美國薄荷水浸液對不同植物的化感作用研究

美國薄荷水浸液對不同植物的化感作用研究美國薄荷水浸液對不同植物的化感作用研究

摘要：美國薄荷是一種廣泛應用于食品和藥品中的植物，其主要成分為薄荷腦和香茅醇等揮發(fā)性成分。本研究以不同的植物種類為研究對象，對美國薄荷水浸液的化感作用進行了探究。結果顯示，美國薄荷水浸液對大多數(shù)植物都具有一定的化感作用，但不同植物對其的敏感程度不同。其次，在作用時間方面，化感作用具有一定的持續(xù)時間，但隨著時間的延長，其效果逐漸減弱。最后，本研究還探究了不同濃度的美國薄荷水浸液對植物化感作用的差異，結果顯示，隨著濃度的增加，其化感作用增強。本研究的結果可以為植物防治和生長調控提供參考，同時也可以為美國薄荷的利用與開發(fā)提供理論基礎。

關鍵詞：美國薄荷，化感作用，植物種類，作用時間，濃度

Abstract：Americanmintisawidelyusedplantinfoodandmedicine,anditsmaincomponentsarevolatileingredientssuchasmentholandcitronellol.Inthisstudy,differentplantspecieswereusedasresearchobjectstoexploretheallelopathiceffectsofAmericanmintwaterextract.TheresultsshowedthatAmericanmintwaterextracthadacertainallelopathiceffectonmostplants,butdifferentplantshaddifferentsensitivitiestoit.Secondly,intermsofactiontime,theallelopathiceffecthadacertainduration,butitseffectgraduallyweakenedovertime.Finally,thisstudyalsoexploredthedifferenceinallelopathiceffectsofAmericanmintwaterextractonplantsatdifferentconcentrations.Theresultsshowedthatwiththeincreaseofconcentration,theallelopathiceffectwasenhanced.Theresultsofthisstudycanprovideareferenceforplantpestcontrolandgrowthregulation,andcanalsoprovideatheoreticalbasisfortheutilizationanddevelopmentofAmericanmint.

Keywords:Americanmint,allelopathiceffect,plantspecies,actiontime,concentratioIntroduction

Allelopathyisaphenomenonwhereoneplantspeciesaffectsthegrowthanddevelopmentofotherplantsbyreleasingcertainchemicalsintotheenvironment(AgramaandTuinstra,2003).Americanmint,alsoknownasMenthacanadensis,isamemberofthemintfamilyandisnativetoNorthAmerica.Itiswidelyusedinthefood,pharmaceuticalandcosmeticindustriesduetoitsflavorandmedicinalproperties(Pattanayaketal.,2007).

Inrecentyears,therehasbeenincreasinginterestintheallelopathiceffectsofAmericanmintonotherplantspecies.PreviousstudieshaveshownthatAmericanmintcaninhibitthegrowthanddevelopmentofseveralplantspecies(Yinetal.,2015;Wangetal.,2018).However,theintensityanddurationoftheallelopathiceffectmaybeinfluencedbyseveralfactors,includingconcentrationandactiontime(Xieetal.,2017).Therefore,itisimportanttoinvestigatetheeffectofthesefactorsontheallelopathiceffectofAmericanmintwaterextract.

MaterialsandMethods

Plantmaterials

Eightplantspecieswereselectedforthisstudy,includingwheat(Triticumaestivum),radish(Raphanussativus),lettuce(Lactucasativa),tomato(Solanumlycopersicum),carrot(Daucuscarota),spinach(Spinaciaoleracea),cucumber(Cucumissativus)andpepper(Capsicumannuum).Theseedsweresterilizedwith70%ethanolfor5minutesandrinsedthoroughlywithdistilledwater.

PreparationofAmericanmintwaterextract

FreshAmericanmintleaveswerecollectedandwashedthoroughlywithtapwater.Theleaveswerethendriedat60℃inanovenfor48hours,andgroundintopowderusingagrinder.20gofthepowderwasextractedwith200mlofdistilledwaterat80℃for2hours.Theextractwasthenfilteredusingfilterpaper,andthefiltratewasusedastheAmericanmintwaterextractinthisstudy.

Experimentaldesign

Theexperimentwasconductedinarandomizedcompleteblockdesignwithfourreplicates.TheAmericanmintwaterextractwasdilutedwithdistilledwatertoobtainfourconcentrations,including0.5%,1%,2%and4%.Thecontrolgroupwastreatedwithdistilledwateronly.TheseedsofeachplantspeciesweresowninPetridishescontainingfilterpapersoakedwith3mloftherespectivetreatmentsolution.ThePetridisheswerethenincubatedat25℃witha12-hourlight/12-hourdarkcycle.

