(完整版)湖北大學考博英語真題2006年

(完整版)湖北大學考博英語真題2006年

湖北大學真題2006年

（總分100,考試時間90分鐘）

PartⅠReadingComprehension

Directions：Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart。Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements。ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA，B,C,andD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthe

correspondingletterinthebrackets。

Inmostsectorsoftheeconomy,itisthesellerwhoattemptstoactapotentialbuyerwithvariousinducementsofprice，quality，andutility,anditisthebuyerwhomakesthedecision.Inthehealthcareindustry,however,thedoctor—patientrelationshipisamirrorimageoftheordinaryrelationshipbetweenproducerandconsumer。Onceanindividualhaschosentoseeaphysician，thephysicianusuallymakesallsignificantpurchasingdecisions：whetherthepatient

shouldreturn"nextWednesday",whetherX—raysareneeded，whetherdrugsshouldbeprescribed，

etc。

Thisisparticularlysignificantinrelationtohospitalcare。Thephysicianmustcertifytheneedforhospitalization，determinewhatprocedureswillbeperformed，andannouncewhenthepatientmaybedischarged。Thepatientmaybeconsultedaboutsomeofthesedecisions,butinthemainitisthedoctor'sjudgmentsthatarefinal。Littlewonderthenthatintheeyesofthehospitalitisthephysicianwhoisthereal"consumer"。Asaconsequence，themedicalstaffrepresentsthe"powercentre"inhospitalpolicyanddecision—making,notthe

administration。

Althoughusually,thereareinthissituationfouridentifiableparticipants——thephysician，thehospital，thepatientandthepayer(generallyaninsurancecarrierorgovernment）—-thephysicianmakestheessentialdecisionforallofthem.Thehospitalbecomesanextensionofthephysician,thepayergenerallymeetsmostofthebonafidebillsgeneratedbythephysician/

hospital，andforthemostpart,thepatientplaysapassiverole。Inroutineorminorillensses，

orjustplainworries，thepatient'soptionsare,ofcourse，muchgreaterwithrespecttouseandprice。Butinillnessesthatareofsomesignificance，suchchoicetendstoevaporate.Anditisfortheseillnessesthatthebulkofthehealthcaredollarisspent.Weestimatethatabout75-—80percentofhealthcareexpendituresaredeterminedbyphysicians.Forthisreason，economy

measuresdirectedatpatientsorthegeneralpublicarerelativelyineffective。

1。Inthispassage，theauthor'sprimarypurposeisto______。

Acriticizedoctorsforexercisingtoomuchcontroloverpatient

Banalyzesomeimportanteconomicfactorsinhealthcare

Curgehospitalstoreclaimtheirdecision—makingauthority

Dinformpotentialpatientsoftheirhealthcarerights

2.Itcanbeinferredthatdoctorsareabletodeterminehospitalpoliciesbecause______。

Aitisdoctorswhogenerateincomeforthehospital

Bmostofapatient'sbillsarepaidbyhishealthinsuranceCadoctorisultimatelyresponsibleforapatient'shealth

Dadministrationslacktheexpertisetoquestionmedicaldecisions

3.Accordingtotheauthor,whenadoctortellsapatientto"returnnextWednesday"，thedoctorisineffect______.

Atakingadvantageofthepatient'sconcernforhishealth

Binstructingthepatienttobuymoremedicalservice

Cwarningthepatientthatahospitalstaymightbenecessary

Dadvisingthepatienttoseekasecondopinion

4.Theauthorismostprobablyleadingupto______.

Aproposaltocontrolmedicalcost

Bdiscussionofnewmed

Cacomparisonofhospitalsandfactories

DananalysisofcausesofinflationintheUS

5.Thetoneoftheauthorcanbebestdescribedas______.

AwhimsicalBcautious

CanalyticalDinquisitive

(完整版)湖北大學考博英語真題2006年

Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnout,andifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynew,theyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoiceinthatmatter。Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon'thave，andifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformation,alongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits.

TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweareprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.Iregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology。Itis,initsway,anilluminatingpieceofnews.Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknownandhowbewilderingseemsthewayahead.Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethatrepresentsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimes，weeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblem,orsimplymakeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringineamest,wearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsare,andhowfartheyarefrombeinganswered.Becauseofthis,wearedepressed.Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorant.Thehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorance，theworstspotsandhereandtherethenot-so-badspots,butnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyet

betrusted。

Butwearemakingabeginning，andthereoughttobesomesatisfaction。Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan'tbeanswered,soonerorlater,includingeventhematterofconsciousness.Tobesure，theremaywellbequestionswecan'tthinkupever,andthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellect,butthatisanothermatter。Withinourlimits,weshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswers，ifwekeepatitlongenough,andpayattention.

6.Theauthorclaimsinthefirstparagraphthatgoodscience______。

Adefiesprediction

Bshouldstudytheunknown

Cshoulddiscoverscientifictruth

Dshouldofferchoicesratherthanprescribe

7.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatscientistsofthe18thcentury______.

