固定資產(chǎn)自然資源無(wú)形資產(chǎn)

固定資產(chǎn)自然資源無(wú)形資產(chǎn)第1頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)P(yáng)lantassetsaretangibleresourcesthatareusedintheoperationsofabusinessandarenotintendedforsaletocustomers.Plantassetsaresubdividedintofourclasses:

1Land土地

2Landimprovements土地附著物

3Buildings建筑物

4Equipment設(shè)備PLANTASSETS固定資產(chǎn)第2頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)P(yáng)lantassetsarerecordedatcostinaccordancewiththecostprinciple.Costconsistsofallexpendituresnecessarytoacquiretheassetandmakeitreadyforitsintendeduse.Thesecostsincludepurchaseprice,freightcosts,andinstallationcosts.Expendituresthatarenotnecessaryshouldberecordedasexpenses,losses,orotherassets.DETERMININGTHECOSTOFPLANTASSETSInvoice第3頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Costismeasuredbythecashpaidinacashtransactionorbythe

cashequivalentprice

whennon-cashassetsareusedinpayment.Thecashequivalentpriceisequaltothe

fairmarketvalue市場(chǎng)公允價(jià)值

oftheassetgivenup

orthe

fairmarketvalueoftheassetreceived,whicheverismoreclearlydeterminable.MEASUREMENTOFPLANTASSETCOST固定資產(chǎn)成本的計(jì)量第4頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)

ThecostofLandincludes:1

）cashpurchaseprice2

）closingcostssuchastitleandattorney’sfees3

）realestatebrokers’commissions4

）accruedpropertytaxesandotheronthelandassumedbythepurchaser.Allnecessarycostsincurredinmakinglandready foritsintendedusearedebitedtotheLand account.LAND第5頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Sometimespurchasedlandhasabuildingonitthatmustberemovedtomakethesitesuitableforconstructionofanewbuilding.Inthiscase,alldemolitionandremovalcostslessanyproceedsfromsalvagedmaterialsarechargeabletotheLandaccount第6頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Thecostof

landimprovements

includesallexpendituresnecessarytomaketheimprovementsreadyfortheirintendedusesuchas:1parkinglots,paving2fencing,and3lighting.LANDIMPROVEMENTS第7頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Thecostofbuildingsincludesallnecessaryexpendituresrelatingtothepurchaseorconstructionofabuilding.Whenabuildingispurchased,suchcostsincludethepurchaseprice,closingcosts,andrealestatebroker’scommission.BUILDINGS第8頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Coststomakethebuildingreadyforitsintendeduseconsistofexpendituresforremodelingandreplacingorrepairingtheroof,floors,wiring,andplumbing.Whenanewbuildingisconstructed,costconsistsofthecontractpricepluspaymentsforarchitects’fees,buildingpermits,interestpaymentsduringconstruction,andexcavationcosts.BUILDINGS第9頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Thecostofequipmentconsistsofthecashpurchaseprice,salestaxes,freightcharges,andinsurancepaidbythepurchaserduringtransit.Costincludesallexpendituresrequiredinassembling,installing,andtestingtheunit.Recurringcostssuchaslicensesandinsuranceareexpensedasincurred.EQUIPMENT第10頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Thecostofequipmentconsistsofthecashpurchaseprice,salestaxes,freightcharges,andinsuranceduringtransitpaidbythepurchaser.Italsoincludesexpendituresrequiredinassembling,installing,andtestingtheunit.However,motorvehiclelicensesandaccidentinsuranceoncompanycarsandtrucksareexpensedasincurred,sincetheyrepresentannualrecurringexpendituresthatdonotbenefitfutureperiods第11頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)AccounttitlesDRCRDeliverytruck23820Licenseexpense80Prepaidinsurance1600

Cash25500第12頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)AccounttitlesDRCRFactorymachinery54500

