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CanEuropeCatchUp
withtheUS(andChina)
inQuantumComputing?
August2022
ByFran?oisCandelon,Jean-Fran?oisBobier,MaximeCourtaux,andGabrielNahas
BostonConsultingGrouppartnerswithleadersinbusinessandsocietytotackletheirmostimportantchallengesandcapturetheirgreatestopportunities.BCGwasthepioneerinbusinessstrategywhenitwasfoundedin1963.Today,weworkcloselywithclientstoembraceatransformationalapproachaimedatbenefitingallstakeholders—empoweringorganizationstogrow,buildsustainablecompetitiveadvantage,anddrivepositivesocietalimpact.
Ourdiverse,globalteamsbringdeepindustryandfunctionalexpertiseandarangeofperspectivesthatquestionthestatusquoandsparkchange.BCGdeliverssolutionsthroughleading-edgemanagementconsulting,technologyanddesign,andcorporateanddigitalventures.Weworkinauniquelycollaborativemodelacrossthefirmandthroughoutalllevelsoftheclientorganization,fueledbythegoalofhelpingourclientsthriveandenablingthemtomaketheworldabetterplace.
TheBCGHendersonInstituteistheBostonConsultingGroup’sthinktank,dedicatedtoexploringanddevelopingvaluablenewinsightsfrombusiness,technology,economics,andsciencebyembracingthepowerfultechnologyofideas.TheInstituteengagesleadersinprovocativediscussionandexperimentationtoexpandtheboundariesofbusinesstheoryandpracticeandtotranslateinnovativeideasfromwithinandbeyondbusiness.Formoreideasandinspiration,signuptoreceiveBHIINSIGHTS,ourmonthlynewsletter,andfollowusonLinkedInandTwitter.
Contents
01|ExecutiveSummary
03|TheGlobalQuantum
ComputingRace
08|AssessingEurope’sChances
15|TheEU’sRisingRisks
19|EnsuringtheEU’sQuantum
Sovereignty
23|TheEUNeedsBusiness-
OrientedQuantumTalent
25|Appendix:QuantumSnapshots,byCountry
1CANEUROPECATCHUPWITHTHEUS(ANDCHINA)INQUANTUMCOMPUTING?
ExecutiveSummary
Afterdecadesofresearch,quantumcomputersareclosetobecomingareality.Severaltechnologicalbreakthroughshavebeenannouncedinrecenttimes,andinvestmentsinthefieldreachedanall-timehighin2021.Themyriadbenefitsofquantumcomputing,fromoptimizinglogisticsnetworkstorevolutionizingdrugdiscovery,areknockingatourdoor.
IftheEuropeanUnion(EU)wishestocapturesomeofthosebenefits,itmustimproveitspresentpositionwithregardtodevelopingandusingquantumsystems.Other-wise,theEUwillyieldgroundtotheUSandChina,andlosethechancetobecomeatechnologicalpowerhouse.
CurrentPosition.Manycountriesareengagedinaglobaltussleforleadershipinquantumcomputing.Becomingaleaderwillrequireachievingsuccessonthreefronts:sup-portfromgovernmententities,commitmentfromprivatecompanies,andattentiontodevelopingtalent.Inthisreport,wewillevaluatethemajorplayers’positionsonthesethreedimensionstounderstandtheEU’scurrentandfuturestatus.
OurresearchindicatesthattheUSiscurrentlythefront-runner,leadingitspeersoneverydimension,especiallyinprivate-sectorefforts.Atrioofpursuers—theUK,China,andtheEU—arewellpositionedtoo,particularlyintermsofgovernmentsupportandtalentpools.
TheEUisamongtheleadersinpublicinvestmentandhasadoptedrobustplans,suchastheEuropeanCommission’sQuantumFlagship.ButtheUSremainsaheadinwinningpatents,settingupstartups,andmakinginvestments,withChinainhotpursuit.TheEUisalsoamongtheworld’sleadersinproducingtalent,alongwiththeUSandChina.
