人物介紹-喬治華盛頓(英文)

GeorgeWashingtonOnApril30,1789,GeorgeWashington,standingonthebalconyofFederalHallonWallStreetinNewYork,tookhisoathofofficeasthefirstPresidentoftheUnitedStates."Asthefirstofeverything,inoursituationwillservetoestablishaPrecedent,"hewrotetoJamesMadison,"itisdevoutly（虔誠地）wishedonmypart,thattheseprecedentsmaybefixedontrueprinciples."Bornin1732intoaVirginiaplanterfamily,helearnedthemorals,manners,andbodyofknowledgerequisite（必備的）foran18thcenturyVirginiagentleman.Hepursuedtwointertwined（互相交織的）interests:militaryartsandwesternexpansion.At16hehelpedsurveyShenandoah（謝南多尼河，美國弗吉尼亞州河流）landsforThomas,LordFairfax.Commissioned（受任命的）alieutenantcolonel（陸軍中校）in1754,hefoughtthefirstskirmishes（小規(guī)模戰(zhàn)斗）ofwhatgrewintotheFrenchandIndianWar（.法國印第安人戰(zhàn)爭（1754-1760），在北美大陸進(jìn)行的法英戰(zhàn)爭，以法國失敗而告終，英國獲得法屬北美殖民地）Thenextyear,asanaide（助手，副官）toGen.EdwardBraddock,heescapedinjuryalthoughfourbulletsrippedhiscoatandtwohorseswereshotfromunderhim.From1759totheoutbreakoftheAmericanRevolution,WashingtonmanagedhislandsaroundMountVernon（芒特弗農(nóng)，地名）andservedintheVirginiaHouseofBurgesses（下議院，殖民地時(shí)期弗吉尼亞及馬里蘭州的民選政府）Marriedtoawidow,MarthaDandridgeCustis,hedevotedhimselftoabusyandhappylife.Butlikehisfellowplanters,Washingtonfelthimselfexploited（剝肖QbyBritishmerchantsandhampered（受阻礙的2丫Britishregulations.Asthequarrelwiththemothercountrygrewacute,hemoderatelybutfirmlyvoicedhisresistancetotherestrictions.WhentheSecondContinentalCongress（大陸會(huì)議）assembledinPhiladelphiainMay1775,Washington,oneoftheVirginiadelegates,waselectedCommanderinChiefoftheContinentalArmy.OnJuly3,1775,atCambridge,Massachusetts,hetookcommandofhisill-trainedtroopsandembarkedupon（著手，開始用warthatwastolastsixgrueling（累垮人的，折磨人的）years.Herealizedearlythatthebeststrategywastoharass（反復(fù)襲擊）theBritish.HereportedtoCongress,"weshouldonallOccasionsavoidageneralAction,orputanythingtotheRisque（傷風(fēng)敗俗的，指英國人），unlesscompelledbyanecessity,intowhichweoughtnevertobedrawn."Ensuing（接著發(fā)生的）battlessawhimfallback（后退）slowly,thenstrikeunexpectedly.Finallyin1781withtheaidofFrenchallies--heforcedthesurrenderofCornwallis（將軍名）atYorktown.（約克城，地名）WashingtonlongedtoretiretohisfieldsatMountVernon.ButhesoonrealizedthattheNationunderitsArticlesofConfederation（十三州邦聯(lián)憲法，美國第一部憲法）wasnotfunctioningwell,sohebecameaprimemover（發(fā)起者）inthestepsleadingtotheConstitutionalConvention（1787年美國制憲會(huì)議）atPhiladelphiain1787.WhenthenewConstitutionwasratified（批準(zhǔn)）,theElectoralCollege（選舉團(tuán)）unanimously（全體一致地）electedWashingtonPresident.Hedidnotinfringeupon（侵犯，侵害）thepolicymakingpowersthathefelttheConstitutiongaveCongress.Butthedeterminationofforeignpolicybecameescapedinjuryalthoughfourbulletsrippedhiscoatandtwohorseswereshotfromunderhim.From1759totheoutbreakoftheAmericanRevolution,WashingtonmanagedhislandsaroundMountVernon（芒特弗農(nóng)，地名）andservedintheVirginiaHouseofBurgesses.（下議院，殖民地時(shí)期弗吉尼亞及馬里蘭州的民選政府）Marriedtoawidow,MarthaDandridgeCustis,hedevotedhimselftoabusyandhappylife.Butlikehisfellowplanters,Washingtonfelthimselfexploited（剝削）byBritishmerchantsandhampered（受阻礙的）byBritishregulations.Asthequarrelwiththemothercountrygrewacute,hemoderatelybutfirmlyvoicedhisresistancetotherestrictions.WhentheSecondContinentalCongress（大陸會(huì)議）assembledinPhiladelphiainMay1775,Washington,oneoftheVirginiadelegates,waselectedCommanderinChiefoftheContinentalArmy.OnJuly3,1775,atCambridge,Massachusetts,hetookcommandofhisill-trainedtroopsandembarkedupon（著手，開始）awarthatwastolastsixgrueling（累垮人的，折磨人的）years.Herealizedearlythatthebeststrategywastoharass（反復(fù)襲擊）theBritish.HereportedtoCongress,"weshouldonallOccasionsavoidageneralAction,orputanythingtotheRisque（傷風(fēng)敗俗的，指英國人），unlesscompelledbyanecessity,intowhichweoughtnevertobedrawn."Ensuing（接著發(fā)生的）battlessawhimfallback（后退）slowly,thenstrikeunexpectedly.Finallyin1781withtheaidofFrenchallies--heforcedthesurrenderofCornwallis（將軍名）atYorktown.（約克城，地名）WashingtonlongedtoretiretohisfieldsatMountVernon.ButhesoonrealizedthattheNationunderitsArticlesofConfederation（十三州邦聯(lián)憲法，美國第一部憲法）wasnotfunctioningwell,sohebecameaprimemover（發(fā)起者）inthestepsleadingtotheConstitutionalConvention（1787年美國制憲會(huì)議）atPhiladelphiain1787.WhenthenewConstitutionwasratified（批準(zhǔn)）,theElectoralCollege（選舉團(tuán)）unanimously（全體一致地）electedWashingtonPresident.Hedidnotinfringeupon（侵犯，侵W）thepolicymakingpowersthathefelttheConstitutiongaveCongress.Butthedeterminationofforeignpolicybecamepreponderantly（占優(yōu)勢的，多數(shù)的）aPresidentialconcern.WhentheFrenchRevolutionledtoamajorwarbetweenFranceandEngland,WashingtonrefusedtoacceptentirelytherecommendationsofeitherhisSecretaryofState（國務(wù)卿）ThomasJefferson,whowaspro-French（親法的）,orhisSecretaryoftheTreasury（財(cái)政部長）AlexanderHamilton,whowaspro-British.Rather,heinsisteduponaneutralcourseuntiltheUnitedStatescouldgrowstronger.Tohisdisappointment,twopartiesweredevelopingbytheendofhisfirstterm.Weariedofpolitics,feelingold,heretiredattheendofhissecond.InhisFarewellAddress,heurgedhiscountrymentoforswear（