考試中心考研英語模擬試題

教育部考試中心考研英語模擬試題（一Section ThereisgrowinginterestinEastJapanRailwayCo..,oneofthesixcompanies,createdoutofthe nationalrailwaysystem.Inanindustrylackingexcitinggrowth ,itsntousereal-estateassetsinandaroundtrain isdrawingInandubbed“StationRenaissance”thatit4inNovember,JREastsaidthatit usingitscommercialspacesforshopsandrestaurants,extendingthemto moresuitablefortheinformationage.Itwantstrainstationsaspick-up7forsuchgoodsasbooks,flowersandgroceriespurchased theInternet.Inacountry urbanitesdependheavilyontrains commuting,about16millionpeopleadaygotoitstrainstationsanyway,the .So,pickinguppurchasesattrainstations extratravelandmissedhomedeliveries.JREastalreadyhasbeenusingitsstation13storesforthispurpose,butitnstocreate14spacesforthedeliveryofInternetgoods. alsonstointroduce15cards—knowninJapanasICcardsbecausetheyuseintegrated16forholdinformation17trainticketsandcommuterpasses18themagneticonesusedtoday,integratingthemintoasinglepass.Thiswillsave money,because19forICcardsaremuchlessexpensivethanmagneticsystems.IncreaseduseofICcardsshouldalso20thespaceneededforticketvending.1.［A］privatized［B］individualized［C］alized3.［A］articula［D］dis［ e［B］go［C］take［D］set8.［A］ 18.［A］aswell［B］instead［C］moreSection2ReadingPart Text“I’venevermetahumanworthcloning,”sayscloningexpertMarkWesthusinfromthecrampedconfinesofhislabatTexasA&MUniversity.“It’sastupidendeavor.”That’saninterestingchoiceofadjective,comingfromamanwhohasspentmillionsofdollarstryingtoclonea13-year-olddognamedMissy.Sofar,heandhisteamhavenotsucceeded,thoughtheyhaveclonedtwocalvesandexpecttocloneacatsoon.TheyjustmightsucceedincloningMissylaterthisyear—orperhapsnotforanotherfiveyears.Itseemsthereproductivesystemofman’sbestfriendisoneofthemysteriesofmodernscience.Westhusin’sexperiencewithcloninganimalsleaveshimvexedbyallthistalkofhumancloning.InthreeyearsofworkontheMissyplicityproject,usinghundredsuponhundredsofcanineeggs,theA&MteamhasproducedonlyadozenorsoembryoscarryingMissy’sDNA.Nonehavesurvivedthetransfertoasurrogatemother.Thewastageofeggsandthemanyspontaneouslyabortedfetusesmaybeacceptablewhenyou’redealingwithcatsorbulls,heargues,butnotwithhumans.“Cloningisincrediblyinefficient,andalsodangerous,”hesays.Evenso,dogcloningisacommercialopportunity,withaniceresearchpayoff.EversinceDollythesheepwasclonedin1997,Westhusin’sphoneatA&MCollegeofVeterinaryMedicinehasbeenringingbusily.CostisnoobstacleforcustomerslikeMissy’smysteriousowner,whowishestoremainunknowntoprotecthisprivacy.He’sploppeddown$3.7millionsofartofundtheresearchbecausehewantsatwintocarryonMissy’sfinequalitiesaftershedies.Butheknowsherclonemaynothavehertemperament.Inastatementofpurpose,Missy’sownersandtheA&Mteamsaytheyare“bothlookingforwardtostudyingthewaysthatherclonediffersfromMissy.”ThefateofthedogsampleswilldependonWesthusin’swork.Heknowsthatevenifhegetsadogviablypregnant,theoffspring,shouldtheysurvive,willfacetheproblemsshownatbirthbyotherclonedanimals:abnormalitieslikeimmaturelungsandheartandweightproblems.