EmergentRisks.AlthoughtheEUappearsstrong,therealityonthegroundislesspositive,asthecontinentdisplaysmultiplesymptomsthatmayportendtroubledowntheroad.
First,theEUhasscattereditseffortsacrossthecontinentwithoutforminganinterconnectedquantumecosystem.AlthoughtheQuantumFlagshipprogramissupposedtocoordinateefforts,mostcountriesonthecontinentcontin-uetoworkinsilos.Evenatthenationallevel,ouranalysisshows,EuropeancountrieshavenotachievedthelevelofcoordinationbetweenstakeholdersandcompaniesthatcountriessuchastheUSandChinahavemanaged.
Second,theEUiscreatingaprivatesectorwithlittleornoabilitytoscale.TheEuropeannationslackthetypeofprivateinvestmentsthatenablequantumcomputingstartupstoscaleintheUS,whichisaventurecapitalpowerhouse.Moreover,theEUlacksbigdigitalplayers—suchasGoogle,Amazon,andIBM—thathavethepowertoconsolidatethequantumsector.
Third,theEUhasapeoplemarketthatfocusesondevel-opingacademictalent.AlthoughtheEUhasalmostasmanytopuniversitiesfocusingonquantumcomputingastheUSdoes,BCGestimatesthatthelatterhastwotothreetimesasmuchtalentatworkinquantumtechnologybusinesses.
EnsuringtheEU’sQuantumSovereignty.TheEU,itsmembergovernments,andpolicymakersshouldimmedi-atelyimplementboldplanstotackletheemergingrisks,actingonallthreefrontstoensuretheregion’squantumsovereignty.
2
BOSTONCONSULTINGGROUP|BCGHENDERSONINSTITUTE
First,theEUshouldinterconnectallquantumcomputingeffortsbyitsmemberstatesandstakeholdersattheEuropeanlevel.Successdependsongovernments’com-mitmenttoworkingtogethertoadvancetheregion’squantumcomputingcapabilities.TheEUmustprioritizepublicinterventionwhilealigningitsambitionsandstrategiesacrosscountiesandstakeholders.
Second,theEUneedstofostertheconditionsnecessarytodevelopaprivatesectorthatcanscale.Itsstartupsshouldnotremainearly-stageventuresindefinitely;instead,theyshouldscaleandbecomedigitalgiants.GovernmentsandpolicymakerswillneedtoworktogethertotackletheEU’sinvestmentgap,especiallyinlate-stagefunding,whilesupportingthecreationofamarketforquantumcomputingapplicationsbyofferingincentivestoboostadoptionbyincumbents.
Third,theEUmustcreatebusiness-orientedquantumtalent,ensuringthatpeopleleaveacademiaandsupportthedevelopmentofprivatequantumtechnologyinitiatives.Accomplishingthistaskentailsdevelopingtheregion’stalentpipelinefromendtoend,andsecuringadequatefundingforthepurpose.Moreover,theEUmuststrivetobecomeamagnetforinternationaltalent.
OnlybytacklingthesechallengescantheEUrealisticallyhopetosucceedinthequantumcomputingindustry.Otherwise,theadventofquantumcomputingcouldsoundthedeathknellfortheEU’scompetitivenessandtechno-logicalindependence.
TheGlobalQuantumComputingRace
Natureisn’tclassical,dammit,andifyouwanttomakeasimulationofNature,you’dbettermakeitquantummechanical,andbygollyit’sawonderfulproblembecauseitdoesn’tlooksoeasy.