Athoughttheyknewalotandcouldsolvemostproblemsofscience

(完整版)湖北大學考博英語真題2006年

Bknewthattheywereignorantandwantedtoknowmoreaboutnature

Cdidmoreharmthangoodinpromotingman'sunderstandingofnature

Dwereafraidoffacinguptotherealitiesofscientificresearch

8。WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedaboutscientistsinearliertimes？ATheyinventedfalsetheoriestoexplainthingstheydidn'tunderstand.BTheypaidlittleattentiontotheproblemstheydidn'tunderstand.CTheydidnotbelieveinresultsfromscientificobservation.DTheyfalselyclaimedtoknowallaboutnature.

9.WhatAHeisBHeisCHeisDHeis

istheauthor'sattitudetowardsscience？

depressedwhenhehasfoundtheignoranceofscientists。delightedbecauseoftheilluminatingscientificfindings.

doubtfulbecauseoftheenormousdifficultiesinscientificresearch。

confidentthoughtherearemanydiffcultiesinscientificresearch。

10。Theauthorbelievesthat______。

Amancanfindsolutionssoonerorlatertowhateverquestionsconcerningnaturehecanthinkup

Bmancannotsolvetheproblemshecanthinkupbecauseofthelimitsofhumanintellect

Csoonerorlatermancanthinkupallthequestionsconcerningnatureandanswerthem

Dquestionsconcerningconsciousnessareoutsidethescopeofscientificresearch

Themosteffectiveattacksagainstglobalizationareusuallynotthoserelatedtoeconomics。

Instead,theyaresocial,ethicaland,aboveall,cultural。TheseargumentssurfacedamidthedisturbanceofSeattlein1999andhaveresonated(產(chǎn)生反響）morerecentlyinDavos,BangkokandPrague.Theysaythis.Thedisappearanceofnationalbordersandtheestablishmentofaworldinterconnectedbymarketswilldealadeathblowtoregionalandnationalcultures,andtothetraditions,customs，mythsandmoresthatdetermineeachcountry'sorregion'sculturalidentity。

Sincemostoftheworldisincapableofresistingtheinvasionofculturalproductsfromdevelopedcountries—-or,moretothepoint,fromthesuperpower，theUnitedStates-—thatinevitablytrailsthegreattransnationalcorporations，NorthAmericanculturewillultimatelyimposeitself,standardizingtheworldandannihilatingitsrichfloraofdiversecultures.Inthismanner，allotherpeoples，andnotjustthesmallandweakones，willlosetheiridentity，theirsoul,andwillbecomenomorethan21stcenturycoloniesmodeledaftertheculturalnormsofanewimperialismthat,inadditiontorulingovertheplantwithitscapital,militarystrengthandscientificknowledge,willimposeonothersitslanguageanditswaysofthinking,believing，enjoyinganddreaming.

EventhoughIbelievethisculturalargumentagainstglobalizationisunacceptable，weshouldrecognizethatdeepwithinitliesanunquestionabletruth.Thiscentury，theworldinwhichwewilllivewillbelesspicturesqueandfilledwithlesslocalcolorthantheoneweleftbehind.Thefestivals，clothing，customs，ceremonies，ritesandbeliefsthatinthepastgavehumanityitsfolkloricandethnological（民族的)varietyareprogressivelydisappearingorconfiningthemselvestominoritysectors，whilethebulkofsocietyabandonsthemandadoptsothersmore

suitedtotherealityofourtime。

Allcountriesoftheearthexperiencethisprocess，somemorequicklythanothers，butit

isnotduetoglobalization.Rather,itisduetomodernization，ofwhichtheformeriseffect，

notcause。Itispossibletofeeldeepsorrow，certainly，thatthisprocessoccurs，andtofeelnostalgia（懷舊）forthepastwaysoflifethat，particularlyfromourcomfortablepositionofthepresent,seemfullofamusement，originalityandcolor。Butthisprocessisunavoidable.

(完整版)湖北大學考博英語真題2006年

Intheory，perhaps，acountrycouldkeepthisidentity，butonlyiflikecertainremotetribes

inAfricaortheAmazon-—itdecidestoliveintotalisolation,cuttingoffchangewithothernationsandpracticingself—sufficiency，aculturalidentitypreservedinthisformwouldtake

thatsocietybacktoprehistoricstandardsofliving。

Itistruethatmodernizationmakesmanyformsoftraditionallifedisappear。Butatthesametime,itopensopportunitiesandconstitutesanimportantstepforwardforasocietyasawhole。

Thisiswhy,whengiventheoptiontochoosefreely,peoples,sometimescountertowhattheirleadersorintellectualtraditionalistswouldlike,chooseformodernizationwithouttheslightest

ambiguity。

11.WhichoftheACountrieswillBCountrieswillCCountrieswillDCountrieswill

followingistheargumentagainstglobalization?beexploitedbybigtransnationalcorporations.

losetheirculturalidentity。

beinvadedbyothermilitarilypowerfulcountries.

becomecoloniesunderimperialistrules。

12.Whatdoestheword"annihilate"（Paragraph1)mostprobablymean？

AEnrich。

BEnhance。

CEliminate。

DEnforce。

13。Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?

