Lectureseven錦上添花四字句概要

1倒裝強(qiáng)調(diào)句型虛擬語(yǔ)氣獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝的概念倒裝是一種語(yǔ)法手段，用于表示一定的句子結(jié)構(gòu)或強(qiáng)調(diào)某一句子成分。倒裝句有兩種：全部倒裝和部分倒裝。全部謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都放在主語(yǔ)前；謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一部分如助動(dòng)詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞提前。寫(xiě)作中常用的全部倒裝句型1.方位狀語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭時(shí)，句子進(jìn)行全部倒裝2.主語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)互換位置常用的部分倒裝1.notuntil放在句首，2.當(dāng)“only+狀語(yǔ)”位于句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)用倒裝，3.以否定意義狀語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭，強(qiáng)調(diào)句的概念強(qiáng)調(diào)句是人們?yōu)榱吮磉_(dá)自己的意愿或情感，通過(guò)各種方式對(duì)句子的某個(gè)部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，從而起到修辭的作用。2.雙重否定可表強(qiáng)調(diào)3.what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句可表強(qiáng)調(diào)4.比較狀語(yǔ)從句可表強(qiáng)調(diào)t虛擬語(yǔ)氣種只存在講話(huà)人想象中的“假設(shè)”或“推測(cè)”，而不是當(dāng)做客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)中的真實(shí)條件。它表達(dá)的是懷疑、憂(yōu)慮、推測(cè)、假設(shè)、想象或祝愿等。例：2虛擬語(yǔ)氣寫(xiě)作中常用的虛擬條件句分為以下三類(lèi)：1)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況；2)與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的情況；3)推測(cè)將來(lái)的情況(也可以理解為與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的情況)通過(guò)下面這個(gè)小故事輕松學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語(yǔ)氣。故事人物：男主人公：郭靖女主人公：黃蓉與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況當(dāng)黃蓉猶豫不決要不要嫁給郭靖時(shí)，被感動(dòng)了的華箏愿意成全黃蓉。對(duì)黃蓉說(shuō)：與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，華箏是華箏，黃蓉是黃蓉，華箏不可能是黃蓉。與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的情況黃蓉和郭靖結(jié)婚后過(guò)得很幸福，但是有一天鬧別扭，憤怒的黃蓉大聲對(duì)郭靖說(shuō)：--No!推測(cè)將來(lái)的情況歐陽(yáng)克對(duì)黃蓉死纏不休，誓娶黃蓉為妻。這時(shí)黃蓉為了讓歐陽(yáng)克死心，說(shuō)了句與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣句。虛擬條件虛擬條件句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)If+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式相反的假設(shè)(動(dòng)詞be用were)與過(guò)去相反If+主語(yǔ)+had+過(guò)去分詞與將來(lái)相反1、If+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式的假設(shè)2、If+主語(yǔ)+wereto+動(dòng)詞原形might,could＋動(dòng)詞dmight,could＋動(dòng)詞原形would,might,couldeg:IfIhadtime,Iwouldattendthemeeting.ldhavecaughtthetrain3ogoabroadIwouldgotoAmericaMorepractice:我如果能回答你所有的問(wèn)題，我就是天才了。如果我們不做充分的準(zhǔn)備，會(huì)議是不會(huì)開(kāi)得這么成功的。要是我做這項(xiàng)工作，我會(huì)以不同的方式去做。IfIweretodothework,Ishoulddoitindifferentway.二、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在名詞性從句中的運(yùn)用(1)用于賓語(yǔ)從句一般用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示一種不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為：表現(xiàn)在過(guò)去時(shí)表過(guò)去過(guò)去完成時(shí)表將來(lái)would,might,could＋動(dòng)詞原形Iwish(that)Iwereabird.Iwish(that)Ihadseenthefilmlastnight.Iwish(that)Iwould\couldgo.2.