—RichardFeynman,“SimulatingPhysicswithComputers,”InternationalJournalofTheoreticalPhysics,1982
Humankindhasneverbeenascloseasitistodaytorealiz-ingtheideasoftheAmericanphysicist,RichardFeynman(1918–1988).Ina1982papertitled“SimulatingPhysicswithComputers,”Feynmanpostulated,amongotherthings,thattosolvespecificcategoriesofproblems,wewouldneedtobuildquantumcomputers.Likealldeeptechnolo-gies,quantumcomputingtechnologies,afteraslowstart,havematuredrapidlyinrecenttimes.Consequently,thefirstquantumcomputers,whichwillbeabletosolveprob-lemsthatarebeyondthereachoftraditionalcomputers,couldsoonseethelightofday.
3CANEUROPECATCHUPWITHTHEUS(ANDCHINA)INQUANTUMCOMPUTING?
4
BOSTONCONSULTINGGROUP|BCGHENDERSONINSTITUTE
Therehavebeenseveralbreakthroughsinquantumcom-putinginrecenttimes.InOctober2019,inapaperpub-lishedinthesciencejournalNature,Googlereportedamilestoneachievement.TheAmericandigitalgiantan-nouncedthatitsquantumcomputer,Sycamore,hadsolvedinminutesacomplexproblemthatwouldhavetakenthemostpowerfulconventionalsupercomputersthousandsofyearstocrack.ByJuly2021,theUniversityofScienceandTechnologyofChina(USTC),basedinthecityofHefei,claimedthatithadsolvedaproblemthatwasthreeordersofmagnitudetougherthantheonethatGoogle’smachinehadtackled,andinSeptember2021,USTCannouncedthatithadbesteditsownrecordbyanotherthreeordersofmagnitude.
November2021sawtwomoredevelopmentsinquantumcomputing.TheUS’sQuantumEconomicDevelopmentConsortiumrevealedthatanovelerror-suppressionmeth-odithadhelpeddevelopcouldincreasetheprobabilityofsuccessforquantumcomputingalgorithmsby2,500%;andStanfordUniversityengineersunveiledasimplerdesignforaquantumcomputer.Then,inJune2022,aCanadianfirm,Xanadu,unveiledaquantumdevice,Borealis,thatcanoutperformanysupercomputeratoneparticularoperation:deliveringaseriesofnumberswithaspecifiedrangeofprobability.Borealiscandosoinjust36millionthsofasecondwhereasthesametaskwouldtaketoday’ssupercomputersmorethan9,000yearstocompute.
Unsurprisingly,private-sectorinvestmentsinquantumcomputingtheworldoverhaverisentorecordlevels.In2021,privateinvestmentsintheequityofquantumcom-putingfirmsincreasedalmosttenfoldovertheirlevelduringtheperiodfrom2015to2019,accordingtoBCGdata.(SeeExhibit1.)Lastyearalsosawthebiggestsaleeverofanequitystakeinaquantumhardwarefirm,whentheAnglo-Americanstartup,PsiQuantum,raised$450milliontodevelopageneral-purposesiliconphotonicquantumcomputer.Infact,aroundthree-quartersofthe$1.3billionofprivateequityinvestmentinquantumcom-putingfirmssince2018hasbeeninhardwaredevelopment.Inaddition,since2013,governmentshaveannouncedinvestmentsofover$20billiontodevelopquantumcom-putingsystems.
Exhibit1-AccelerationofInvestmentsinQuantumComputing
Funding($millions)
Dealscompleted
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1,700
1,500
675
528
241
138
187
75
211
110
92
14
86
66
72
69
32
4
86
20112012201320142015201620172018201920202021
HardwareSoftwareVCinvestments
40
30
20
10
0
Top3investmentsin2021
PsiQuantum
$450millionraised
(SeriesD)
Xanadu
$100millionraised
(SeriesB)
IONQ
$650millionraised
(1/3PIPE+SPAC)
Sources:PitchBook;BCGanalysis.
Note:PIPE=privateinvestmentinpublicequity;SPAC=special-purposeacquisitioncompany.
5CANEUROPECATCHUPWITHTHEUS(ANDCHINA)INQUANTUMCOMPUTING?
