright?UnitedNations,2022

Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinretrievalsystemortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutpriorpermission.

ST/ESA/PAD/SER.E/216

Salesno.:E.22.II.H.2

ISBN:978-92-1-123213-4

eISBN:978-92-1-001944-6

PrintISSN:2411-8257

eISSN:2411-829X

UnitedNationsE-GovernmentSurveys:

2022TheFutureofDigitalGovernment

2020DigitalGovernmentintheDecadeofActionforSustainableDevelopment

2018GearingE-Governmenttosupporttransformationtowardssustainableandresilientsocieties

2016E-GovernmentforSustainableDevelopment

2014E-GovernmentfortheFutureWeWant

2012E-GovernmentforthePeople

2010leveragingE-GovernmentataTimeofFinancialandEconomiccrisis

2008FromE-GovernmenttoconnectedGovernance

2005FromE-GovernmenttoE-Inclusion

2004TowardsAccessforOpportunity

2003WorldPublicSectorReport:E-Governmentatthecrossroads

2001BenchmarkingE-Government:AGlobalPerspective

Website:

/en/

/egovkb/en-us/

layout:clungWichaPressco.,ltd.,Thailand

coverDesign:UnitedNationsDepartmentofGlobalcommunications,NewYork

Photocredit:

PrintedattheUnitedNations,NewYork

iii

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2022UNE-GovErNmENtSUrvEy

Preface

Thereleaseofthis12theditionoftheUN

E-GovernmentSurveyin2022occursatacritical

moment,withonly8yearslefttoachievethe

SustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)-the

sharedblueprintforeverycountrytojointlybuild

abetterandsustainablefutureforall.Inthe

meantime,theinternationalcommunityisfacing

interlinkedandcascadingcriseswithdangerous

implicationsforpeaceandsecurity,socialstability,

publichealth,climate,andourfragileecosystems.

Againstthisbackdrop,the2022Survey

highlightstheincreasingcontributionsof

digitaltransformationanddigitalgovernment

inacceleratingtherealizationofthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmentandinmakingsurethatnooneisleftbehindandofflineinthedigitalage.TheSurveydemonstratesthatdigitaltechnologies,amongotherthings,haveallowedgovernmentstoplayakeyroleinaddressingthechallengessurroundingtheglobalhealthcrisisandinensuringeffectivedeliveryofessentialpublicservicesduringaperiodofgrowingisolation,uncertaintyandvulnerability.

The2022SurveyhighlightstheimportantrolethatdigitalgovernmenttoolshaveplayedtheongoingfightagainstthecOVID-19pandemic.Overthepasttwoyears90percentofMemberStateshaveestablisheddedicatedportals,orcreatedspaceintheirnationalportals,toaddressissuesandpublicservicesrelatedtothepandemic.Thesedigitalgovernmenttoolshaveprovenessential.Goingforward,digitalgovernmentcanundoubtedlyhelpustackleotherglobalcrises,includingclimatechange,andprepareustoworkthroughfutureshocksandrisks.

Thesurveyresultsinthiseditionalsopointtoaremarkableimprovementintelecommunicationsinfrastructureandhumancapacitydevelopmentandanencouragingimprovementinserviceprovision,withtheglobalE-GovernmentDevelopmentIndex(EGDI)averagehavingincreasedoverall.Nonetheless,EGDIvaluestendtobehigherforhigher-incomecountriesthanforlower-incomeones,andtheEGDIaverageforleastdevelopedcountries(lDcs),particularlythoseinAfrica,isstillfarbelowtheglobalaverage,underscoringgapsine-governmentdevelopmentandthepersistenceofthedigitaldivide.

The12theditionalsomarksthefirststudytoincorporateanassessmentofe-governmentinthemostpopulouscityineachofthe193UnitedNationsMemberStates.Despiteageneraldigitalperformancegapbetweencityportalsandtheirnationalcounterparts,mostcities-especiallymorepopulouscities-haveimprovedtheirlocalOnlineServiceIndexscoresbyvirtueofgreateraccesstocriticalresourcessuchasahighlyskilledworkforce,abroadknowledgeandskillbase,andadedicatedpublicbudget.

v

PREFAcE

lookingforward,Iwishtocallupone-governmentleadersfromallovertheworldtoredouble

theireffortsincludingbyinvestingmoreinnationaldigitaltransformation,andtimelyadoptionof

acomprehensiveandinnovativedigitalgovernmentframework,sothatadvancesine-government

areintegratedwithbroadersustainabledevelopmentinitiatives,ultimatelyservingthewidergoalof

supportingtheachievementoftheSDGsandleavingnoonebehind,offline.