用于表示命令、建議、要求等一類(lèi)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句。他臉上的表情表明他對(duì)我們的工作很滿(mǎn)意．(2)用于advice,demand,order等名詞后的主語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中teacceptingitearIfIhadthebook,Iwilllendittoyou.will----shouldwould----willwould-----had4獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)with+名詞/代詞短語(yǔ)/形容詞/副詞/現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞/動(dòng)詞不定式此獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在英文中作狀語(yǔ)。分別舉例如下：1.with+介詞短語(yǔ)Manisdeterioratingtheenviromantincessantly,withmanyspeciesonthevergeofextinction.2.with+形容詞treetunbreathable3.with+副詞4.with+現(xiàn)在分詞dtherechattingwithherteacherwithherboyfriendwaitingforher5.with+過(guò)去分詞Mostfactorieslaymoreemphasisonprofit,withthedischargedpoisonouswater6.with+不定式Withthepollution-freeenergytobeusedintheprospectivefuture,ouratmosphere單句的擴(kuò)展?英文段落中的各個(gè)語(yǔ)句在長(zhǎng)度上應(yīng)該有一定變換，即所謂的長(zhǎng)短句之說(shuō)。短句給人以精煉強(qiáng)調(diào)之感，長(zhǎng)句則給人以嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)深刻之感。?一般說(shuō)來(lái)，長(zhǎng)句有兩種情況，一種是由于結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜而形成的長(zhǎng)句；還有一種是由簡(jiǎn)單句擴(kuò)展而成以使語(yǔ)句表達(dá)得更加生動(dòng)和清楚。?英文寫(xiě)作不能一味地使用短句。段落中的短句過(guò)多，不僅使得段落顯得單調(diào)，而且使得段落非常零散、內(nèi)容淺薄。如果一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)段落中盡是寫(xiě)短句的話(huà)，這時(shí)就需要將某些簡(jiǎn)短的語(yǔ)句擴(kuò)展成比較長(zhǎng)的句子。語(yǔ)句的擴(kuò)展主要是在語(yǔ)句的主干上增添修飾成分(如定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等)。.你現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該戒煙了。這樣進(jìn)行：.Youshouldgiveupsmokingnow,forthesakeofyourownhealth,forthesakeofthehealthofothers,forthesakeofyourfamily,andforthesakeoftheentireworld..為了你自己的健康，為了他人的健康，為了你的家庭，也為了整個(gè)世界，你現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該戒煙了。.2)Doctorsthinkthatanactivepersonshouldhavearestfulhobby,whileaperson.醫(yī)生認(rèn)為愛(ài)好活動(dòng)的人應(yīng)該有安靜型的業(yè)余愛(ài)好，而伏案工作的人應(yīng)該有著活動(dòng)型的業(yè)余愛(ài)好。ivepersonsuchasabaseballplayeroraswimmershouldtonsorshells5.3)Achildwithaproblemwillprobablygotohisfriendsforsympathy..一個(gè)碰到問(wèn)題的孩子有可能到朋友那里尋求同情。.如要擴(kuò)展此句，可以這樣來(lái)進(jìn)行：.Achildwithaproblem,whenhefeelswhathewillprobablygetfromhisparentsisincomprehensionorcriticism,willgoinsteadtohisfriendsforsympathyandadvice,.通過(guò)閱讀書(shū)籍我們可以了解很多東西。.如要擴(kuò)展此句，可以這樣來(lái)進(jìn)行：.Byreadingscientificbooks,wecanbeinformedofmanyfacts;byreadinggeography,weknowtheearth'ssurface,forms,physicalfeatures,ect.;byreading練習(xí)一：串詞成句?示例?1.metyoutwoeachotherhave??2.havenodon'tbelieveIwee?3.veryfarfromhomeveryclosetonatureIfeltbut?Ifeltveryfarfromhomebutveryclosetonature.Morepractice?1.wereyouragaininterviewyouthinkingweren'tyou?Youwerethinkingaboutyourinterviewagain,weren'tyou??2.standinginlinestruckupbothofusformovieticketsandaonwerewe?3.I'veeverbeencompletelydifferentfromitwasanyplaceen?4.pickupasItravelIfindthatmanyphrasesandexpressionsIcanlecture單句擴(kuò)展?