Cryptography
QuantumComputersWillDisrupttheWorld
WhileCreatingValue
Undoubtedly,quantumcomputingpossessesthepotentialtocreateenormousvalueinalmosteveryindustry,fromautomotiveandaerospacetofinanceandpharmaceuticals.(SeeExhibit2.)Thenewmachinescouldcreatefreshvalueof$450billionto$850billionoverthenext15to30years,accordingtorecentBCGforecasts.Weestimatethatcom-paniesandgovernmentscouldcapture$5billionto$10billionofthatvalueinjustthenextthreetofiveyearsifthetechnologyscalesasfastasweexpectitto.
Quantumsystemswillbeabletotacklemanykindsofcomputationalproblems,withthefocusatpresentoncomplexapplicationssuchasmachinelearning,simula-tions,optimization,andcryptography.
MachineLearning(ML).QuantumsystemswillidentifycomplexpatternsfromfreshdataandusethemtotrainsophisticatedMLalgorithms.Thatwillacceleratethedevel-opmentofAIapplicationsforautonomousdriving,forexample,aswellasthoseforpreventingfraudandmoneylaundering.
Simulations.Quantumcomputerswillbeabletosimu-lateprocessesthatcanbefoundinnaturebutaredifficulttostudywithtraditionalcomputers.Bydoingso,theywilltransformdrugdiscovery,batterydesign,andfluiddynam-ics,amongotherthings,aswellasderivativesandoptionspricing.
Optimization.Quantumalgorithmswillbeabletoidenti-fytheoptimalsolutiontoacomplexproblemamongallthefeasibleones.Companiescandevelopsuchapplica-tionstotackleproblemsinlogisticsandriskmanagement,forexample.
Cryptography.Quantumcomputingwillcracktraditionalencryptionprotocolsaswellasmakebetterencryptionstandardspossible,asateamofBCGauthorsnotedinarecentFortunearticle.
Exhibit2-QuantumComputingWillCreateValueAcrossSeveralIndustriesandUseCases
($40billionto$80billion)
Optimization
($100billionto$220billion)
Machinelearning
($150billionto$220billion)
Simulation
($160billionto$330billion)
Privatelandscape
Applications
Valuecreationpotential($billions)1
Encryption/decryption
Low
40
High
80
Aerospace:Flightrouteoptimization
20
50
Finance:Portfoliooptimization
20
50
Finance:Riskmanagement
10
20
Logistics:Vehiclerouting/networkoptimization
50
100
Automotive:Automatedvehicles,Alalgorithms
0
10
Finance:Fraudandmoneylaunderingprevention
20
30
Hightech:Searchandadsoptimization
50
100
Other:VariedAlapplications
80+
80+
Aerospace:Computational?uiddynamics
10
20
Aerospace:Materialsdevelopment
10
20
Automotive:Computational?uiddynamics
0
10
Automotive:Materialsandstructuraldesign
10
15
Chemistry:Catalystandenzymedesign
20
50
Energy:Solarconversion
10
30
Finance:Marketsimulation(e.g.,derivativespricing)
20
35
Hightech:Batterydesign
20
40
Manufacturing:Materialsdesign
20
30
Pharma:Drugdiscoveryanddevelopment
40
80
Sources:Academicresearch;industryinterviews;BCGanalysis.
1Representsvaluecreationopportunityofmaturetechnology.
Quantumcomputingwillcreatehugevalueinalmosteveryindustry,butitwillposeanunprecedentedthreattocybersecurity,too.
QuantumComputingPosesAPotentCyberThreat
Atthesametime,thedawnofquantumcomputingwillposeanunprecedentedthreattocybersecurity.HackerswillbeabletobreakthroughthesecurityofalmosteveryconventionallyencrypteddeviceorsystembydecipheringthepublickeysgeneratedbytheRSAcryptosystem.Thethreatwillaffecteveryone,fromindividualsandinstitu-tionstocompaniesandgovernments.