The2022UNE-GovernmentSurveyispublishedatachallengingtime,butwefindhopeand

inspirationinprogressindigitaldevelopment.Managedwell,digitaltransformationanddigital

government,throughinclusiveapplicationofdigitaltechnologyandmultistakeholderpartnerships,

willcontinuetobeapowerfuldriverforadvancingasustainablefutureforall.

lIJunhua

Under-Secretary-GeneralforEconomicandSocialAffairs

UnitedNations

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2022UNE-GovErNmENtSUrvEy

Acknowledgements

The2022UnitedNationsE-GovernmentSurveywaspreparedbytheDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairsoftheUnitedNations(UNDESA),throughitsDivisionforPublicInstitutionsandDigitalGovernment(DPIDG).ThereportwaspreparedundertheresponsibilityofJuwangZhu(Director,DPIDG),byateamofUnitedNationsstaffledbyVincenzoAquaro.TheteammemberswereYusufEkremEren,ArpineKorekyan,WaiMinKwok,SaaeKwon,Madeleinelosch,RachaelPurcell,andDenizSusar.

Theleadauthorsforthechapterswere:ArpineKorekyanwithco-authorVincenzoAquaro(chapters1and2);DenizSusar(chapter3);WaiMinKwok(chapter4);and,VincenzoAquaro,withco-authorMarkMinevich(chapter5).TheDataManagementTeamwasoverseenbyVincenzoAquaro.

Thisreportwassubjecttoexternalpeerreviewtoensurequalityandobjectivity.Externalpeerreviewerswere:JuliaGlidden,RonyMedagliaandGianlucaMisuraca(chapters1and2);JudyBackhouse(chapter3);DavidleBlancandDavidSouter(chapter4);DelfinaSoaresandZhenglei(chapter5).

chapter3benefitedfromtheUnitedNationsUniversity,OperatingUnitonPolicy-DrivenElectronicGovernance(UNU-EGOV),specificallybyMs.DelfinaSoares,Head,andbyMr.DimitriosSarantis,Postdoctoralfellow.

ThisreportalsobenefitedfrominsightssharedbyexternalexpertsatanonlineExpertGroupMeeting,on29-31MarchApril2021–“ExpertGroupMeetinginPreparationfortheUNE-GovernmentSurvey2022”.Theexpertparticipantsincluded:AlexandreBarbosa,cheowHoechan,Anirchowdhury,Joséclastornik,Janecoffin,BirkuRetaEntele,SunilGeness,JuliaGlidden,SalimHasham,EllenHelsper,MarjinJansenn,EnzoleFevre,Mixialiu,Franciscolupiá?ezVillanueva,RonyMedaglia,SamiaMelhem,JessicaMusila,MinervaNovero,AroonP.Manoharan,TheresaPardo,FadiSalem,DavoudTaghawi-Nejad,JaneTreadwellandleiZheng.Themeetingalsoinvolvedresourcepersons:AymanAlarabiat,RehemaBaguma,Marianalameiras,MortenMeyerhoff,GianlucaMisuraca,DimitriosSarantisandDelfinaSoares.

Contributions

ThecomplexNetworkAnalysisfortheUNDESAPilotStudywasprovidedbyProfessorRobertoBellottiwithsubstantivecontributionofDr.loredanaBellantuonofromUniversityofBari,Italy.

DPIDGinternsprovidedgeneralresearchsupport:

cailanAshcroft,NatoBalavadze,YunyingBao,Jieyingcai,Sichen,léandraGrizot,KalinGrose,GuillaumeHemmert,XiangyiHuang,Mallorieleclech,Edwardlee,Qianqianli,Xiaofanliu,AndrealoSasso,Muyaolyu,MartinaManzari,JonasMeuleman,ZeynepSudeNeriman,VictoriaPalacinSilva,RaffaellaSavoy,SinanTang,MuyuXie,YiXie,XinyiYang,HuinanYu,EricZhangandAngelicaZundel.

