高考英語閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題的解題步驟和方法

細(xì)節(jié)解題的解步驟和方一、學(xué)引入細(xì)理解是考英語閱讀理最重要的一類型根據(jù)我的類所的閱讀理解題按照答案在中出現(xiàn)的位置形式不通，可分為細(xì)節(jié)理解主旨大意兩大，而前一類在個(gè)題量當(dāng)中大會占80%至上的例。二、節(jié)理解題分類細(xì)理解題的答案往不是文章中細(xì)節(jié)在選項(xiàng)中簡單重復(fù)，而根據(jù)文中的細(xì)經(jīng)過合理的推理轉(zhuǎn)化得出的。1．同樣，按答案在原文中現(xiàn)的位置，細(xì)理解題可以分集中型細(xì)節(jié)理題和分散型細(xì)理解題（1）集中型：就章的單個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)問，答案在原中出現(xiàn)的位置般也位于單句或幾句話中。因具體細(xì)節(jié)不同出題形式千變化，因題而異如：【2010江】57.AccordingtheancestorsofPotterfamily【2010上?！?0..Asiscard,theofresearchpaperliesinthat（2）分散型：題涉及到文章某段或幾段，甚貫穿全文的各位置，需要考尋找文章中的個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)。請注，分散型細(xì)節(jié)解題并不意味題目的正確答出現(xiàn)在文章的同位置，正確答往往也是關(guān)于章的某一個(gè)句或細(xì)節(jié)。只是文章的干擾選是關(guān)于不同的節(jié)，需要我們在位的時(shí)候閱讀一個(gè)區(qū)域。分型細(xì)節(jié)理解題見的出題方式：Whichoffollowingisnottrue?Wecanlearn/inferfrompassagethatWhichoffollowingisNOTmentionedabout也因題而異的，些看似集中的實(shí)也分散在文，需要考生仔定位。如：【2010江】61.Somepeoplewolvesbecause.原所陳述的原因很多段，而并是單個(gè)的句子就目形式言，細(xì)節(jié)理解的表現(xiàn)形式是種多樣的，最見的有：（）章細(xì)節(jié)：針對中細(xì)節(jié)直接提（）代判斷：判斷中某個(gè)代詞或定詞組的指代系（3）圖表數(shù)據(jù)：題目中的圖標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行簡單計(jì)算（）義猜測：推測中某個(gè)詞或詞的含義（）序排列：選擇中細(xì)節(jié)出現(xiàn)的確的時(shí)間順序邏輯順序（）度目的：作者文中引入某個(gè)節(jié)的目的，或某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)或細(xì)人物的態(tài)度三、細(xì)節(jié)理解解題方法三法寶：序原則、定詞、排除法把解題的序原則般說隱含題目答的位置與題目順序是一致的能助我們縮尋范圍，大大提效率。我們做時(shí)可以采用采步步為營法，一題做一題。【2010廣】CsometimesgetspoisonedwithApersonwhosuchillnesscalledfoodFoodpoisoningusuallybutsomeareThesymptomsoffoodpoisoningusuallybeginwithineatingtheisoneofmostcommonCertainmicroorganisms(微生)mosttypesoffoodandothermicroorganismsAfterenteringthebody,thesetinythingsrelease釋放thatmakepeopleSomechemicalscanalsocausewhileitbeingprepaid.Forspraykillweedsinsects.SomehaveSomeanimalsthatharmfulcertainkindsofseeds,beans,andmushrooms.peoplehandlefoodproperly,theofpoisoningismultiplyindirtyplacesinThisshouldfoodwithdittyorputsurfaces.shouldinatostopfromtothoroughlykillanydangerousshouldwashfoodwithchemicalseatingit.Finally,peoplenoteatraidmushroomsorfoodsthatgrowinthethesefoodscontainmaterialsthatpeoplepoisoningarestingandextrawater.If