Cash54500第13頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Depreciationistheprocessofallocatingtoexpensethecostofaplantassetoveritsuseful(service)lifeinarationalandsystematicmanner.Costallocationisdesignedtoprovideforthepropermatchingofexpenseswithrevenuesinaccordancewiththematchingprinciple.DEPRECIATION折舊第14頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Duringanasset’slife,itsusefulnessmaydeclinebecauseofwearandtearorobsolescence.Recognitionofdepreciationdoesnotresultintheaccumulationofcashforthereplacementoftheasset.Landistheonlyplantassetthatisnotdepreciated.DEPRECIATION折舊第15頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Threefactorsthataffectthecomputationofdepreciationare:1Cost:allexpendituresnecessarytoacquirethe asset andmakeitreadyforintendeduse.2Usefullife使用壽命:estimateoftheexpectedlifebasedon needforrepair,servicelife,andvulnerabilitytoobsolescence.3Salvagevalue殘值:estimateoftheasset’svalueatthe endofitsusefullife.FACTORSINCOMPUTINGDEPRECIATION第16頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)methodsofrecognizingdepreciation1Straight-line直線法2Unitsofactivity產(chǎn)量法3Declining-balance余額遞減法.Eachmethodisacceptableundergenerallyacceptedaccountingprinciples.Managementselectsthemethodthatisappropriateinthecircumstances.Onceamethodischosen,itshouldbeappliedconsistently第17頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)USEOFDEPRECIATIONMETHODSINMAJORU.S.COMPANIES82%Straight-line4%Decliningbalance5%Units-of-activity9%Other第18頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Underthe

straight-linemethod,depreciationisthesameforeachyearoftheasset’susefullife.Itismeasuredbythepassageoftime.Inordertocomputedepreciationexpense,itisnecessarytodeterminedepreciablecost.Depreciablecostisthetotalamountsubjecttodepreciationandiscomputedasfollows:Depreciablecost=Costofasset-salvagevalueSTRAIGHT-LINE直線法第19頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)$13,000-$1,000=$12,000$12,000÷5=$2,400CostSalvageValueDepreciableCostDepreciableCostUsefulLifeDepreciationExpense第20頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)AccounttitlesDRCRDepreciationExpense2400

AccumulatedDepreciation2400BookValue=cost–accumulateddepreciation=13000–2400=10600第21頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)YearDepreciationBookValue1240013000–2400=10,6002240010,600-2400=8200324008200-2400=5800424005800–2400=3400524003400–2400=1000第22頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Undertheunits-of-activitymethod,servicelifeisexpressedintermsofthetotalunitsofproductionorexpectedusefromtheasset,ratherthantime.Theformulasforcomputingdepreciationexpenseare:

1DepreciableCost÷TotalUnitsofActivity =DepreciationCostperUnit

2DepreciationCostperUnitXUnitsofActivityDuringtheYear=DepreciationExpenseUNITS-OF-ACTIVITY工作量法第23頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Inusingthismethod,itisoftendifficulttomakeareasonableestimateoftotalactivity.Whentheproductivityofanassetvariessignificantlyfromoneperiodtoanother,thismethodresultsinthebestmatchingofexpenseswithrevenues.UNITS-OF-ACTIVITY工作量法第24頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)$12,000÷100,000miles=$0.12$0.12×15000=$1,800DepreciableCostTotalunitsofactivityDepreciableCostperunitDepreciableCostperunitUnitsofyearDepreciationExpense÷×第25頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)AccounttitlesDRCRDepreciationExpense1800

AccumulatedDepreciation1800BookValue=cost–accumulateddepreciation=12000–1800=10200第26頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)DECLINING-BALANCE余額遞減法

Thedeclining-balancemethodproducesadecreasingannualdepreciationexpenseoverthe usefullifeoftheasset.Thecalculationofperiodicdepreciationisbased onadecliningbookvalue(costlessaccumulated depreciation)oftheasset.第27頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)DECLINING-BALANCE余額遞減法Annualdepreciationexpenseiscalculatedbymultiplyingthebookvalueatthebeginningofthe yearbythedeclining-balancedepreciationrate.Thedepreciationrateremainsconstantfromyear toyear,butthebookvaluetowhichtherateisapplieddeclineseachyear.第28頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Thebookvalueforthefirstyearisthecostoftheassetsinceaccumulateddepreciationhasazerobalanceatthebeginningoftheasset’susefullife.Insubsequentyears,bookvalueisthedifferencebetweencostandaccumulateddepreciationatthebeginningoftheyear.DECLINING-BALANCE余額遞減法第29頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Theformulaforcomputingdepreciationexpenseis:

