《英美經典小說及其影視欣賞》電子課件

LectureThirteenAFarewelltoArmsantiwarcorrespondent",andfoundthatwarwaslikeaclubwhereeveryonewasplayingthesamegame,andhewasneverlonely.MarthawenttoSpainasawarcorrespondentandtheylivedtogether.HeknewthathewashurtingPauline,butcouldnotstophimselffromgettinginvolvedwithwomen.In1940hewroteForWhomtheBellTollsanddedicatedittoMartha,whomhemarriedattheendofthatyear.ItwasatthistimethatErnest,alwaysadrinker,starteddrinkingmostofhisdaysaway.Hewouldhostwild,fancypartiesanddidnotwriteatallduringthenextthreeyears.Atwar'send,ErnestwenttoEnglandandmetanAmericanforeigncorrespondentnamedMaryWelsh.HedivorcedMarthaandmarriedMaryinHavana,in1946.ErnestwroteTheOldManandtheSeainonlytwomonths.Hewasontopoftheworld.ThebookwasprintedbyLifeMagazineandthousandsofcopiesweresoldintheUnitedStates.ThisnovelandAFarewelltoArmswerebothmadeintomovies.In1954hewontheNobelPrizeforLiterature.Towardtheend,Erneststartedtotravelagain,Hebecameobsessedwithsin.Henevergotoverfeelinglikeabadperson.Inthelastyearofhislife,helivedinsideofhisdreams.Hewassuicidalandhadelectricshocktreatmentsforhisdepressionandstrangebehavior.OnaSundaymorning,July2,1961,ErnestMillerHemingwaykilledhimselfwithashotgun.II.MainplotofAFarewelltoArmsHenryisayoungAmericanambulancedriverservingintheItalianarmyduringWorldWarI.Atthebeginningofthenovel,thewariswindingdownwiththeonsetofwinter,andHenryarrangestotourItaly.Thefollowingspring,uponhisreturntothefront,HenrymeetsCatherine,anEnglishnurse’saideatthenearbyBritishhospitalHisfriendRinaldiquicklyfadesfromthepictureasCatherineandHenrybecomesinvolvedinanelaborategameofseduction.Grievingtherecentdeathofherfiancé,Catherinelongsforlovesodeeplythatshewillsettlefortheillusionofit.Herpassion,eventhoughpretended,wakensadesireforemotionalinteractioninHenry,whomthewarhasleftcoollydetachedandnumb.HenrylearnshappilythatCatherinehasbeentransferredtoMilanandbeginshisrecuperationunderhercare.Duringthefollowingmonths,hisrelationshipwithCatherineintensifies.Nolongersimplyagameinwhichtheyexchangeemptypromisesandplayfulkisses,theirlovebecomespowerfulandreal.Asthelinesbetweenscriptedandgenuineemotionsbegintoblur,HenryandCatherinebecometangledintheirloveforeachother.OnceHenry’sdamagedleghashealed,thearmygrantshimthreeweeksconvalescenceleave,afterwhichheisscheduledtoreturntothefront.HetriestoplanatripwithCatherine,whorevealstohimthatsheispregnant.Astheypart,CatherineandHenrypledgetheirmutualdevotion.Henrytravelstothefront,whereItalianforcesarelosinggroundandmanpowerdaily.SoonafterHenry’sarrival,abombardmentbegins.WhenwordcomesthatGermantroopsarebreakingthroughtheItalianlines,theAlliedforcespreparetoretreat.Henryleadshisteamofambulancedriversintothegreatcolumnofevacuatingtroops.Themenpickuptwoengineeringsergeantsandtwofrightenedyounggirlsontheirway.Henryandhisdriversthendecidetoleavethecolumnandtakesecondaryroads,whichtheyassumewillbefaster.Whenoneoftheirvehiclesbogsdowninthemud,Henryordersthetwoengineerstohelpintheefforttofreethevehicle.Whentheyrefuse,heshootsoneofthem.Thedriverscontinueintheothertrucksuntiltheygetstuckagain.TheysendofftheyounggirlsandcontinueonfoottowardUdine.Astheymarch,oneofthedriversisshotdeadbytheeasilyfrightenedrearguardoftheItalianarmy.Anotherdrivermarchesofftosurrenderhimself,whileHenryandtheremainingdriverseekrefugeatafarmhouse.Whentheyrejointheretreatthefollowingday,chaoshasbrokenout:soldiers,angeredbytheItaliandefeat,pullcommandingofficersfromthemeleeandexecutethemonsight.ThebattlepoliceseizeHenry,who,atacrucialmoment,breaksawayanddivesintotheriver.Afterswimmingasafedistancedownstream,HenryboardsatrainboundforMilan.Hehidesbeneathatarpthatcoversstockpiledartillery,thinkingthathisobligationstothewareffortareoveranddreamingofhisreturntoCatherine.HenryreuniteswithCatherineinthetownofStresa.Fromthere,thetwoescapetosafetyinSwitzerland,rowingallnightinatinyborrowedboat.TheysettlehappilyinalovelyalpinetowncalledMontreuxandagreetoputthewarbehindthemforever.AlthoughHenryissometimesplaguedbyguiltforabandoningthemenonthefront,thetwosucceedinlivingabeautiful,peacefullife.Whenspringarrives,thecouplemovestoLausannesothattheycanbeclosertothehospital.Earlyonemorning,Catherinegoesintolabor.Thedeliveryisexceptionallypainfulandcomplicated.Catherinedeliversastillbornbabyboyand,laterthatnight,diesofahemorrhage.Henrystaysathersideuntilsheisgone.Heattemptstosaygoodbyebutcannot.Hewalksbacktohishotelintherain.III.SelectedReading19"It'sraininghard.""Andyou'llalwaysloveme,won'tyou?""Yes.""Andtherainwon'tmakeanydifference?""No.""That'sgood.BecauseI'mafraidoftherain.""Why?"Iwassleepy.Outsidetherainwasfallingsteadily."Idon'tknow,darling.I'vealwaysbeenafraidoftherain.""Ilikeit.""Iliketowalkinit.Butit'sveryhardonloving.""I'llloveyoualways.""I'llloveyouintherainandinthesnowandinthehailand--whatelseisthere?""Idon'tknow.IguessI'msleepy.""Gotosleep,darling,andI'llloveyounomatterhowitis.""You'renotreallyafraidoftherain,areyou?""NotwhenI'mwithyou.""Whyareyouafraidofit?""Idon'tknow.""Tellme.""Don'tmakeme.""Tellme.""No.""Tellme.""Allright.I'mafraidoftherainbecausesometimesIseemedeadinit.""No.""AndsometimesIseeyoudeadinit.""That'smorelikely.""No,it'snot,darling.BecauseIcankeepyousafe.IknowIcan.Butnobodycanhelpthemselves.""Pleasestopit.Idon'twantyoutogetScotchandcrazytonight.Wewon'tbetogethermuchlonger.""No,butIamScotchandcrazy.ButI'llstopit.It'sallnonsense.""Yesit'sallnonsense.""It'sallnonsense.It'sonlynonsense.I'mnotafraidoftherain.I'mnotafraidoftherain.Oh,oh,God,IwishIwasn't."Shewascrying.Icomfortedherandshestoppedcrying.Butoutsideitkeptonraining.30Theywereexecutingofficersoftherankofmajorandabovewhowereseparatedfromtheirtroops.TheywerealsodealingsummarilywithGermanagitatorsinItalianuniform.Theyworesteelhelmets.Onlytwoofushadsteelhelmets.Someofthecarabinierihadthem.Theothercarabinieriworethewidehat.Airplaneswecalledthem.Westoodintherainandweretakenoutoneatatimetobequestionedandshot.Sofartheyhadshoteveryonetheyhadquestioned.Theywerequestioningafullcolonelofalineregiment.Threemoreofficershadjustbeenputinwithus."Wherewashisregiment?"Ilookedatthecarabinieri.Theywerelookingatthenewcomers.Theotherswerelookingatthecolonel.Iduckeddown,pushedbetweentwomen,andranfortheriver,myheaddown.Itrippedattheedgeandwentinwithasplash.ThewaterwasverycoldandIstayedunderaslongasIcould.IcouldfeelthecurrentswirlmeandIstayedunderuntilIthoughtIcouldnevercomeup.TheminuteIcameupItookabreathandwentdownagain.Itwaseasytostayunderwithsomuchclothingandmyboots.WhenIcameupthesecondtimeIsawapieceoftimberaheadofmeandreacheditandheldonwithonehand.Ikeptmyheadbehinditanddidnotevenlookoverit.Ididnotwanttoseethebank.TherewereshotswhenIranandshotswhenIcameupthefirsttime.IheardthemwhenIwasalmostabovewater.Therewerenoshotsnow.ThepieceoftimberswunginthecurrentandIhelditwithonehand.Ilookedatthebank.Itseemedtobegoingbyveryfast.Therewasmuchwoodinthestream.Thewaterwasverycold.Wepassedthebrushofanislandabovethewater.Iheldontothetimberwithbothhandsandletittakemealong.Theshorewasoutofsightnow.34"Don'tyouwantthepaper?Youalwayswantedthepaperinthehospital?""No,"Isaid."Idon'twantthepapernow.""Wasitsobadyoudon'twanteventoreadaboutit?""Idon'twanttoreadaboutit.""IwishIhadbeenwithyousoIwouldknowaboutittoo.""I'lltellyouaboutitifIevergetitstraightinmyhead.""Butwon'ttheyarrestyouiftheycatchyououtofuniform?""They'llprobablyshootme.""Thenwe'llnotstayhere.We'llgetoutofthecountry.""I'dthoughtsomethingofthat.""We'llgetout.Darling,youshouldn'ttakesillychances.TellmehowdidyoucomefromMestretoMilan?""Icameonthetrain.Iwasinuniformthen.""Weren'tyouindangerthen?""Notmuch.Ihadanoldorderofmovement.IfixedthedatesonitinMestre.""Darling,you'reliabletobearrestedhereanytime.Iwon'thaveit.It'ssillytodosomethinglikethat.Wherewouldwebeiftheytookyouoff?""Let'snotthinkaboutit.I'mtiredofthinkingaboutit.""Whatwouldyoudoiftheycametoarrestyou?""Shootthem.""Youseehowsillyyouare,Iwon'tletyougooutofthehoteluntilweleavehere.""Wherearewegoingtogo?""Pleasedon'tbethatway,darling.We'llgowhereveryousay.Butpleasefindsomeplacetogorightaway.""Switzerlandisdownthelake,wecangothere.""Thatwillbelovely."Itwascloudingoveroutsideandthelakewasdarkening."Iwishwedidnotalwayshavetolivelikecriminals,"Isaid."Darling,don'tbethatway.Youhaven'tlivedlikeacriminalverylong.Andweneverlivelikecriminals.We'regoingtohaveafinetime.""Ifeellikeacriminal.I'vedesertedfromthearmy.""Darling,pleasebesensible.It'snotdesertingfromthearmy.It'sonlytheItalianarmy."37Theyarrestedusafterbreakfast.Wetookalittlewalkthroughthevillagethenwentdowntothequaytogetourbags.Asoldierwasstandingguardovertheboat."Isthisyourboat?""Yes.""Wheredoyoucomefrom?""Upthelake.""ThenIhavetoaskyoutocomewithme.""Howaboutthebags?""Youcancarrythebags."IcarriedthebagsandCatherinewalkedbesidemeandthesoldierwalkedalongbehindustotheoldcustomhouse.Inthecustomhousealieutenant,verythinandmilitary,questionedus."Whatnationalityareyou?""AmericanandBritish.""Letmeseeyourpassports."IgavehimmineandCatherinegothersoutofherhandbag.Heexaminedthemforalongtime."WhydoyouenterSwitzerlandthiswayinaboat?""Iamasportsman,"Isaid."Rowingismygreatsport.IalwaysrowwhenIgetachance.""Whydoyoucomehere?""Forthewintersport.Wearetouristsandwewanttodothewintersport.""Thisisnoplaceforwintersport.""Weknowit.Wewanttogowheretheyhavethewintersport.""WhathaveyoubeendoinginItaly?""Ihavebeenstudyingarchitecture.Mycousinhasbeenstudyingart.""Whydoyouleavethere?""Wewanttodothewintersport.Withthewargoingonyoucannotstudyarchitecture.""Youwillpleasestaywhereyouare,"thelieutenantsaid.Hewentbackintothebuildingwithourpassports.41THEEND"Youmustgoout,"thenursesaid."MadameHenrymustnottalk.""I'llbeoutside.""Goandgetsomethingtoeat.""No.I'llbeoutside."IkissedCatherine.Shewasverygrayandweakandtired."MayIspeaktoyou?"Isaidtothenurse.Shecameoutinthehallwithme.Iwalkedalittlewaydownthehall."What'sthematterwiththebaby?"Iasked."Didn'tyouknow?""No.""Hewasn'talive.""Hewasdead?""Theycouldn'tstarthimbreathing.Thecordwascaughtaroundhisneckorsomething.""Sohe'sdead.""Yes.It'ssuchashame.Hewassuchafinebigboy.Ithoughtyouknew.""No,"Isaid."YoubettergobackinwithMadame."…………………..Thenurseopenedthedoorandmotionedwithherfingerformetocome.Ifollowedherintotheroom.CatherinedidnotlookupwhenIcamein.Iwentovertothesideofthebed.Thedoctorwasstandingbythebedontheoppositeside.Catherinelookedatmeandsmiled.Ibentdownoverthebedandstartedtocry."Poordarling,"Catherinesaidverysoftly.Shelookedgray."You'reallright,Cat,"Isaid."You'regoingtobeallright.""I'mgoingtodie,"shesaid;thenwaitedandsaid,"Ihateit."Itookherhand."Don'ttouchme,"shesaid.Iletgoofherhand.Shesmiled."Poordarling.Youtouchmeallyouwant.""You'llbeallright,Cat.Iknowyou'llbeallright.""Imeanttowriteyoualettertohaveifanythinghappened,butIdidn'tdoit.""Doyouwantmetogetapriestoranyonetocomeandseeyou?""Justyou,"shesaid.Thenalittlelater,"I'mnotafraid.Ijusthateit.""Youmustnottalksomuch,"thedoctorsaid."Allright,"Catherinesaid."Doyouwantmetodoanything,Cat?CanIgetyouanything?"Catherinesmiled,"No."Thenalittlelater,"Youwon'tdoourthingswithanothergirl,orsaythesamethings,willyou?""Never.""Iwantyoutohavegirls,though.""Idon'twantthem.""Youaretalkingtoomuch,"thedoctorsaid."Mr.Henrymustgoout.Hecancomebackagainlater.Youarenotgoingtodie.Youmustnotbesilly.""Allright,"Catherinesaid."I'llcomeandstaywithyounights,"shesaid.Itwasveryhardforhertotalk."Pleasegooutoftheroom,"thedoctorsaid."Youcannottalk."Catherinewinkedatme,herfacegray."I'llberightoutside,"Isaid."Don'tworry,darling,"Catherinesaid."I'mnotabitafraid.It'sjustadirtytrick.""Youdear,bravesweet."Iwaitedoutsideinthehall.Iwaitedalongtime.Thenursecametothedoorandcameovertome."I'mafraidMrs.Henryisveryill,"shesaid."I'mafraidforher.""Isshedead?""No,butsheisunconscious."Itseemsshehadonehemorrhageafteranother.Theycouldn'tstopit.IwentintotheroomandstayedwithCatherineuntilshedied.Shewasunconsciousallthetime,anditdidnottakeherverylongtodie.Outsidetheroom,inthehall,Ispoketothedoctor,"IsthereanythingIcandoto-night?""No.Thereisnothingtodo.CanItakeyoutoyourhotel?""No,thankyou.Iamgoingtostayhereawhile.""Iknowthereisnothingtosay.Icannottellyou--""No,"Isaid."There'snothingtosay.""Good-night,"hesaid."Icannottakeyoutoyourhotel?""No,thankyou.""Itwastheonlythingtodo,"hesaid."Theoperationproved--""Idonotwanttotalkaboutit,"Isaid."Iwouldliketotakeyoutoyourhotel.""No,thankyou."Hewentdownthehall.Iwenttothedooroftheroom."Youcan'tcomeinnow,"oneofthenursessaid."YesIcan,"Isaid."Youcan'tcomeinyet.""Yougetout,"Isaid."Theotheronetoo."ButafterIhadgotthemoutandshutthedoorandturnedoffthelightitwasn'tanygood.Itwaslikesayinggood-bytoastatue.AfterawhileIwentoutandleftthehospitalandwalkedbacktothehotelintherain.IV.WatchpartofthemovieAFarewelltoArmsV.DiscussionThenovelconcernsitselfprimarilywiththedevelopmentofHemingway'sphilosophyoflife,whichwillbeexplainedhere.ThestoryfocusesonHenry'sdiscoveryofthisphilosophy,andallofthemaincharactersofthenovelservelargelyasfoilstoHenry-theyarecaughtindifferentstagesoftheirdevelopingthephilosophy.Hemingway,andindeedmanyofhisexistentialpeers,believedthattheuniverseisunorderedone.ThereisnoGodtowatchoverman,todictatecodesofmorality,ortoensurejustice.Instead,theuniverseisindifferent(sometimesevenhostile)toman'splight.Inthebook,thisindifferenceisbestexemplifiedbythewar-anultimatelyfutilestruggleofmanagainstman.Therearenowinnersinawar,andthereisnoreasoningbehindtheliveswhicharetaken.ThetrueHemingwayCodeHero(exemplifiedherebyCatherine,andlateralsobyHenry)mustfirstacceptthisfactoftheuniverse.Thiscallsformanythings,thefirstofwhichbeingadisbeliefinGod-toHemingway,suchfaithwasacheapwayoffalselyinstillingorderuponexistence(thisiswherethepriestfallsshort).BecausethereisnoGod,therearenouniversalmoralcodes,noabstractvaluessuchas"justice"or"glory,"andcertainlynoneedformoralconventions.Thecodeherorejectsthese,butimposesorderuponhislifethroughpersonalvalues-integrity,dignity,courage,etc.ThisiswhatCatherineknowsfromthebeginningandHenrylearnsinthecourseofthewar.Inessence,theherolearnsthathe,himself,isacrucialsourceofmeaning.Finally,suchapersonmustacceptthefinalityofdeath,knowinghimselftobecaughtinameaninglessexistence.Disillusionment,however,isnotpartofbeingahero.Rinaldifallsshortofthisstatusbecauseonceherealizesthetruthabouttheuniverse,hebecomesdisillusioned.Thetrueherocanholdthismeaninglessnessinhismindwhilesimultaneouslycreatingmeaningandorderthroughthestrugglewhichislife.Hedoesthisfirstbyseekingaworthyadversarytostruggleagainst(inFarewelltoArmsthisisthewarwhichHenryattemptstofreehimselffrom).Heenduresthepainsoflifewithoutcomplaint,knowingthemtobeapartoflife.Hedoesnotcheat,butadherestohispersonalvalues(asseeninthehorseraces).Intheend,thereisnovictorywhichawaitsthehero-winningthestruggleisimpossible.Consequently,itisirrelevant:whatmattersishisheroism.Henry'sfightsthemeaninglessoflifethroughhisloveaffairwithCatherine,amongmanyotherthings.Theuniverse,ofcourse,challengesthatlovemanytimesandwinsintheend,b