Inadditiontosystemsthatstoreindividualinformationsuchaspersonalandfinancialdata,computersystemsthatarecentraltonationalsecurity—suchasmilitarysystems,policenetworks,hospitalsystems,internet,tele-communications,andmobilenetworks,energysystems,andbankingandfinancenetworks—willbecomeeasytargets.Unlessgovernmentsdevelopquantumcomputingcapabilities,theywon’tbeabletoprotectthemselvesorrespondtoattacksbyquantumhackers.
Withquantumcomputinglikelytoposeanunprecedentedcyberthreatinthenearfuture,quantumcryptographyandcommunicationshaveemergedaspossibleresponsestocounterthatthreat.Newnetworksandprotocolswillpro-tectbusinessandgovernmentbyenablingquantumkeydistribution,whichusestheprinciplesofquantumphysicstorandomlydistributekeysbetweenusersoveranetworkofopticallinks.Severalinitiativeshaveemergedworldwide.China,whichlaunchedthefirstquantum-enabledsatellitein2016toensuresecuredatatransmission,hascreatedwhatiscurrentlythelongestquantumkeydistributionnetwork,whichextendsfromBeijingtoShanghai.
EveryNationisRushingtoEmbracetheQuantum
Future
Mostcountriesaren’tadoptingawait-and-watchapproachtoanimpendingCyberArmageddon.Severalgovernments,withtheUSandChinaleadingtheway,haveunveiledquantumcomputingdevelopmentstrategiesoverthepastdecade,especiallyinthepastfiveyears.(SeeExhibit3.)Theyareactingquicklyandmakinglargeinvestmentstogainleadershipofthefieldofquantumcomputing.
Specifically,inDecember2018,theUSCongresspassedtheNationalQuantumInitiativeAct,whichdescribedtheUS’squantumcomputingstrategy,prescribedthenationalresponse,andinvestedover$3billioninquantumcomput-inginitiatives.Similarly,China’sgovernmenthasinvestedover$10billiontobuildtheworld’slargestquantumre-searchfacilityinthecityofHefei.Othercountriesareforgingallianceswiththeleadersinthequantumcomput-ingrace.Forinstance,in2021,Australia,theUK,andtheUSsignedtheAUKUSalliance,apactthatfocusesondevelopingnewtechnologiesratherthandefensecapabili-ties,withthethreenationssharingtheirtechnologicaladvancesinfieldssuchasAIandquantumcomputing.
LiketheUSandChina,the27memberstatesoftheEuropeanUnion(EU)—onwhichwewillfocusinthisreport—havetoparticipatein,investin,andtrytowinthequantumcomputingraceiftheywishtosecureEurope’sfuturecompetitivenessandsovereignty.Afterall,quantumcomputingseemslikelytodisruptseveraloftheEU’skeymanufacturingindustries,suchasaerospace,automotive,chemicals,defense,electrical,pharmaceuticals,andtextiles,aswellasitsservicesectors,suchasbankingandfinancialservices.FortheEU,it’snowornever,makingtodayitsQuantumMoment.
Exhibit3-TheEU’sCompetitiveStartinQuantumComputing
2013
2016
TheUKcreatesaNationalQuantumTechnologiesProgram,investing$300million
Chinalaunchesits13th?ve-yearplan,withprojectsforquantumcomputingandcommunications;
announcesan
investmentof$10billionin2017
2018
2020
2021
2019
TheEUsetsuptheQuantumFlagshipprogram,investing
$1.1billion
Japanallocatesabout$270milliontoaquantumroadmap
Australiainvests
$100million
Canadaannounces
aninvestmentof$400millionover
sevenyears
Francecreatesa
NationalAgendaon
QuantumTechnologies
withaseven-year
investmentof$700
million
Russiaannounces
an$800millioninvestment
Israelallocates$400millionoversixyears
TheUSpassesthe
NationalQuantum
InitiativeAct,investing
over$1.2billion
Franceannounces
a$1.1billion
investmentplan
GermanyunveilsitsQuantumComputingRoadmap,witha$2.2billioninvestment
Sources:Literaturesearch;BCGanalysis.