“Whywouldyoueverwanttoclonehumans,”Westhusinasks,“whenwe’renotevenclosetogettingitworkedoutinanimalsyet?”WhichofthefollowingbestrepresentsMr.Westhusin’sattitudetoward［A］Animalcloningisastupid［B］Humancloningisnotyetclosetogettingitworked［C］Cloningistooinefficientandshouldbe［D］Animalscloningyes,andhumancloningatleastnotThe projectdoesnotseemverysuccessfulprobably ［A］thereisn’tenoughfundtosupportthe［B］cloningdogsismorecomplicatedthancloningcatsand［C］Mr.Westhusinistoobusytakingcareofthe［D］theownerisaskingforanexactcopyofhisWhenMr.Westhusinsays“...cloningisdangerous,”heimplies ［A］labtechniciansmaybeaffectedby［B］catsanddogsinthelabmaydieof［C］experimentsmaywastelotsof［D］clonedanimalscouldoutlivethenaturalWecaninferfromthethirdparagraph ［A］richpeoplearemoreinterestedincloninghumansthan［B］cloningofanimalpets ingaprosperous［C］thereisnodistinctionbetweenaclonedandanatural［D］Missy’smasterpaysalotinahopetorevivetheWemayconcludefromthetext ［A］humancloningwillnotsucceedunlessthetechniqueismore［B］scientistsareoptimisticaboutcloning［C］manypeopleareagainsttheideaofhuman［D］clonedanimalsaremorefavoredbyownerseveniftheyareTextFormorethantwodecades,U.S.courtshavebeenlimitingaffirmative-actionprogramsinuniversitiesandotherareas.Thelegalrationaleisthatracialpreferencesareunconstitutional,eventhoseintendedtocompensateforracismorintolerance.Formanycolleges,thismeansstudentscanbeadmittedonlyonmerit,notontheirraceorethnicity.IthasbeenadivisiveissueacrosstheU.S.,aseducatorsblametheprolongedreactiontoaffirmative-actionfordeclinesinminorityadmissions.Meanwhile,activistscontinuetobattleracepreferencesincourtsfromMichigantoNorthCarolina.Now,chiefexecutivesofabouttwodozencompanieshavedecidedtoplungeheadfirstintothispoliticallyunsettleddebate.They,togetherwith36universitiesand7non-profitableorganizations,formedaforumthatsetforthanactionnessentiallydesignedtohelpcollegescircumventcourt-imposedrestrictionsonaffirmativeaction.TheCEOs’motive:“Ouraudienceisgrowingmorediverse,sothecommunitiesweservebenefitifouremployeesareraciallyandethnicallydiverseaswell”,saysoneCEOofa thatownsnine evisionstations.Amongthestepstheforumispushing:findingcreativeyetlegalwaystoboostminorityenrollmentthroughnewadmissionspolicies;promotingadmissionsdecisionsthatlookatmorethantestscores;andencouraginguniversitiestostepuptheirminorityoutreachandfinancialaid.Andtocounteraccusationsbycriticstochallengethesetacticsincourt,thegroupsaysitwillgivelegalassistancetocollegessuedfortryingthem.“Diversitydiminishedbythemustbemadeupforinotherlegitimate,legalways,”says,aforumOneofthemorecontroversialmethodsadvocatedistheso-called10%rule.Theideaisforpublicuniversities—whicheducatethree-quartersofallU.S.undergraduates—toadmitstudentswhoareinthetop10%oftheirhighschoolgraduatingclass.ngsoallowscollegestotakeminoritieswhoexcelinaverageurbanschools,eveniftheywouldn’thavemadethecutunderthecurrentstatewiderankingmanyuniversitiesuse.U.S.courtrestrictionsonaffirmativeactionsignifies ［A］minoritiesnolongerholdtheoncefavored［B］thequalityofAmericancollegeshas［C］racialpreferenceshasrecedracial［D］theminorityisonanequalfootingwiththeWhathasbeenadivisiveissueacrosstheUnited［A］Whetheraffirmativeactionshouldcontinueto［B］Whetherthislawishelminoritiesorthewhite［C］WhetherracismexistsinAmericancollege［D］WhetherracialintoleranceshouldbeCEOsofbigcompaniesdecidedtohelpcollegesenrollmoreminoritystudentsbecause ［A］thinkitwrongtodeprivetheminoritiesoftheirrightstoreceive［B］wanttoconservethefinecharacteristicsofAmerican［C］wanta thatreflectsthediversityoftheir［D］thinkittheirdutytohelpdevelopeducationoftheThemajortactictheforumusesis ［A］battletheracialpreferencesin［B］supportcollegesinvolvedinlawsuitsof［C］strivetosettlethispoliticaldebate［D］findlegallyviablewaystoensureminorityIfthe10%ruleis ［A］thebestwhitehighschoolstudentscangetinto［B］publicuniversitiescangetexcellent［C］studentsfrompoorruralfamiliescangoto［D］goodminoritystudentscangetintopublicTextPositivesurprisesfromernmentreportsonretailsales,industrialproduction,andhousinginthepastfewmonthsareleadingeconomiststorevisetheirrealgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)forecastsupward,supportingthenotionthattherecessionendedinDecemberorJanuary.Bearinmind:Thisrecoverywon’thavethevitalitynormallyassociatedwithanupturn.EconomistsnowexpectrealGDPgrowthofabout1.5%inthefirstquarter.That’sbetterthanthe0.4%theconsensusprojectedinDecember,butmuchoftheadditionalgrowthwillcomefromaslowerpaceofinventorydrawdowns,notfromsurgingdemand.Moreover,theeconomywon’tgrowfastenoughtohelpthelabormarketsmuch.TheonlygoodnewsthereisthatjoblessclaimshavefallenbackfromtheireafterSeptember11andthattheircurrentlevelsuggeststhepaceoflayoffsiseasing.TherecoveryalsodoesnotmeantheFederalReservewillraiseinterestratessoon.TheJanuarypriceindexesshowthatinflationremainstame.Consequently,theFedcantakeitstimeshiftingmonetaryfromextreme modationtorelativeneutrality.PerhapsthebestnewsfromthelatesteconomicreportswastheJanuarydataonindustrialproduction.Totaloutputfellonly0.1%,itsbestshowingsinceJuly.Factoryoutputwasflat,alsothebestperformanceinsixmonths.Thosenumbersmaynotsoundencouraging,butmanufacturershavebeeninrecessionsincelate2000.Thedatasuggestthatthefactorysectorisfindingabottomfromwhichtostartitsrecovery.Productionofconsumergoods,forinstance,isalmostbackuptowhereitwasayearago.That’sbecauseconsumerdemandformotorvehiclesandothergoodsandthehousingindustryremainedhealthyduringtherecession,andtheyarestillgrowinginearly2002.Besides,boththemonthlyhomebuildingstartsnumberandthehousingmarketindexforthepasttwomonthsarerunningabovetheaveragesforallof2001,suggestingthathome-buildingisofftoagoodstartandprobablywon’tbebigdragonGDPgrowththisyear.Equallyimportanttotheoutlookishowthesolidhousingmarketwillhelpdemandforhome-relatedgoodsandservices.Traditionally,consumersbuythebulkoftheirfurniture,electronics,andtextileswithinayearofpurchasingtheirhomes.Thus,spendingonsuchitemswilldowellthisyear,evenascarsalesslipnowthatincentivesarelessattractive.Lookfortheoutputofconsumergoodstotopyear-agolevelincomingmonths.Eventhebusinessequipmentsectorseemstohavebottomedout.Itsoutputrose0.4%inJanuary,ledbya0.6%jumpcomputergear.Ainordersforcapitalgoodsinthequartersuggeststhatproductionwillkeepincreasing—althoughatarelaxedpace—incomingAmericaneconomistsaresurprisedtosee ernmentisannouncingtheendofa［B］USeconomyisshowingsignsofanupturnso［C］someeconomicsectors eleading［D］theyhavetorevisetheproductforecastssoThemostencouragingfactabouttheUSeconomyis ［A］employmentrateshaverisenfasterthan［B］theFederalReservewillraiseinterestrates［C］GDPisgrowingbecauseofsurging［D］industrialproductionhasreacheditslowestWhichofthefollowingbestbrightensthefutureforUS［A］Business ［B］Computer［C］Housing ［D］MotorInspiteofthegoodnews,theauthorsoundsrelativelymore［A］nationalGDP ［B］price［C］outputofconsumer ［D］thenumberofWhichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheU.S.economicsituation［A］Allthedatastillshowableakyearin［B］Itisslowlywarmingupwithmoderate［C］Recessionmaycomebackanytimeinthecoming［D］MostsectorsarepickingupatasurprisinglyfastTimothyBerners-LeemightbegivingBillGatesarunforthemoney,buthepasseduphisshotatfabulouswealth—intentionally—in1990.That’swhenhedecidednottopatentthetechnologyusedtocreatethemostimportantsoftwareinnovationinthefinaldecadeofthe20thcentury:theWorldWideWeb.Berners-Leewantedtomaketheworldaricherce,notaalwealth.SohegavehisbrainchildtousBerners-Leeregardstoday’sWebasarebelliousadolescentthatcanneverfulfillhisoriginalexpectations.By2005,hehopestobeginrecingitwiththeSemanticWeb—asmartnetworkthatwillfinallyunderstandhumanlanguagesandmakecomputersvirtuallyaseasytoworkwithasotherhumans.AsenvisionedbyBerners-Lee,thenewWebwouldunderstandnotonlythemeaningofwordsandconceptsbutalsothelogicalrelationshipsamongthem.Thathasawesomepotential.Mostknowledgeisbuiltontwopillars:semanticsandmathematics.Innumber-crunching,computersalreadyoutclasspeople.Machinesthatareequallyadroitatdealingwithlanguageandreasonwon’tjusthelppeopleuncovernewinsights;theycouldblazenewtrailsontheirEvenwithafairlycrudeversionofthisfutureWeb,miningonlinerepositoriesfornuggetsofknowledgewouldnolongerpeopletowadethroughscreenafterscreenofextraneousdata.Instead,computerswoulddispatchinligentagents,orsoftwaremessengers,toexploreWebsitesbythethousandsandlogicallysiftoutjustwhat’srelevant.Thatalonewouldprovideamajorboostinproductivityatworkandathome.Butthere’sfarmore.Softwareagentscouldalsotakeonmanyroutinebusinesschores,suchashelmanufacturersfindandnegotiatewithlowest-costpartsrsandhandlinghelp-deskquestions.TheSemanticWebwouldalsobeabottomlesstroveofeurekainsights.Mostinventionsandscientificbreakthroughs,includingtoday’sWeb,springfromnovelcombinationsofexistingknowledge.TheSemanticWebwouldmakeitpossibletoevaluatemorecombinationsovernightthana couldjuggleinalifetime.SurescientistsandotherpeoplecanpostideasontheWebtodayforotherstoread.Butwithmachinesngthereadingandtranslatingtechnicalterms,relatedideasfrommillionsofWebpagescouldbedistilledandsummarized.Thatwilllifttheabilitytoassessandintegrateinformationtonewheights.TheSemanticWeb,Berners-Leepredicts,“willhelpmorepeople emoreintuitiveaswellasmoreytical.Itwillfosterglobalcollaborationsamongpeoplewithdiverseculturals,sowehaveabetterchanceoffindingtherightsolutionstothereallybigissues—liketheenvironmentandclimatewarming.”Hadheliked,Berners-Leecould ［A］createdthemostimportantinnovationinthe［B］accumulatedas alwealthasBill［C］patentedthetechnology ［D］givenhisbrainchildtousTheSemanticWebwillbesuperiortotoday’swebinthat ［A］surpassespeopleinprocessing［B］fulfillsuser’soriginal［C］dealswithlanguageandreasonaswellas［D］respondslikearebelliousTosearchforanyinformationneededontomorrow’sWeb,oneonlyhas ［A］wadethroughscreenafterscreenofextraneous［B］asktheWebtodispatchsomemessengertohis［C］usesmartsoftwareprogramscalled［D］exploreWebsitesbythethousandsandpickoutwhat’sThankstotheWebofthe ［A］millionsofwebpagescanbetranslated［B］onecanfindmostinventionsandbreakthroughs［C］softwaremanufacturerscanlowerthecostofcomputer［D］scientistsusingdifferentspecialtytermscancollaboratemuchThemostappropriatetitleforthistext［B］TheHumanizationofComputer［C］ANewSolutiontoWorld［D］TheCreatorandHisNextPartThemakingofweathervanes(devicesfixedonthetopofbuildingstoshowdirectionsofthewind)isanancientskill,goingbacktoearlyEgyptiantimes.TodaythecraftisstillverymuchaliveintheworkshopthatGrahamSmithhassetup.Heisoneofthefewpeopleinthecountrywhomakehand-cutweathervanes.Graham’sdesignsareindividuallycreatedandtailoredtothespecificrequirementsofhiscustomers.“ThatwayIcanproduceaunique alizeditem,”heexins,“Alotofmycustomersarewomenbuyingpresentsfortheirhusbands.Theywantadistinctivegiftthatrepresentstheman’sbusinessorleisureIt’sallafarcryfromthetraditionalcock,themostcommondesignforItwasnotacockbutawitchonabroomstickthatfeaturedonthefirstweathervaneGrahamevermade.Friendsadmiredhissurprisepresentforhiswifeandbeganaskinghimtomakevanesforthem.“Irealizedthatwhenitcametosubjectsthatcouldbemadeintothem,thepossibilitieswerelimitless,”hesays. Thatwasfiveyearsagoandhehasnoregretsabouthisnewdirection.“Mypreviousworkdidn’thaveanicelementtoit,whereasthisisexcitingandcreative,”hesays.“Ireallyenjoythedesignside.” Grahamalsokeepsplentyoftraditionaldesignsinstock,sincetheyproveaspopularastheone-offs.“Itseemsthatpeopleareattractedtohandcrafting,”Grahamsays.“They etheopportunitytoacquiresomethingalittlebitdifferent.” “Ihavefoundmyceinthemarket.PeoplelovetheindividualityandIgetalotofsatisfactionfromseeinganondescriptshapeturnintosomethingalmostlifelike,”hesays. “Andnowadays,withmoreandmorepeoplemovingtothecountry,individualswanttoputanexclusivefinishingtouchtotheirproperties.Ithasbeenaboosttocraftslikemines,” AmericanandDanishbuyersinparticularareshowinginterest.“Pricing,”heexins,“dependsontheintricacyofthedesign.”Hismostrecentrequestwasforacurly-coateddog.Whatevertheoccasion,Grahamcancreateagiftwithadifference.［A］Grahamhas eincreasinglybusy,supplyingflat-packedweathervanestos［B］Grahamdecidedtoconcentratehiseffortsonaweathervanebusiness.Hehadservedanapprenticeshipasaprecisionengineerandhadworkedinthattradefor15yearswhenheandhiswife,Liz,agreedtoswaproles—shewentouttoworkasanarchitecturalassistantandhestayedathometolookafterthechildrenandbuildupthebusiness.［C］Lastmonth,alocalschoolwasopenedwithhisgalleonshipweathervanehoisted［D“Forcenturies,weathervaneshavekeptcommunitiesintouchwiththesignalingthoseshiftsinwinddirectionthatbringaboutchangesintheweather,”heex［E］Grahamhasnonsforexpansion,ashewantstokeepthebusinessasarural［F］Grahamhasnowperfectedover100originaldesigns.Heworkstoveryfinealwaysseekingapprovalforthedesignofthesilhouettefromthecustomerbeforeproceedingwiththehand-cutting.PartThevaluewhichsocietycesonworkhastraditionallybeencloselyassociatedwiththevalueofindividualismandasaresultithashadnegativeeffectsonthedevelopmentofsocialsecurity.(46）Ithasmeantthatinthefirstcetheamountofbenefitsmustbesmalllestpeople’swillingnesstoworkandsupportthemselvessuffers.Eventodaywithflatrateandearnings-relatedbenefits,thetotalamountofthebenefitmustalwaysbesmallerthanthe’swagesforfearofmalingering.“Thepurposeofsocialsecurity,”saidHuntfordreferringtoSweden’scomparativelygenerousbenefits,“istodispelneedwithoutcrossingthethresholdofprosperity.”(47)Second,socialsecuritybenefitsaregrantedunderconditionsdesignedtoreducethelikelihoodofeventheboldestofspiritsattemptingtoliveontheStateratherthanwork.Manyoftherulessurroundingthepaymentofunemploymentorsupplementarybenefitareforthispurpose.Third,thevaluecedonworkismanifestedinamorepositivewayasinthecaseofdisability.Peoplesufferingfromaccidentsincurredatworkorfromoccupationaldiseasesreceivepreferentialtreatmentbythesocialsecurityservicecomparedwiththosesufferingfromcivilaccidentsandordinaryillnesses.Yet,thestrangleholdwhichworkhashadonthesocialsecurityservicehasbeenincreasinglyloosenedovertheyears.Theprovisionoffamilyallowances,family supplements,theslightliberalizationofthewagesstoparesomeofthemanifestationsofthistrend.(48）Similarly,thepreferentialtreatmentgiventooccupationaldisabilitybythesocialsecurityservicehasbeenincreasinglyquestionedwiththedemandsfortheupgradingofbenefitsfortheothertypesofdisability.Itisfeltthatincontemporaryindustrialsocietiesthedistinctionbetweenoccupationalandnon-occupationaldisabilityisartificialformanynon-occupationalformsofdisabilityhaveanindustrialorigineveniftheydonotoccurdirectlyintheworkce.