這一部分的訓(xùn)練主要依托所給予的非常有限的信息，同時(shí)根據(jù)字?jǐn)?shù)要求進(jìn)行發(fā)散性?主要目的是訓(xùn)練長(zhǎng)句的組織能力，奠定堅(jiān)實(shí)的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)功底。.NomatterhowbusyIam,Ialwaystrytofindtimetogoswimmingatleastoncea.2.noonewilleverdenythefactthat...friendshipimportantandthat...ut.Noonewilleverdenythefactthatfriendshipisimportantandthatlifewouldbeboringwithoutfriendsandfriendship.6.提示：幫忙.ItisnotthatIdon'twanttohelpyoubutthatIcan'tbecauseIhavesomuchworktodoatthemomentandsimplycan'tfindanytime..4.thoughtherearecertain...Iarguethatitsadvantagesfaroutweighandi.提示：留學(xué)gesyQuiz：whilesomepeoplethinkthatIholdthat).提示：獻(xiàn)血.2.Ascanbeseentheabovediscussionequalitybetweenmenandwomen單詞)IntroductionIntroductionClassificationstructureFunctionRhetoricLengthPartIindicative,interrogative,imperative,periodic,parallel7ctnt1)語(yǔ)法一致原則(grammaticalconcord)2)意義一致原則2)意義一致原則3)就近原則(principleofproximity)Theyoftenplayfootballontheplayground..Myfamilyarehavinglunchnow.3.就近一致：neqiname1.書(shū)刊名、國(guó)名、組織名+slverbce2.群島、山脈、海峽、瀑布+plverb8neither…nor…,also…,principleTheStraitsofGibraltarhaveneither…nor…,also…,principle一家人+plverbges2.Thewriterandtranslator__(is/are)mygoodfriend.job6.DoctorSmith,togetherwithhiswifeandtwosons,__(is/are)toarriveontheeveningflight.andbothandVpl.★但是，并列主語(yǔ)如果指的是同一個(gè)人、同一事物或同一概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單3.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)部分含有with，togetherwith，alongwith，aswellas等介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與第一個(gè)名詞即真正主語(yǔ)一致4.either…or…，notonly…butproximityofnot…but…proximityPartIIinnumberUnity→Coherence→Conciseness→Emphasis→VarietyEffectivesentencesUnifiedOnemainideacompleteinasentenceCoherentClearandcorrectarrangementofthepartsofasentenceConciseBriefandclearEmphaticKeypointsVariousChangeforvarietySentenceUnityandCoherence.1.時(shí)態(tài)的一致性.2.正確使用平行結(jié)構(gòu).3.代詞的指代關(guān)系要清楚ConsistencyinTense.當(dāng)文章主要論說(shuō)一種現(xiàn)象或社會(huì)問(wèn)題，或闡述一種觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，常常采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。9.Classifiedadvertisingistheadvertisingwhichisgroupedincertainsectionsofthepaper..Suchgroupsas"HelpWanted","RealEstate","LostandFound"aremade.ParallelStructure.平行結(jié)構(gòu)在寫(xiě)作中表現(xiàn)力度強(qiáng)，可使敘述顯得條理清晰，語(yǔ)言整齊，但使用時(shí)注意各句子的語(yǔ)法形式要大致相同。例如：itisreassuringtobelievethattheycanbe-orcanbecome-affectionate,gentle,patient,sympathetic,andsoon.Ifmalesaretoserveashuntersandwarriors,itiscomfortingtobelievethattheycanbe-orcanbecome-adventurous,aggressive,courageous,energetic,independent,self-confident,andthelike.UsingofPronoun.