eatpoisons,theygohospitalrightawaytohaveemptied.51.WhichoffollowingstatementsisA.makepeopleFoodC.Foodpoisoningcomesinvarieties.poisoningcanbe52.knowfromthesymptomsoffoodpoisoning.A.alwaysafeverarecommonnotedC.canwithinignored53.poisoningcausedbyallthefollowingEXCEPTA.somechemicalslowC.tinythingscertainmaterials54.canA.mushroomsshouldvegetablessaferthanC.poisonsaretypesoffoodbehandled55.ItthatA.materialssafeinfoodprocessingareneededinfoodC.foodcancontrolfoodpoisoningof該文章除了最后題是主旨大意外，其他都是節(jié)理解題，而答案位置的先順序與題號順序基本一致的。通定位詞找出題點(diǎn)定詞和主題句是語閱讀理解解方法的最重要兩個(gè)要素，前適用于解答細(xì)理解題，后者用解答主旨大意。通過定位詞題，就是說我在閱讀題干的候迅速的把題中有標(biāo)記意義詞或組劃記出來，后用這個(gè)詞回原文當(dāng)中定位（）么詞才算是定詞呢？我首先要關(guān)注的表示人名、地等的專有名詞表示年份、數(shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)等的詞，以及題干中現(xiàn)的大寫的名。如【2010遼64.Accordingstudy,low-scoring.【2010全卷II】51.aresometoskiinginEurope【2010遼61.WhatthedislikemostpartiesinNew【2010全I(xiàn)】didMcKinleyMs.schi【2010山57.createdfor【2010湖62,canthatbeforeMary【2010四46.WhatoftheGreenStandards?在面的例子當(dāng)中表示地名的NewYork,Europe表示名的ChristySchatzman時(shí)間的以及寫的特殊專有詞D等是定位詞，在文當(dāng)中都有出，能幫助我們速地找找到出點(diǎn)?？晌覀儾灰欢慷歼\(yùn)氣好碰到有名詞等，在有上面這些類的時(shí)候我們需留意一些表示實(shí)意義，指代一具體事物的具的名詞。如：【2010廣48.colleaguebringsaboutaproblem,should【2010江56.Whichoffollowingsurnamesinpassage【2010全I(xiàn)】WhereisnearestplaceShakespeares?【2010全I(xiàn)】dohoatzinstogetherinwhentherainyseasoncomes?如我們在題干中一個(gè)實(shí)體名詞找不到的話應(yīng)怎么辦呢？這我們還可以關(guān)題干中詞義鮮的動詞、形容、副詞等。但因?yàn)閯釉~、形詞、副詞的同表達(dá)太多，題中這些詞往往原文的同義表達(dá)或化，需要引起們的注意。這我們在下文中會專門提到?？聪旅嬉粋€(gè)用容詞副詞作定位詞例子：【2010上67.elephantsareandrevengebecause在文中我們可以到對應(yīng)的句子Increasingly,Indian:formanyyears,illegalhaveattackeditandhomejunglebeenreducedItisnowfightingback.

在定位詞的時(shí)候請同學(xué)們注意下幾點(diǎn)：（1）章中反出現(xiàn)的專有名是全文描述對的中心，沒有一出處，所以能算是定位詞我如果發(fā)現(xiàn)大部題干中都有這專有名詞的，應(yīng)該排除它作定位詞的可能如：【2010全I(xiàn)I】A篇文章略41.Browniesomeoneillinthefamily?A.atthemsadly.B.themC.with42.caninferfrom2thatBrownieA.anythingwhenB.feltsorryformistakeC.lovedplayinghide-and-seekD.dislikeddad43.WhydoessaythatwasthanfamilyA.Shewastreatedaofthefamily.ShegameswithC.waslovedbyeverybodyShewiththe44.peoplefrightenedbyshe__________.A.smiledbarkedthemtobefunnyoffollowingBrownie?A.B.Polite我發(fā)現(xiàn)篇文章的每一題目的題干中有Brownie,因Brownie不是位詞也是在面講一類首選定位的時(shí)候給出例里全國卷I的56、兩不把ShakespearesBirthplace當(dāng)做定位詞的因。他們雖然特殊名詞或?qū)Ｃ~，但是在中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)，沒定位價(jià)值。（2）多數(shù)時(shí)候我們擇的定位詞都名詞，因?yàn)槊目商娲韵噍^低，容易找唯一出處。但我們所找的名要盡量是實(shí)體詞，也就是能代一件具體事的名詞。一般說，下面兩類詞都可取。a.抽象詞。如opinion,information,role,effect,等等言詞。如statement,argument,comment,response,reaction,answer等。：【2010江60.AccordingpeopleinNorthAmericaforallfollowingthat.文所敘述的地區(qū)是NorthAmerica,因在這個(gè)題干America不算是定位詞。