BookValueatBeginningofYearXDecliningBalanceRate=AnnualDepreciationExpenseThismethodiscompatiblewiththematchingprinciplebecausethehigherdepreciationinearlyyearsismatchedwiththehigherbenefitsreceivedintheseyears.DECLINING-BALANCE余額遞減法第30頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)double-declining-balancemethod雙倍余額遞減法Unliketheotherdepreciationmethods,salvagevalueisignoredindeterminingtheamounttowhichthedecliningbalancerateisapplied.Acommonapplicationofthedeclining-balancemethodisthedouble-declining-balancemethod雙倍余額遞減法,inwhichthedeclining-balancerateisdoublethestraight-linerate.IfBarb’sFloristsusesthedouble-declining-balancemethod,thedepreciationis40%(2Xthestraight-linerateof20%).第31頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)$13,000x40%=$5,200BookValueatBeginningof1styearDecliningBalanceRateDepreciationExpenseBookValue=13000–5200=7800第32頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)$7800x40%=$3120BookValueatBeginningof2ndyearDecliningBalanceRateDepreciationExpenseBookValue=7800–3120=4680第33頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)$4680x40%=$1872BookValueatBeginningof3rdyearDecliningBalanceRateDepreciationExpenseBookValue=4680–1872=2808第34頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)YearBookValueDepreciationRateDepreciationExpenseBookvalue(ending)(1)(2)(3)=(1)×(2)(1)–(3)11300040%520078002780040%312046803468040%187228084280840%112316855168540%6741011第35頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)

Ifwearandtearorobsolescenceindicatethat annualdepreciationisinadequateorexcessive,a changeintheperiodicamountshouldbemade.Whenachangeismade,

1thereisnocorrectionofpreviouslyrecorded depreciationexpenseand

2

depreciationexpenseforcurrentandfuture yearsisrevised.Todeterminethenewannualdepreciation expense,thedepreciablecostatthetimeofthe revisionisdividedbytheremainingusefullife.REVISINGPERIODICDEPRECIATION折舊的修正第36頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Bookvalue,1/01/05$5800Less:salvagevalue1000Depreciablecost4800Remainingusefulyears3yearsRevisedannualdepreciation($4,800÷3)=$1,600Barb’sFloristsdecidesonJanuary1,2005toextendtheusefullifeofthetruckoneyearbecauseofitsexcellentcondition.Thecompanyhasusedthestraight-linemethodtodepreciatetheassettodate,andbookvalueis$5,800($13,000-$7,200).Thenewannualdepreciationis$1,600,calculatedasfollows第37頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)

Ordinaryrepairs

areexpenditurestomaintainthe operatingefficiencyandexpectedproductivelifeoftheplantasset.TheyaredebitedtoRepairsExpense

asincurredandare oftenreferredtoasrevenueexpenditures收入性支出.EXPENDITURESDURINGUSEFULLIFE第38頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Additionsandimprovementsarecostsincurredtoincreasetheoperatingefficiency,productivecapacity,orexpectedusefullifeoftheplantasset.1Theseexpendituresareusuallymaterialinamountandoccurinfrequentlyduringtheperiodofownership.2Sinceadditionsandimprovementsincreasethecompany’sinvestmentinproductivefacilities,theyaredebitstotheplantassetaffected,andarereferredtoascapitalexpenditures資本性支出.EXPENDITURESDURINGUSEFULLIFE第39頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)EliminatethebookvalueoftheplantassetatthedateofsalebydebitingAccumulatedDepreciationandcreditingtheassetaccountforitscost.DebitCashtorecordthecashproceedsfromthesale.Computegainorloss.PLANTASSETDISPOSALS第40頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Ifthecashproceedsaregreaterthanthebookvalue,recognizeagainbycreditingGainonDisposalforthedifference.Ifthecashproceedsarelessthanthebookvalue,recognizealossbydebitingLossonDisposalforthedifference.PLANTASSETDISPOSALS第41頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)GAINONDISPOSALOnJuly1,2002,WrightCompanysellsofficefurniturefor$16,000cash.Theofficefurnitureoriginallycost$60,000andasofJanuary1,2002,hadaccumulateddepreciationof$41,000.Depreciationforthefirstsixmonthsof2002is$8,000.TheentrytorecorddepreciationexpenseandupdateaccumulateddepreciationtoJuly1isasfollows:第42頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)DateAccountstitleDRCRJuly1Depreciationexpense8000

AccumulatedDepreciation8000TorecordfirstsixmonthsdepreciationAccumulatedDepreciation=41000+8000=49000第43頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)GAINONDISPOSALAftertheaccumulateddepreciationisupdated,againondisposalof$5,000iscalculated:Costofofficefurniture$60,000Less:Accumulateddepreciation$49,000Bookvalueatdateofdisposal$11,000Proceedsfromsale$16,000Gainondisposal$5,000第44頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)DateAccountstitleDRCRJuly1Cash16000AccumulatedDepreciation49000OfficeFurniture60000

Gainondisposal5000Torecordsaleoffurniture第45頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)