在寫(xiě)作中，代詞的使用是簡(jiǎn)化敘述和銜接前后的手段，在使用代詞時(shí)，必須要有前置詞或句子，才能夠讓讀者判斷代詞所指的人或事物。.Nowitisclearthatthedeclineofalanguagemusthavepoliticalandindividualwriter.SentenceUnityunitymeansthatonlyoneideaorthoughtcanbeexpressedinonesinglesentence.andthatideaiscomplete.Forinstance:.Hediedinatrafficaccident,andhehasjustreachedtheageof73..Hediedinatrafficaccidentjustafterhehadreachedtheageof73.LastnightBobbrokehisarm,andhelosthiscarkeys.Unified:LastnightwhenBobbrokehisarm,helosthiscarkeysandthereforecouldnotdrivehimselftotheemergencyroom.Tips:otwoormoresentences.Twocommonerrorstobeavoidedinunifiedsentences:1Sentencefragmentsp26WaystorevisefragmentsMakeitapartofthecompletesentenceExamples:(Note:Fragmentsareprintedinitalics.)Fragment:Henrysmiledself-consciously.Likeapoliticianbeforeacamer.aRevised:Henrysmiledself-consciously,likeapoliticianbeforeacamera.or:Henrysmiledself-consciously---likeapoliticianbeforeacamera.Fragment:Althoughgrocerypricearestillhig.hFoodisplentiful.Revised:Althoughgrocerypricearestillhigh,foodisplentiful.Fragment:FoodbeingplentifulduringthisseasonP.ricesaredeclining.Revised:Foodbeingplentifulduringthisseason,pricesaredeclining.Fragment:Bobtriestocallhomeonceaweek.Tostayintouchwithhisfamil.yRevised:Bobtriestocallhomeonceaweektostayintouchwithhisfamily.andsquash.Revised:Thetablewasloadedwithvegetables,suchaslettuce,carrots,spinachandsquash.P28-P29.Partsofcompoundpredicates.Appositives.Lists.Examplesintroducedby"suchas',"forexample"andsimilarexpressions2)Makeitintoasentence.Fragment:Henrysmiledself-consciously.Likeapoliticianbeforeacamer.aRevised:Henrysmiledself-consciously.Helookedlikeapoliticianbeforeacamera.themwithalltheclothesshecouldfind.Revised:Sheturnedasuit-caseintoabedandputthechildreninsideit.SheCoveredthemwithalltheclothesshecouldfind.(consistencyintense)hembutnocoordinatingconjunctionpwrong..Manypeoplehaverealizedtheimportanceofqualityeducation,ourgovernmentisentededucationRevised:Humannatureisseldomassimpleasitappears.Hastyjudgmentsarethereforeoftenwrong.sntededucationRevised::Humannatureisseldomassimpleasitappears;Hastyjudgmentsarethereforeoftenwrong.ntededucationnoftenwrong.Revised:Manypeoplehaverealizedtheimportanceofqualityeducation,andourRevised:BecauseHumannatureisseldomassimpleasitappears,hastyjudgmentsareenwrongdRevised:Therealizationoftheimportanceofqualityeducationresultsinthegovernment’sAcoherentsentenceisonethatisintegrated,consistent,andintelligible.Coherenceiserentgroups.3.Allmodifiersshouldclearlymodifytheintendedword.b.Placealimitingadverbimmediatelybeforetheworditmodifiesratingthepartsofaverbphraseorthepartsofaninfinitivesplacedmodifiertb.Squintingmodifier:amodifierthatrefertoeitheraprecedingorafollowingword.often.Usually,.........usually.Danglingmodifierisamodifier,primarilyverbalphrasethatdoesnotreferclearlyandExampleor.PlacementofImportantIdeas.PlacementofImportantwords.UseofPeriodicSentence.ClimacticOrder.RepetitionOfImportantWords.However,''endfocus"or''endweight''..Forexample:.(1a)Incorrectgrammarandimproperconstructioninvariablydistractreaders'attention.bThehistoryofvocabularyis,inmanyways,therecordofcivilization..(2b)Thatsinger'slifewastragicandbrief..Thatsinger'slifewasbriefandtragic..Themainthoughtishelduntiltheendorneartheend.