(49）Thereisalsotheadditionalreasonwhichwementionedintheargumentforonebenefitforallone-parentfamilies,thatamodernsocialsecurityservicemustconcentrateonmeetingneedsirrespectiveofthecausebehindsuchneeds.Therelationshipbetweensocialsecurityandworkisnotallaone-wayaffair.(50）Itistruethatuntilveryrecentlythegeneralviewwasthatsocialsecurity“representedatypeofluxuryandwasessentiallyanti-economic.”Itwasseenasmerelyernmentexpenditurefortheneedy.Aswesaw,however,redundancypaymentsandearnings-relatedunemploymentbenefitshavebeenusedwithsomesuccessbyemployersandtheernmenttoreduceworkers’oppositiontowardslossoftheirjobs.Section PartYouhavereceivedaninvitationtothebirthdaypartyofyourfriend,Tom.Butyoucan’tattendit.WriteanotetoTomtothankhimforthegivereasonswhyyoucan’tgo,apologizeandexpressyourYoushouldwriteabout100wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownname.Use“LiMing”instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.(10points)Lookattheflowingpictureandwriteanarticleonadvertisement.Yourarticleshouldthepointsbelow:2）Theiradvantages3）TheirYoushouldwriteabout200wordsonANSWERSHEET2(20參考答完型1~5 6~10 閱讀 新題型BFED其次，社會保障救濟(jì)的是有條件的，設(shè)計這些條件，其目的是減少那些膽大妄者企圖依賴國家而非自食其力的可能 模擬試題（二Section1UseofValentine’sDaymaycomefromtheancientRomanfeastofLupercalia.1thefiercewolvesroamednearby,theoldRomanscalled2thegodLupercustohelpthem.Afestivalinhis3washeldonFebruary15th.Ontheeveofthefestivalthe4ofthegirlswerewrittenon5ofpaperandcedinjars.Eachyoungman6aslip.Thegirlwhosenamewas7wastobehissweetheartfortheyear.Legend8itthattheholidaybecameValentine’sDay9aRomanpriestnamedValentine.EmperorClaudiusII10theRomansoldiersNOTtomarryor eengaged.Claudiusfeltmarriedsoldierswould11stayhomethanfight.WhenValentine12theEmperorandsecretlymarriedtheyoungcouples,hewasputtodeathonFebruary14th,the13ofLupercalia.Afterhisdeath,Valentinebecamea14.Christianpriestsmovedtheholidayfromthe15thtothe14th—Valentine’sDay.NowtheholidayhonorsValentine15ofLupercus.Valentine’sDayhas eamajor16ofloveandromanceinthemodernworld.TheancientgodCupidandhis17intoalover’sheartmaystillbeusedto18fallinginloveorbeinginlove.Butwealsousecardsandgifts,suchasflowersorjewelry,todothis.19togiveflowertoawifeorsweetheartonValentine’sDaycansometimesbeas20asforgettingabirthdayorawedding.［C］［C］［C］［C］［C］［C］［C］［C］16.representative［C］17. ［C］y18. ［C］19.Disapproving［C］［A］constructive［B］ ［C］ ［D］Section2ReadingPart Theauthorofsomefortynovels,anumberofys,volumesofverse,historical,criticalandautobiographicalworks,aneditorandtranslator,JackLindsayisclearlyanextraordinarilyprolificwriter—afactwhichcaneasilyobscurehisveryrealdistinctioninsomeoftheareasintowhichhehasventured.Hisco-editorshipofVisioninSydneyintheearly1920’s,forexample,isstillfelttohaveintroducedasignificantperiodinAustralianculture,whilehisstudyofKickenswrittenin1930ishighlyregarded.Butofallhisworkitisprobablythenoveltowhichhehasmadehismostsignificantcontribution.Since1916when,tousehisownwordsinFanfrolicoandafter,he“reachedbedrock,”LindsayhasmaintainedaconsistentMarxistviewpoint—anditisthisviewpointwhichifnothingelsehasguaranteedhisnovelsaminorbutcertainlynotnegligibleceinmodernBritishli ture.Feelingthat“thehistoricalnovelisaformthathasalimitlessfutureasafightingweaponandasaculturalinstrument”(NewMasses,January1917),LindsayfirstattemptedtoformulatehisMarxistconvictionsinfictionmainlysetinthepast:particularlyinhistrilogyinEnglishnovels—1929,LostBirthright,andMenofForty-Eight(writtenin1919,theCh