DatamanagementandstatisticssupportwasprovidedbyEnkelDaljani,DirenKocakusakandTommiSalminen.

SupportintheproductionofthemapsusedinthisreportwasprovidedbytheUnitedNationsGeospatialInformationSection(NewYork).

vii

AcKNOWlEDGEMENTS

ThechaptersofthepublicationwereeditedbyTerrilore.

UnitedNationsVolunteersprovidedresearchsupportforworkrelatedtotheassessmentofthe

OnlineServicesIndexandthelocalOnlineServicesIndex(acompletelistofthesecontributorsis

availableintheannexAoftheSurvey).

ContributingMemberStatesandorganizations:

Inpreparationforthispublication,aseriesofconsultationsessionswereheldinMay2021with

stakeholderstogatherfeedbackandsuggestionsontheSurvey’ssubstanceandmethodology.

Theseopensessionswereheldonline,acrossvariousregionsandtimezones,andwereattended

byrepresentativesofgovernmentsandothersectors.Aconsolidatedreportontheoutcomesfrom

theseconsultations,aswellasrecordingsofeachsession,areavailableontheDPIDGwebsiteunder

theeventpagesfortheAsiaPacificsession,theAmericassession,andtheEurope,MiddleEastand

Africasession.

Specialthanksisextendedtothefollowingofthefollowingpartners,whowilltranslatethisreport

intolanguagesotherthanEnglish:theTelecommunicationRegulatoryAuthority,UnitedArab

Emirates(Arabic),thechinaNationalAcademyofGovernance(chinese),AlAkhawaynUniversity,

Morocco(French),theMinistryofDevelopmentofInformationTechnologiesandcommunications

oftheRepublicofUzbekistan(Russian),andtheAgencyofElectronicGovernmentandSocietyfor

theInformationandKnowledgeofUruguay(Spanish).

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2022UNE-GovErNmENtSUrvEy

Acronyms

3D

three-dimensional

4G

fourth-generationwirelesstechnologyfordigitalcellularnetworks

5G

fifthgenerationwirelesstechnologyfordigitalcellularnetworks

AI

artificialintelligence

AIM

Account+Identity=Mobility

API

applicationprogramminginterface

ASEAN

AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations

c

DTO

chiefdigital(and)technologyofficer

c

EO

chiefexecutiveofficer

c

IO

chiefinformationofficer

c

OVID-19

coronavirusDisease2019

c

P

contentprovision(OSIsubindex)

DTT

digitalterrestrialtelevision

EGDI

E-GovernmentDevelopmentIndex

EMUI

EncryptedMobileUserIdentity

EPI

e-participation(OSIsubindex)

EPI

E-ParticipationIndex

FDI

foreigndirectinvestment

GB

Gigabyte(s)

Gcc

cooperationcouncilfortheArabStatesoftheGulf

GDP

grossdomesticproduct

GDPR

GeneralDataProtectionRegulation(EuropeanUnion)

GII

GenderInequalityIndex

GIS

geographicinformationsystem

GNI

grossnationalincome

GPII

GlobalPublicInclusiveInfrastructure

GPS

GlobalPositioningSystem

HcI

HumancapitalIndex

HTTPS

HypertextTransferProtocolSecure

ix

HV

IcT

ID

IDc

IF

IFc

IoT

IP

IT

ITU

lDc

lEO

lGQ

llDc

lM

lNOB

lOSI

M2M

MEl

MFS

MH

MSQ

NGO

NlP

OEcD

OGD

OSI

pdf

QR

AcRONYMS

high-veryhigh(ratingclassorquartilesubgroup)

informationandcommunicationstechnology

Identification/identity

InternationalDatacorporation

institutionalframework(OSIsubindex)