么算算，它是一個(gè)言詞，在文章當(dāng)通常也是不出的，不能算是位詞。（3）不是所的我們在題干找到的定位詞原文中都會對出現(xiàn)，有些情下，原文中出的是題干定位詞轉(zhuǎn)換形式。在種情況下，劃定位詞并在腦留下印象也有于我們在瀏覽章是速發(fā)現(xiàn)文中定詞的對應(yīng)形式從而找到題目案的位置。一來說，定位詞轉(zhuǎn)換有下面幾形式a.義改寫。題將原文中的或詞組換成另的詞或者詞組性結(jié)構(gòu)不變意義近如【2010全I(xiàn)I】A篇Iwassix,Dadghtday,whoMybrothersIalllovedBrownieanddiddifferentthingswithoftherewerebaths,andmany.inlovedandofthingthatmosttouchedheartwasthatshewouldwhoeverandjustwithWefeltshewas41.dowhenwasillinfamily?A.atthemsadly.B.C.withD.them這原文中的被轉(zhuǎn)換成了題中的ill?！緩V東】篇IwasinAmerica,IwasashamedofmymothersChineseEnglish.BecauseofherEnglish,wasoftenunfairly.indepartmentbanks,atdidnotherdidgivegoodactedasifdidnot41.WhywasauthorspoorlyservedA.ShewasunabletospeakgoodEnglish.ShewasC.wasnotclearlyShewasvery我發(fā)現(xiàn)原文中的unfairly與題中的意義相近在瀏覽文章的候就能

夠意到unfairly，在個(gè)定位詞附近找正確答案?！?010江D篇ButtheissuereallymoneyChinaisspendingofbillionsdomesticrailwayexpansion68．passage，greatestrailwayABsafetyofthesystemC．of這文章中的名詞組keyissue轉(zhuǎn)成了題干中的greatestchallenge,意相.【2010陜B篇TuesdayDailyNewssaid-yearwholeftspotquicklylastSaturday.51.didthecame?A.HewasinterviewedanewspaperaskedhisforhisdryclothesC.Hehospitalintheambulancethespotquickly

．這文章中的quickly轉(zhuǎn)成題干中的轉(zhuǎn)變詞性與結(jié)構(gòu):題定位詞并不一與原文中相關(guān)的詞性和結(jié)構(gòu)式一致，而是了一定的概與總結(jié)。如將詞詞組轉(zhuǎn)化為思相近的動詞形容詞等等。【2010江】CRuleasaforoflife:“otherswhatyouwantyou.assumedthatequalbirth,thanitknowledgethatsetmen.onindividual,andthoughtgreatestofseekbelievedthatsomehadtodevelopreasonthanothersdid.Likebelievedthatsuperiorclassshouldinferior(層的)classes.66.somepeoplefromaccordingtoA.B.PotentialC.Knowledge我發(fā)現(xiàn)文章中的apart即有題干中的different之里一個(gè)動詞詞組轉(zhuǎn)成為一個(gè)形容因看題干時(shí)候如果劃出定位詞different在中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)）容易讓我們定到apart這來。我已經(jīng)了解了怎在閱讀題干是出其中的定位，現(xiàn)在讓我們高考真題來演一下定位詞是如幫助我們迅速決細(xì)節(jié)理解題?！?010江D篇It11awin-win.countriesrailwaynetworkwillcreateforbusinessnottomentionbettercommunicationthoseChina，suchaonlyitwiththeofAsiabringsome，butwouldalsohelpfarwest．Weforeseethatcomingdecades，millionsofwillmigratewesternregions，theisemptyandunused．trainspeoplewillsetfactoriesandcentersthewestfora11．AndtradewithCentralEuropeancountries．67．railwaywillawin-winproject．AChinawillresourcesdevelopitsBChinainvolvedwilltheprojectinCChinawilldeveloprailwaysystemwithcountriesDtheforeigncountriesinvolvedwillrailway，我發(fā)現(xiàn)題干中的號處win-win是一個(gè)色比較鮮明的詞對到文中馬上找到原。根據(jù)后面的forcountries和for我可以發(fā)，中國的高速路計(jì)劃應(yīng)該是外國和中雙方都是十分利的。因此本的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)為B選項(xiàng)。【2010湖A篇HOWTOTAKELIPITORDOTakeLipitorasprescribedbydoctor．Tryheart-healthywhile．TakeLipitoranyofwithwithout．Ifmiss一)，takeitsoonas．Butifitthan12hourssinceyourdose，．TakethedoseyourtimeDon：