AGlobalizationwillenrichculturaldiversity。

BModernizationwillsucceedinsomecountriesbutnotinothers.

CCountriesshouldstrivetoreservetheiruniquecustomsandpractices。DTheWorldwillbeculturallylessdiversifiedbecauseofglobalization.

14。Whichofthefollowingwouldtheauthoragreewith？

ACulturalidentityshouldbepreservedevenifacountryembracesmodenization。

BCulturalidentityshouldbepreservedincountriesthathavestrongculturaltraditions.CIt'sabsolutelyimpossibletopreserveacountry'sculturalidentity.

DIt'simpossibleforacountrytomodernizeandstillkeepitsculturalidentityintact.

15。Themainpurposeofthepassageisto______。

Adiscusstherelationshipbetweenglobalizationandculturalidentity

Brefutetheculturalargumentagainstglobalization

Cdiscusstheconsequencesofglobalization

Dexplainwhymodernizationisinevitable

Muchhasbeenwrittenaboutpovertybutnoneoftheaccountsseemtogetattherootoftheproblem。Itmustbenotedthattheweakeningeffectsofpovertyarenotonlytheresultoflackofmoneybutarealsotheresultofpowerlessness.Thepooraresubjecttotheirsocialsituationinsteadofbeingabletoaffectitthroughaction，thatis,throughbehaviorthatflowsfromanindividual'sdecisionsandplans，inotherwords,whensocialscientistshavereportedonthepsychologicalconsequencesofpoverty,itseemsreasonabletobelievethattheyhavedescribedthepsychologicalconsequencesorpowerlessness。Thesolutiontopovertymostfrequentlysuggestedistohelpthepoorsecuremoremoneywithoutotherwisechangingthepresentpowerrelationship.Thisappearstoimplementtheideaofequalitywhileavoidinganyunnecessarythreattotheestablishedcentersofpower。Butsincetheconsequencesofpovertyarerelatedtopowerlessness,

(完整版)湖北大學考博英語真題2006年

notabsolutesupplyofmoneyavailabletothepoor，andsincetheamountofpowerpurchasable

withagivensupplyofmoneydecreasesasasocietyacquiresalargesupplyofgoodsandservices,thesolutionofraisingtheincomesofthepoorislikely，unlessaccomplishedbyothermeasures,

tobeineffectiveinawealthysociety。

Inordertoreducepoverty-relatedpsychologicalandsocialproblemsintheUnitedStates，themajorcommunitywillhavetochangeitsrelationshiptoneighborhoodsofpovertyinsuchafashionthatfamiliesintheneighborhoodshaveagreaterinterestinthebroadersocietyandcanmoresuccessfullyparticipateinthedecision—makingprocessofthesurroundingcommunity.

Socialactiontohelpthepoorshouldhavethefollowingcharacteristics:thepoorshouldseethemselvesasthesourceoftheaction。Theactionshouldaffectinmajorwaysthepreconceptions

ofinstitutionsandpersonswhodefinethepoor。Theactionshoulddemandmuchineffectorskill。

Theactionshouldbesuccessfulandthesuccessfulself—originatedimportantactionshould

increasethefeelingofpotentialworthandindividualpowerofindividualswhoarepoor。

Theonlyinitialresourcewhichacommunityshouldprovidetoneighborhoodsofpovertyshouldbeonatemporarybasisandshouldconsistoforganizerswhowillenabletheneighborhoodsquicklytocreatepowerfulindependentdemocraticorganizationsofthepoor。Throughsuchorganizations,thepoorwillthennegotiatewiththeoutsidersforresourcesandopportuitieswithouthavingtosubmittoconcurrentcontrolfromoutside.

16。By"powerlessness"（Sentence2，Paragraph1)theauthormostprobablymeansthatthepoor______.

AhavenorighttomakeindividualdecisionsandplansBcannotexercisecontroloverothergroupsofpeople

Carenotinaconditiontochangetheirpresentsituation

Daretooweaktoresistanysocialsituationimposedonthem

17.Theauthorexpresseshisopinioninthefirstparagraphthat______.

AthehopelessconditionofthepooriscausedbytheirpowerlessnessratherthanlackofmoneyBgreateffortsshouldbemadetohelpthepoortosecuremoremoneywithoutchangingpresentpower

relationships

CitisnouseraisingtheincomesofthepoorwhilenotimprovingtheirstateofpowerlessnessDinhelpingthepoorattentionshouldbepaidtoavoidinganyunnecessarythreattotheestablished

centersofpower

18。Theprimaryroleofthemajorcommunityinhelpingtheneighborhoodsofpovertyisto______。

Aprovidelong—termassistancefromoutsidersforresources

BoffernecessaryopportunitiesofsecuringmoremoneyCcarryoutmoresocialprogramsintheneighborhoods

Dorganiz