InternationalFinancecorporation

InternetofThings

InternetProtocol

informationtechnology

InternationalTelecommunicationUnion

leastdevelopedcountry

lowEarthorbit

localGovernmentQuestionnaire

landlockeddevelopingcountry

low-middle(ratingclassorquartilesubgroup)

leavingnoonebehind

localOnlineServicesIndex

machine-to-machine

monitoring,evaluationandlearning

mobilefinancialservices

middle-high(ratingclassorquartilesubgroup)

MemberStatesQuestionnaire

non-governmentalorganization

naturallanguageprocessing

OrganizationforEconomiccooperationandDevelopment

opengovernmentdata

OnlineServicesIndex

PortableDocumentFormat

QuickResponse(code)

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2022UNE-GovErNmENtSUrvEy

SDG

SustainableDevelopmentGoal

SIDS

smallislanddevelopingState(s)

SMS

ShortMessageService

SP

servicesprovision(OSIsubindex)

STIForum

Multi-StakeholderForumonScience,TechnologyandInnovationforthe

SDGs

TEc

technology(OSIsubindex)

TII

TelecommunicationsInfrastructureIndex

UAE

UnitedArabEmirates

UK

UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland

UN

UnitedNations

UNDESA

UnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs

UNDP

UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme

UN-HABITAT

UnitedNationsHumanSettlementsProgramme

UNcRD

UnitedNationscentreforRegionalDevelopment

UNEScO

UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandculturalOrganization

UNIcEFEcARO

UnitedNationschildren’sFundEuropeandcentralAsiaRegionalOffice

UNU-EGOV

UnitedNationsUniversityOperatingUnitonPolicy-DrivenElectronic

Governance

USorUSA

UnitedStatesofAmerica

VAT

ValueAddedTax

VH

veryhigh(ratingclassorquartilesubgroup)