stopyourdoctornewmedicinesyour．58.Ifithasbeenhoursyouayou.A.theamountofB,yournextdoseC.haveasoonasD.takedoseyour這一篇藥品說明們題的題干中發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)很典型的示時(shí)間的定位對到中我們知道如漏服了一劑藥過十二個(gè)小時(shí)后應(yīng)該在下一正常服藥的時(shí)服一次藥即可因此里應(yīng)該選擇D選項(xiàng)?！?010全I(xiàn)I】A篇Brownieturnedtothanfamilypet,shewenteverywherewithstopandaskifcouldpether.courseshedpether.wastheTheretimeswhenbeoutwalkingandsmallchildwouldcomeoverpullherbarked()away.Funnythingissmile.Thisteeth.Farfromthetruth,lovely44.peoplefrightenedwhenA.smiledbarkedthemtobefunny這題目的題干中們只能找到動frightened有能當(dāng)定位詞。在中我們?yōu)g覽frightened所在前一句和后一發(fā)現(xiàn)Brownie是因?yàn)椤拔⑿Α睍r(shí)候露出牙齒嚇到別人的，以本題應(yīng)該選A選。請意：離散型細(xì)理解題的解題驟和技巧基本與集中型是一的，但是離散細(xì)節(jié)理解題在題中除了告知特的目標(biāo)段落之，往往找不到位詞。這就需我們在題干找到定位詞時(shí)，速的覽一下選項(xiàng)，選項(xiàng)中找到定詞。例如：【2010山C篇whoapoetryprofessorattheUniversityDiego(UCSD)fortwothe2010Prizeinpoetrycategoryforhermostrecentbook,“Versed“Idelightedandamazedmuchmediarecognitionthatthebrings,eventheNationalBookAward,whichIanddelightedwin,”saidArmantrout.“Foralongtime,mywritinghasbeenjustbelowthemediaradar,andtohavethiskindofattention,suddenly,withmyreallysurprising.”Armantrout,anCalifornian,receivedbachelordegreeatUCBerkeley,whereshestudiedwithpoetLevertov,hermasterincreativewritingSanFranciscoStateUniversity.SheisafoundingLanguageainwayusedraisesquestionstotheInMarch,shetheNationalCriticsCirclefor“Versed.”“Thisbookhasgottenmoreattention,Armantroutsaid,“butIdonfeelasifbetter.”Thefirsthalfof“VersedfocusesontheforcestakingoftheUnitedStatesasfoughtthewaragainstIraq.secondhalflooksatdarkforcesshadowoverlifeafterArmantroutwasdiagnosedwithcancerinArshockedtolearnshehadwonthePulitzerbutmanyhercolleaguesnot.“RaeArmantroutauniquevoiceinAmericanpoetry,”SethLerer,headofandHumanitiesat“Versed”,publishedbytheWesleyanUniversityPress,didlargerprintingthanherearlierabouteditiontoappearin66.AccordingA.her10thbookiswinningthePulitzerisC.thesurprisedworksshelikesbeingby我發(fā)現(xiàn)，這是一離散型細(xì)節(jié)理題，題干中沒明顯的定位詞文章主人公，全貫穿她的話以Armantrout不定位詞我這個(gè)時(shí)候需要速地瀏覽一下項(xiàng)看看有沒我們需要的定詞?？焖贋g覽后，我們分別記作定位詞根據(jù)出題順序則，我們?nèi)缓笾@些詞語瀏文章的開頭，快就發(fā)現(xiàn)了這定位詞在文中現(xiàn)的置。A選項(xiàng)屬于過推測Armantrout只說她的第十部品獲獎(jiǎng)讓她感十分意外，這不意著這部作品就優(yōu)秀C選項(xiàng)說媒體驚于她作品，而實(shí)際原文說“…Iwasalsoanddelightedtowin,這說明自為的獲獎(jiǎng)感到驚以選是斷章取義地文章作了誤的理解選recognized們原文中并沒有到我也不能推測出喜歡受到讀者認(rèn)同，因D選也是過度推。排除法排法是解答閱讀解題的另一個(gè)要的方法。因有的時(shí)候如果給填空題讓我做，我們也許

不填出正確答案但是如果給出個(gè)選項(xiàng)讓我們的話，我們可通過對比排除誤選項(xiàng)。那么樣通排除法做題呢（）確選項(xiàng)的特征正選項(xiàng)雖然一般是原文照搬，是一般是原文改寫，意思不。如換一個(gè)同詞，把否定改肯定，把肯定為否定等?！?010江68.Accordingthethetotheplanis.A.B.safetyofthesystemC.financialproblemsD.railwaytracks我在原文中發(fā)現(xiàn)定位詞greatest的化形式issue。原是樣的Butthekeyismoney.我們知遇到轉(zhuǎn)折連詞我們重點(diǎn)要看是轉(zhuǎn)折連詞的半部分，本題正確答案實(shí)際上money的轉(zhuǎn)換式。所以我們以選擇本題的確答案光解了正確選項(xiàng)點(diǎn)還不夠，我更需要知道錯(cuò)選項(xiàng)為什么是誤的，這樣才夠洞察出題者的題意圖，規(guī)避意給我們設(shè)置陷阱。那么干項(xiàng)究竟有哪些點(diǎn)呢？（）誤選項(xiàng)的特征a．張李戴：把A物的特點(diǎn)說成事的，企圖混淆聽?！?010江A篇surnames·frompeoplecommonoccupationaliswhichmeansapersonwhothingswithironInthepast,smithsimportanttownSomeoccupationalare:Carter—apersonor—potsandpans.57.AccordingtheancestorsofPotterfamilyA.ordrovecartB.thingswithmetalsC.kitchenorD.builtandfurnitureB選項(xiàng)是Smith這姓氏而不是Potter，根據(jù)定位所指示的句子我們現(xiàn)Potter是指生壺和等廚房用具的業(yè)，所以選擇C項(xiàng)。然這些器具都是屬的，但是以產(chǎn)金屬制品為點(diǎn)更確切是Smith。斷章?。鹤ヒ粋€(gè)字眼或細(xì)做文章，對作本意歪曲的理。c.過度測：文中并沒出現(xiàn)和選項(xiàng)一的直接信息，項(xiàng)對文意進(jìn)行不切實(shí)際的過猜測?！?010全卷II】B篇youlyingontheoftheMexicanthestresses(壓)ofworldmillionHey,nosomething!liesproblemfortravelwriterandcritic(評論家JarolimIlovedandalwayseat,itneveroccurredthatIcouldmakedoingboththings,”JarolimNowyoutraveladviceArtsandininofthereTheIdiotsMexicanResorts.Herintravelwritingbegansomeeightyearsago.AftergettingPhDininshetookasguides,andgottheAfterworkingFrommerJarolimworkedforatRoughinLondon,thenwhereshesoinlovewithadescriptionoftheU.S.thatmovedasatravelshespendsofheryearontheroad.ofthecompletingtasksandrestaurantsatTucson,Arizona.aspartisfact-checkingallinformation.itgreattowriteayoudbettergetthelocal(當(dāng)?shù)?museumcorrectoryousomeonesvacation.48.knowaboutJarolimfromthetext?AsuccessfulinherBfindsherlifefullCofD．Sheisinterestedin這一個(gè)分散型細(xì)理解題擾選項(xiàng)分布文章各處項(xiàng)針首段中的進(jìn)行了斷取義理解其首只是作者的一引入主人公關(guān)D項(xiàng)則抓住最一句的museum企圖惑大家必把地博物館開放時(shí)間弄清，并不意味著對博物館特別興趣。至于B選說她花了一半時(shí)間旅行時(shí)原中沒有出現(xiàn)的息，屬于出題的主觀過度猜。因此本題的確選應(yīng)是A選。把已然說未或未說成已然中沒有發(fā)的事在選項(xiàng)中成了已經(jīng)發(fā)生事，或反之。

選與原文實(shí)相反：選項(xiàng)敘述的內(nèi)容與文所提到的完相反【2010山D篇DcanpoweranythingfromsmalllargeWhilewaystomakethemsmallerbutproblemsmuchthantheofresearchersdevelopinganuclearsourcethatsmaller,and“Toprovidemethodswith密)saidJaepr