(especiallyadverbial.副詞短語(yǔ)更是如此，如:itsdurability..Becauseofitsdurability,steeliscommonlyusedtomakeknives,razorsandother.(4b)Wereyouboredwithyearsofstudyinelementaryschool,highschoolanducation.(5a)Jackieenjoysthecompanyofladies.Helikestheirbeauty,helikestheir.(5b)...thelandstretchedoutwithoutnames.Namelessheadlandssplitthesurf;lentrest.Goodorganizatione.Variety.Why?.How?.Why?.---thecompositionmustbeboring..---it'satime-consumingjob..Howto?.combinedifferentwaystogether:usingsomepropercoordinateandcomplex.P84eWatchingyourealize.eOnecaneasilygothroughlife.→Downtherewherecoalisdugitisasortofworldapartwhichonecaneasilygothrough.....Isithereatthiskeyboard.Itrytothinkofthingstosay.ThewordsarenotcomingIamtired.^Icannotcontinuemywriting..1)Thegoatsgrazedpeacefullyinthefarmandwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter)+2).(5)Asthegoatsgrazedpeacefullyinthefarm,theywereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(原因副詞從句+主句))的句式最常見(jiàn)；如果加上其他三種互相交替，句子不是更多樣化嗎？.(2)Grazingpeacefully,thegoatsinthefarmwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(現(xiàn)在分語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)+簡(jiǎn)單句).(3)Inthefarm,thegoatsgrazedpeacefullyandwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(副詞短語(yǔ)+并列分句(1)-(2)).(4)Thereweregoatsgrazingpeacefullyinthefarm,unawareoftheapproachinghunter.(簡(jiǎn)單句+形容語(yǔ)短語(yǔ))ining.(b)Theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasyduringhisfirstoverseastraining.asyrstoverseastrainingtheyoungpilotfeltveryuneasyneasyryuneasy之外，其他五樣，用的人并不多。人們最喜歡采用復(fù)雜句；接著便是并列句(h)。如果大多數(shù)人的句子只限于,(g),(h),(j)和這五種，而其他的則棄如敝屣，不是很可惜增強(qiáng)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)句表現(xiàn)力的有效方法.一、避免使用語(yǔ)意弱的“be”動(dòng)詞。.1、把句中的表語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為不同的修飾語(yǔ)。例如：置定語(yǔ)).2、將作表語(yǔ)用的形容詞或名詞變?yōu)樾袨閯?dòng)詞。例如：ionoftardinessatestardiness.3、在以“here”或“there”開(kāi)頭的句子中，把“be”動(dòng)詞后的名詞代詞變成改寫(xiě)句的主.1)Weak:Thereisnoopportunityforpromotion..Revision:Noopportunityforpromotionexists.(主謂)dhavearrived二、多用語(yǔ)意具體的動(dòng)詞，保持句意簡(jiǎn)潔明了。例如：三、盡量運(yùn)用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如.Better:Charityhassupportedtheorganization.四、防止使用語(yǔ)意冗長(zhǎng)累贅的詞語(yǔ)。例如：.Improved:Mylittlesisterpreferschocolatemilk..2、Wordy:Weareinreceiptofyourletterandintendtofollowyour.Improved:Wehavereceivedyourletterandintendedtofollowyour.3、Redundant:Wehadaseriouscrisisatschoolyesterdaywhenourchemistrylaboratorycaughtfire.fire.五、杜絕濫用陳舊詞語(yǔ)或難懂的專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)。例如：salskIneedherfinancialinputbeforeIcanguesstimateourexpendituresnextfall..Improved:IneedherfinancialfiguresbeforeIcanestimateourexpendituresnextfall.Introduction.WhatisParallelism?.ThevalueofParallelismelism.AvoidfaultyParallelism.What?.When?ghtsorideasappearsinonestgradeteacherwasanelderlytallandfriendlywomanone