7CANEUROPECATCHUPWITHTHEUS(ANDCHINA)INQUANTUMCOMPUTING?
AssessingEurope’sChances
I
tmaynotbeeasyfortheEUtowinthequantumcom-putingraceortogainquantumsovereignty,althoughsuchanoutcomeiseminentlypossible.Developingandcontrollingthelatestadvancesinthisfieldwillrequireacontinent-wideeffort,supportedbygovernmentsandpublicinstitutions,theprivatesector,andavastamountoftalent.Inthisreport,wewillhighlightthepositionsoftheworld’skeyplayersonthosethreedimensionsinordertogaugetheEU’scurrentstatusinquantumcomputing.WewillfocusontheEU’spolicies,actions,andeffortsasawhole,aswellasontheindividualactionsofEUmemberstates—inpar-ticular,Finland,France,Germany,andtheNetherlands—thataretryingtodevelopquantumcomputingsystems.
Attheoutset,ouranalysissuggeststhattheUSistheglobalfront-runnerinquantumcomputing,outpacingitspeersoneverydimension,especiallyintermsofprivate-sectorefforts.TheEUiswellpositionedamongatroikaofsecond-tierchallengerstotheUS,alongwithChinaandtheUK,havinggarneredagreatdealofpublic-sectorsup-portandhavingbeguntodevelopthenecessarytalent.Evenso,theEUappearstobeamajorcontenderonlybecauseofthecombinedeffortsofallitsmembers.Con-sideredontheirown,notoneofthecountriesinEuropewouldbeafront-runnerinthequantumcomputingrace—yet.(SeeExhibits4and5.)
BOSTONCONSULTINGGROUP|BCGHENDERSONINSTITUTE
8
9CANEUROPECATCHUPWITHTHEUS(ANDCHINA)INQUANTUMCOMPUTING?
Exhibit4-The2022QuantumComputingCountryRankings
TiersGovernmentsupportPrivateinitiativeTalent
Tier1
1
2
US
Front-runnersandtop
performers,positionedto
leadglobally
ChinaEU
UK
Tier2
Stronglypositionedwith
severalstrengths,likelyto
playleadershiproles
Tier3
Australia
Canada
IsraelJapanRussiaSwitzerland
3
Startedoutwell,potential
toplayleadershiproles
iftheyaddresssomegaps
Tier4
Speci?cstrengths,with
4
potentialtoplaymajor
rolesinsomeareas
orapplications
Source:BCGanalysis.
Note:ThesmallerflagsinthisexhibitrepresentindividualEUcountriesandshowwheretheywouldappeariftheywereconsideredbythemselves.Throughoutthisreport,weevaluatetheEUintermsoftheaggregateactionsofitsindividualmembersaswellasofEUcentralpolicies.
Elsewhere,CanadaandAustraliahavepositionedthem-selvesasmidlevelcontendersinthequantumcomputingsweepstakes,developingcapabilitiesinmanykeydimen-sions.Canada,forinstance,isafront-runnerinprivate-sectorinvestmentsinquantumcomputing,goinghead-to-headwiththeUS,anditsstart-upsincludeXanadu,whichhopestodeliverquantumerrorcorrectionby2030.Australia,meanwhile,hasinitiatedconcreteplanstodevel-optalentinthefield.Finally,countriessuchasIndia—whichhasinvestedover$1.2billioninquantumtechnologydevelopmentsince2020—Israel,Japan,Russia,andSwit-zerlandhavelaunchedquantumcomputingprojects,settingambitioustargetsbuttrailingthefront-runnersinimplementation.
Let’sanalyzethepositionsofthemaincontendersinquantumcomputingandhowtheymeasureuponthreecriticaldimensions.