LOSSONDISPOSAL

Insteadofthesellingtheofficefurniturefor$16,000,Wrightsellsitfor$9,000.Inthiscase,alossof$2,000iscalculated:Costofofficefurniture$60,000Less:Accumulateddepreciation$49,000Bookvalueatdateofdisposal$11,000Proceedsfromsale$9,000Lossondisposal$2,000第46頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)DateAccountstitleDRCRJuly1Cash9000AccumulatedDepreciation49000Lossondisposal2000OfficeFurniture60000Torecordsaleoffurniture第47頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Exchangesofplantassetscanbeforsimilarordissimilarassets.Inanexchangeofsimilarassets,thenewassetisthesametypeasandperformsthesamefunctionastheoldasset.Inexchangesofsimilarassets,itisnecessarytodetermine

1thecostoftheassetacquiredand

2thegainorlossontheassetgivenup.EXCHANGESOFPLANTASSETS第48頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Lossesontheexchangeofsimilarassetsarerecognizedimmediately.Thecostofthenewassetreceivedisequaltothefairmarketvalueoftheoldassetexchangedplusanycashorotherconsiderationgivenup.Alossresultswhenthebookvalueisgreaterthanthefairmarketvalueoftheassetgivenup.LOSSTREATMENT第49頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)COMPUTATIONOFCOSTOFNEWOFFICEEQUIPMENTRolandCompanyexchangesoldofficeequipmentfornewsimilarofficeequipment.Thebookvalueoftheoldofficeequipmentis$26,000($70,000costless$44,000accumulateddepreciation),itsfairmarketvalueis$10,000,and$81,000ofcashispaid.Thecostofthenewofficeequipment,$91,000,iscalculatedasfollows:第50頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)第51頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)COMPUTATIONOFLOSSONDISPOSALThroughthisexchange,alossondisposalof$16,000isincurred.Alossresultswhenthebookvalueisgreaterthanthefairmarketvalueoftheassetgivenup.Thecalculationisasfollows:第52頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Inrecordingtheexchangeatalossitisnecessaryto1eliminatethebookvalueoftheassetgivenup,2recordthecostoftheassetacquired,and3recognizethelossondisposal.DateAccountstitleDRCRJuly1Officeequipment(new)91000AccumulatedDepreciation(old)44000Lossondisposal16000OfficeFurniture(old)70000Cash81000第53頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Gainsonexchangeofsimilarassetsarenotrecognizedimmediately.Instead,theyaredeferredandreducethecostbasisofthenewasset.Thecostofthenewassetreceivedisequaltothefairmarketvalueoftheoldassetexchangedplusanycashorotherconsiderationgivenup.Againresultswhenthefairmarketvalueisgreaterthanthebookvalueoftheassetgivenup.GAINTREATMENT第54頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)COSTOFNEWEQUIPMENT(BEFOREDEFERRALOFGAIN)Mark’sExpressDeliveryexchangesolddeliveryequipmentplus$3,000cashfornewdeliveryequipment.Thebookvalueoftheolddeliveryequipmentis$12,000($40,000costless$28,000accumulateddepreciation),itsfairmarketvalueis$19,000.Thecostofthenewdeliveryequipment,$22,000,iscalculatedasfollows:第55頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)ForMark’sExpressDelivery,thereisagainof$7,000,calculatedasfollows,onthedisposal:第56頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)COSTOFNEWDELIVERYEQUIPMENT(AFTERDEFERRALOFGAIN)The$7,000gainondisposalisthenoffsetagainstthe$22,000costofthenewdeliveryequipment.Theresultisa$15,000costofthenewdeliveryequipment,afterdeferralofthegain.第57頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Theentrytorecordtheexchangeisasfollows:AccountstitleDRCRDeliveryequipment(new)15000AccumulatedDepreciation(old)28000Deliveryequipment(old)40000Cash3000第58頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Naturalresources:consistofoil,gas,andminerals.Naturalresourceshavetwodistinguishingcharacteristics:

1Theyarephysicallyextractedinoperations.