WcAG

WebcontentAccessibilityGuidelines

WDI

WorldDevelopmentIndicator

WHO

WorldHealthOrganization

XMl

ExtensibleMarkuplanguage

xi

Contents

Preface

iv

Acknowledgements

vi

Acronyms

viii

AbouttheSurvey

xix

ExecutiveSummary

xxiii

1.GlobalTrendsinE-Government

1

1.1

Introduction

1

1.2

E-governmentrankingsin2022

2

1.3

E-governmentdevelopmentataglance

3

1.3.1OverallEGDIresults

3

1.3.2countryEGDIlevelsandquartileclassifications

5

1.3.3MovementbetweenEGDIgroups

7

1.4

Thecountriesleadingine-governmentdevelopment

8

1.5

OSI,TIIandHcIperformanceforeachEGDIgroup

11

1.6

Nationalincomeande-governmentdevelopment

13

1.7

complexnetworkanalysis:adifferentperspectiveone-governmentdevelopment

16

1.8

OnlineServicesIndex

18

1.8.1countrygroupingsbyOSIandEGDIlevels

19

1.8.2countryOSIlevelsbyincomegroup

24

1.8.3Servicesprovisionsubindex:progressinonlineservicesdelivery

25

1.8.4Technologysubindex

37

1.8.5Institutionalframeworksubindex

38

1.8.6contentprovisionsubindex:sharingpublicinformation

39

1.8.7E-participationsubindex

40

1.9

E-governmentduringcOVID-19:adhocservices

44

1.10

Summaryandconclusion

46

2.RegionalE-GovernmentDevelopmentandthePerformanceofCountryGroupings

53

2.1Introduction

53

2.2RegionalEGDIrankings

53

2.2.1Regionalperformanceinonlineservicesprovision

57

2.2.2Onlineservicesforpeopleinvulnerablesituations

59

2.2.3cOVID-19measures

61

2.2.4Africa:countrygroupinganalysis

62

2.2.5TheAmericas:countrygroupinganalysis

65

2.2.6Asia:countrygroupinganalysis

68

2.2.7Europe:countrygroupinganalysis

71

2.2.8Oceania:countrygroupinganalysis

74

2.3countriesinspecialsituations

76

2.3.1leastdevelopedcountries

78

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2022UNE-GovErNmENtSUrvEy

2.3.2landlockeddeveloping

countries

80

2.3.3Smallislanddeveloping

States

82

2.4Summaryandconclusion

85

3.LocalE-GovernmentDevelopment

87

3.1Introduction

87

3.2currentstatusoflocalonlineservices

88

3.2.1Methodology

88

3.2.2currentstatusoflocale-government

88

3.3localGovernmentQuestionnaire

100

3.3.1Institutionalframework

101

3.3.2legalframework

101

3.3.3Strategyandimplementation

102

3.3.4Usageofonlineservices

104

3.3.5Usersatisfaction

105

3.3.6Socialmedia

106

3.3.7cOVID-19measures

106

3.3.8Smartcityandnewtechnologies

107

3.4PartnershipsandapplicationoflOSImethodologyincountries

109

3.5conclusion

110

4.Leavingnoonebehindinthehybriddigitalsociety

113

4.1Introduction

113

4.1.1leavingnoonebehindisoneofthe11principlesofeffectivegovernancefor

sustainabledevelopment

113

4.1.2Thenewfaceofinequalityisdigital

114

4.1.3Thedouble-edgedswordofe-governmentinleavingnoonebehind

115

4.2Identifyingthosebeingleftbehindine-government

117

4.2.1Thoselivingnearorbelowthepovertyline

117

4.2.2Womenandgirls

118

4.2.3Olderpersons

120

4.2.4Personswithdisabilities

121

4.2.5Youth

122

4.2.6Migrantsandrefugees

123

4.2.7Othervulnerablepopulations

124

4.3Barriersrelatingtoaccess,affordabilityandability(3As)

124

4.3.1Thedynamicshiftsandmultiplyingeffectsofdigitalexclusion

124

4.3.2Access

126

4.3.3Affordability

130

4.3.4Ability

133

4.4Theroledata,designanddeliverycanplayinensuringnooneisleftbehind

136

4.4.1Data

138

4.4.2Design

141

4.4.3Delivery

149

xiii

4.5

Policymessages

152

4.5.1Recognizingthatthenewfaceofinequalityisdigital

152

4.5.2Identifyingbarrierslinkedtoaccess,affordabilityandability

152

4.5.3Theintegratedrolesofdata,designanddeliveryinshapinginclusivee-government

153

4.5.4“l(fā)eavingnoonebehind”astheguidingprinciplefore-governmentdevelopment

154

4.5.5leavingnocountrybehindine-government

155

4.6

conclusion

156

5.The

FutureofDigitalGovernment:Trends,InsightsandConclusions

165

5.1

Megatrendsattheglobalandregionallevels

166

5.2

TheimpactofthecOVID-19pandemicondigitalgovernment

170

5.3

Theimportanceofengagingtheprivatesector

173

5.4

Thefutureofdigitaltransformationinthepublicsector

175

5.4.1OpenGovernmentData

176

5.4.2cloudcomputingtechnology

177

5.4.3cybersecurity,privacydataprotectionissues

179

5.4.4Evolvingtechnologiesandnewapproachesindigitalgovernment

180

5.5

Digitalgovernmentatthelocallevel

182

5.6

leavingnoonebehindinthedigitalsociety

183

5.7

conclusions

184

AnnExEs

189

AnnexA:surveyMethodology

189

A.1E-GovernmentDevelopmentIndex:AnOverview

189

A.2OnlineServiceIndex(OSI)

191

A.3TelecommunicationInfrastructureIndex(TII)

196

A.4HumancapitalIndex(HcI)

197

A.5E-ParticipationIndex(EPI)

199

A.6MemberStateQuestionnaire(MSQ)

201

A.7localOnlineServiceIndex(lOSI)

202

A.8countryclassi?cationsandNomenclatureintheSurvey

207

A.9PortalAssessmentPhaseforOnlineServiceIndexandlocalOnlineServiceIndex

207

A.10OpenGovernmentDataIndex(PilotStudy)

210

AnnexB:

277

B.1complexNetworkAnalysis(PilotStudy)

277

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2022UNE-GovErNmENtSUrvEy

Boxes

Box1.1

Rwanda,IndiaandEcuador

21

Box2.1

Mauritius,Rwanda,SeychellesandSouthAfrica

64

Box2.2

Peru,GuyanaandBelize

67

Box2.3

UnitedArabEmiratesandKazakhstan

70

Box2.4

Serbia:focusingondigitalskillsandservicesdelivery

73

Box2.5

F