GovernmentSupport.Nationalandlocalgovernmentscansupportthedevelopmentofquantumcomputingbyfundingthoseeffortsandbyframingsupportingpoliciessuchasanationalquantumcomputingstrategy.
Chinaisbyfarthegloballeaderinpublicinvestment,havingspentapproximately$10billiontocreateanationallaboratoryforquantuminformationsciences.(SeeExhibit6.)Usuallyoutspentinpublicinvestment,theEUistryingtokeeppacebyallocating$6.5billionin2021forquantumcomputinginvestments,whichismorethandoublethe$3billionthattheUSgovernmenthasbudgetedfor.ButwhiletheEUisattheforefrontinpublicinvestment,itsfocusdiffersfromthatofitspeers,withmostofitsfinancialsupportgoingtoacademicinstitutionsandresearcheffortsratherthantostate-sponsoredinitiatives.
10
BOSTONCONSULTINGGROUP|BCGHENDERSONINSTITUTE
Exhibit5-TheThreeDimensionsofNationalSuccessinQuantumComputingEfforts
Governmentsupport
Strategyandcoordination
Nationaltargets
QualityofplansandroadmapsPowerofcentralgovernance
Involvementofmilitaryand
intelligenceagencies
Qualityofsupport
AmountofgovernmentinvestmentLevers
Source:BCGanalysis.
Privateinitiative
Privateinvestments
Amounts
Maturity(?nancingrounds)
Capacitytoretainnationalinvestments
Businesslandscape
Numberofcompanies
Numberofemployees
Companyvaluations
Valuechainleadership
Numberofpatents
Sizeofquantummarket
Sizeofquantumapplicationsmarket
Typeofanalysis:QualitativeQuantitative
Talent
Educationecosystem
Numberoftopuniversities
Numberofstudents
Numberofarticlespublished
Qualityofsupport
Policies
Talentecosystem
Amountoftalent
Directfundingisn’t—andshouldn’tbe—theonlyleverbywhichgovernmentscanrealizetheirquantumcomputingambitions.AustraliaandSwitzerlandhaven’tsettargetsorcreatedroadmaps,whereastheEUandtheUShavedevel-opedplanstoguidetheevolutionoftheirquantumcom-putingecosystems.
Bywayofillustration,in2018,theUSNationalQuantumInitiativeActcreatedanationalplanforquantumcomput-ingandprovidedaframeworktohelpcoordinateeffortsbyUSfederalagencies.ThislawhasallowedtheUStosetupnewquantumresearchcenters,fosterinternationalcollab-orationprogramswithnationssuchasJapan,andcreateeducationalpartnershipswithAmericandigitalgiantssuchasGoogle.TheUShasevenenactedexportcontrolstoblockquantumtechnologiesfrombeingexported,althoughexpertsdebatewhetherdoingsowaspremature.
Concreteplansprovideteethtonationalstrategies.WhiletheUSiscreatingsharedfacilitiessuchasresearchcentersandisdevelopingusecasesthroughpublicagenciesandpartnershipswithbusinessplayers,theEUisfocusingonresearchandcollaborationbetweenuniversitiesthroughtheEuropeanCommission’sQuantumFlagshipprogram.Launchedin2018with€1billioninfunding,theQuantumFlagshipisoneoftheEU’slargestandmostimportantresearchandinnovationprojects.Itcoordinatesresearchacrossseveralquantumcomputingdomains,creatinggroupsofindustrystakeholdersandrunningeducationalpilots.Wellreceivedbyexperts,theQuantumFlagshiphasturnedintoadynamicmechanismthatfosterscollabora-tionbetweenEuropeancountries.Itsprojectcallsandinitiativescouldwellstimulatethecreationofarobustquantumcomputingecosystemonthecontinent.
11CANEUROPECATCHUPWITHTHEUS(ANDCHINA)INQUANTUMC
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