2Theyarereplaceableonlybyanactofnature.NATURALRESOURCES第59頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)The

acquisitioncost

ofanaturalresourceisthecashorcashequivalentpricenecessarytoacquiretheresourceandprepareitforitsintendeduse.Iftheresourceisalreadydiscovered,costisthepricepaidfortheproperty.AQUISITIONCOST第60頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)DEPLETION折耗Theprocessofallocatingthecostofnaturalresourcestoexpenseinarationalandsystematicmannerovertheresource’susefullifeiscalleddepletion.The

units-of-activitymethod

isgenerallyusedtocomputedepletion,becauseperiodicdepletiongenerallyisafunctionoftheunitsextractedduringtheyear.第61頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)FORMULATOCOMPUTEDEPLETIONEXPENSETotalEstimatedUnitsDepletionCostperUnitTotalCostminusSalvageValueDepletionCostperUnitNumberofUnitsExtractedandSoldDepletionExpense第62頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)RECORDINGDEPLETIONTheLaneCoalCompanyinvests$5millioninamineestimatedtohave10milliontonsofcoalandnosalvagevalue.Inthefirstyear,800,000tonsofcoalareextractedandsold.Usingtheformulas,thecalculationsareasfollows:$5,000,000÷10,000,000=$.50depletioncostperton$.50X800,000=$400,000depletionexpenseTheentrytorecorddepletionexpenseforthefirstyearofoperationsisasfollows:第63頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)AccountstitleDRCRDepletionexpense400,000Accumulateddepletion400,000第64頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Intangibleassets

arerights,privileges,andcompetitiveadvantagesthatresultfromtheownershipoflonglivedassetsthatdonotpossessphysicalsubstance.Intangiblesmayarisefromgovernmentgrants,acquisitionofanotherbusiness,andprivatemonopolisticarrangements.INTANGIBLEASSETS無(wú)形資產(chǎn)第65頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)

Ingeneral,accountingforintangible assetsparallelstheaccountingfor plantassets.Intangibleassetsare: 1recordedatcost; 2writtenoffoverusefullifeina rationalandsystematicmanner;and

3atdisposal,bookvalueiseliminated andgainorloss,ifany,isrecorded.ACCOUNTINGFORINTANGIBLEASSETS第66頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Differencesbetweentheaccountingforintangibleassetsandtheaccountingforplantassetsinclude:Thesystematicwrite-offofanintangibleassetisreferredtoasamortization攤銷(xiāo).Torecordamortization,AmortizationExpense

isdebitedandthespecificintangibleassetiscredited.Theamortizationperiodcannotbelongerthan40years.Amortizationistypicallycomputedonastraight-linebasis.第67頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)ApatentisanexclusiverightissuedbytheUnitedStatesPatentOfficethatenablestherecipienttomanufacture,sell,orotherwisecontrolhisorherinventionforaperiodof20yearsfromthedateofgrant.Theinitialcostofapatentisthecashorcashequivalentpricepaidwhenthepatentisacquired.PATENTS專利第68頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)LegalcostsincurredinsuccessfullydefendingthepatentareaddedtothePatentaccountandamortizedovertheremainingusefullifeofthepatent.Thecostofthepatentshouldbeamortizedoverits20-yearlegallifeoritsusefullife,whicheverisshorter.PATENTS專利第69頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)RECORDINGPATENTSNationalLabspurchasesapatentatacostof$60,000.Iftheusefullifeofthepatentis8years.theannualamortizationexpenseis$7,500($60,000÷8).

AmortizationExpense-Patentisclassifiedasanoperatingexpenseintheincomestatement.Theentrytorecordtheannualpatentamortizationis:第70頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)AccountstitleDRCRAmortizationexpense-patents7500Patents7500第71頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Copyrightsaregrantedbythefederalgovernment,givingtheownertheexclusiverighttoreproduceandsellanartisticorpublishedwork.Copyrightsextendforthelifeofthecreatorplus50years.Thecostofacopyrightconsistsofthecostofacquiringanddefendingit.COPYRIGHTS版權(quán)第72頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Atrademarkortradename

isaword,phrase,orsymbolthatdistinguishesoridentifiesaparticularenterpriseorproduct.Ifthetrademarkortradenameispurchased,thecostisthepurchaseprice.TRADEMARKSANDTRADENAMES商標(biāo)和名稱第73頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Ifitisdevelopedbyacompany,thecostincludesattorney’sfees,registrationfees,designcostsandsuccessfullegaldefensefees.Theyareamortizedovertheshorterofusefullifeor40years.TRADEMARKSANDTRADENAMES商標(biāo)和名稱第74頁(yè)/共83頁(yè)Afranchiseisacontractualarrangementunderwhichthefranchisorgrantsthefranchiseetherighttosellcertainproducts,torenderspecificservices,ortousecertaintrademarksortradenames,usuallywithinadesignatedgeographicalarea.Anothertypeoffranchise,commonlyreferredtoasalicenseorpermit,isent