andrevolutionaryuprisingsinEurope).Basicallytheseworkssetout,withmostsuccessinthefirstvolume,tovivifythehistoricaltraditionsbehindEnglishSocialismandattemptedtodemonstratethatitstood,inLindsay’swords,forthe“truecompletionofthenationaldestiny.”Althoughthewaryearssawthevirtualdisintegrationoftheleft-wingwritingofthe1910’s,Lindsayhimselfcarriedon:delvingintocontemporaryaffairsinWeShallReturnandBeyondTerror,novelsinwhichtheepithetsformerly fortheevilcapitalistsorFranco’ssoldiershavebeentransferredrathercrudelytotheGermantroops.Afterthewar towritemainlyaboutthepresent—tryingwithvaryingdegreesofsuccessknowncollectivelyas“TheBritishWay,”andbeginningwithBetrayedSpringin1933,itseemedatfirstasifhissolutionwassimplytoresorttomoreandmoreobviousauthorialmanipulationandheavy-handeddidacticism.Fortunay,however,fromRevoltoftheSons,thisprocesswasreversed,asLindsaybegantoshowanincreasingtendencytoignorepartysolutions,tofailindeedtogiveanythingbutthemostelementarypoliticalconsciousnesstohischaracters,sothatinhislatest(andwhatappearstobehislast)contemporarynovel,ChoiceofTimes,hishero,Colin,endsonanoteofdesperation:“Everythingmustbedifferent,Ican’tlivethiswayanylonger.ButhowcanIchangeit,how?”Tohiscreditasan,Lindsaydoesn’tgivehimanyexplicitAccordingtothetext,thecareerofJackLindsayasawritercanbedescribed TheimpactofJackLindsay’sideologicalattitudesonhislirysuccess ［A］utterly ［B］limitedbut［C］obviously ［D］obscureinnetAccordingtothesecondparagraph,JackLindsayfirmlybelieves ［A］thegloomydestinyofhisown［B］thefunctionof tureasa［C］hisresponsibilityasanEnglish［D］hisextraordinarypositionin Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph ［A］theradicalwritersweregreatlyinfluencedbythe［B］JackLindsaywaslessandlesspopularin［C］JackLindsayfocusedexclusivelyondomestic［D］thewarledtotheultimateunionofallEnglishAccordingtothetext,thespeechattheendofthe［A］demonstratestheauthor’sownviewof［B］showsthepopularviewofJack［C］offertheauthor’sopinionofJack［D］indicatesJackLindsay’schangeofTextInstudyingboththerecurrenceofspecialhabitsorideasinseveraldistricts,andtheirprevalencewithineachdistrict,therecomebeforeusever-reitedproofsofregularcausationproducingthephenomenaofhumanlife,andoflawsofmaintenanceanddiffusionconditionsofsociety,atdefinitestagesofculture.But,whilegivingfullimportancetotheevidencebearingonthesestandardconditionsofsociety,letusbecarefultoavoidapitfallwhichmayentraptheunwarystudent.Ofcourse,theopinionsandhabitsbelongingincommontomassesofmankindaretoagreatextenttheresultsofsoundjudgmentandpracticalwisdom.Buttoagreatextentitisnotso.Thatmanynumeroussocietiesofmenshouldhavebelievedintheinfluenceoftheevileyeandtheexistenceofafirmament,shouldhavesacrificedslavesandgoodstotheghostsofthedeparted,shouldhavehandeddowntraditionsofgiantsslayingmonstersandmenturningintobeasts—allthisisgroundforholdingthatsuchideaswereindeedproducedinmen’smindsbyefficientcauses,butitisnotgroundforholdingthattheritesinquestionareprofitable,thebeliefssound,andthehistoryauthentic.Thismayseematthefirstglanceatruism,but,infact,itisthedenialofafallacywhichdeeplyaffectsthemindsofallbutasmallcriticalminorityofmankind.Popularly,whateverybodysaysmustbetrue,whateverybodydoesmustberight.Therearevarioustopics,especiallyinhistory,law,philosophy,andtheology,whereeventheeducatedpeopleweliveamongcanhardlybebroughttoseethatthecausewhymendoholdanopinion,orpractiseacustom,isbynomeansnecessarilyareasonwhytheyoughttodoso.Nowcollectionsofethnographicevidence,bringingsoprominentlyintoviewtheagreementofimmensemultitudesofmenastocertaintraditions,beliefs,andusages,are