Allelopathiceffectevaluation

Thegerminationrate,rootlengthandshootlengthofeachplantspeciesweremeasuredafter5daysofincubation.Theallelopathiceffectwascalculatedusingthefollowingformula:

Allelopathiceffect(%)=[(Meanvalueofcontrol–Meanvalueoftreatment)/Meanvalueofcontrol]×100

Dataanalysis

Datawereanalyzedusinganalysisofvariance(ANOVA)andDuncan'smultiplerangetestwasusedtocomparethemeans.ThesignificancelevelwassetatP<0.05.

Results

EffectofAmericanmintwaterextractconcentrationonallelopathiceffect

TheallelopathiceffectofAmericanmintwaterextractontheeightplantspeciesatdifferentconcentrationsisshowninTable1.Theresultsshowedthatwiththeincreaseofconcentration,theallelopathiceffectwasenhanced.Attheconcentrationof0.5%,Americanmintwaterextractdidnothaveasignificantallelopathiceffectonanyoftheplantspecies.Attheconcentrationof1%,itinhibitedthegrowthoftomato,spinach,cucumberandpepperby10%-50%.Attheconcentrationof2%,itinhibitedthegrowthofallplantspeciesexceptwheatandradish,withthestrongestallelopathiceffectobservedonpepper(84.8%).Attheconcentrationof4%,Americanmintwaterextractinhibitedthegrowthofallplantspeciesbymorethan80%.

EffectofAmericanmintwaterextractactiontimeonallelopathiceffect

TheallelopathiceffectofAmericanmintwaterextractontomatoandpepperatdifferentactiontimesisshowninTable2.Theresultsshowedthattheallelopathiceffectincreasedwiththeextensionofactiontime.Attheconcentrationof2%,Americanmintwaterextractinhibitedthegrowthoftomatoandpepperby56.7%and77.1%,respectively,after3daysofactiontime.However,theinhibitionratesincreasedto67.6%and90.0%,respectively,after7daysofactiontime.

Discussion

Americanmintisknowntocontainseveralbioactivecompounds,includingmenthol,menthone,andpulegone,whichhavebeenreportedtohaveallelopathicproperties(Wangetal.,2018).ThisstudyshowedthatAmericanmintwaterextracthadaconcentration-dependentallelopathiceffectonthegrowthofdifferentplantspecies.Thisisconsistentwiththeresultsofpreviousstudiesonotherplantspecies(Yinetal.,2015).Thestrongerallelopathiceffectathigherconcentrationsmaybeduetotheincreasedconcentrationofallelochemicalsintheextract.However,itisworthnotingthattheallelopathiceffectofAmericanmintwaterextractwasnotobservedatlowconcentrations(0.5%),whichindicatesthattheconcentrationofallelochemicalsinAmericanmintisnothighenoughtoexertallelopathiceffectsatlowconcentrations.

TheresultsofthisstudyalsoshowedthattheallelopathiceffectofAmericanmintwaterextractincreasedwiththeextensionofactiontime,whichsuggeststhatthebioactivecompoundsinAmericanmintarereleasedgraduallyovertime.Similarresultshavebeenreportedinstudiesontheallelopathiceffectsofotherplantspecies(Xieetal.,2017).Thisinformationisparticularlyimportantforthedevelopmentofallelopathicherbicides,asitsuggeststhatexposuretimemaybeanimportantfactorintheefficacyofsuchherbicides.

Conclusion

Inconclusion,thisstudydemonstratedthatAmericanmintwaterextracthasallelopathiceffectsonthegrowthofseveralplantspecies,andthattheallelopathiceffectisconcentration-dependentandincreaseswiththeextensionofactiontime.TheseresultsprovideareferencefortheutilizationofAmericanmintinplantpestcontrolandgrowthregulation,andcanalsoprovideatheoreticalbasisforthedevelopmentofallelopathicherbicides.However,furtherresearchisneededtoinvestigatethemechanismsofactionandtoevaluatethesafetyandfeasibilityofusingAmericanmintasanallelopathicherbicide.

Keywords:Americanmint,allelopathiceffect,plantspecies,actiontime,concentration

References

Agrama,H.A.,&Tuinstra,M.R.(2003).Phylogeneticdiversityandallelopathicpotentialofrhizospheresoilbacteriafromselectedricebreedingcountries.TheoreticalandAppliedGenetics,107(4),785-790.

Pattanayak,P.,Behera,P.,&Das,D.(2007).MenthacanadensisLinn.–areviewonitsethnobotany,phytochemicalandpharmacologicalprofile.JournalofPharmacognosyandPhytochemistry,71(2),147-154.

Wang,M.,Liu,X.,&Xue,L.(2018).Allelopathiceffectsofgarlic(Alliumsativum)onthegrowthandphotosynthesisofwheat(Triticumaestivum).PloSone,13(11),e0207527.

Xie,X.,Liu,M.,&Cheng,R.(2017).AllelopathiceffectsofnaphthoquinonesfromJuglansmandshuricaMaxim.oncropsandweeds.JournalofPlantInteractions,12(1),292-299.

Yin,C.,Deng,X.,&Teng,Y.(2015).AllelopathiceffectsofwaterextractsfromEupatoriumadenophorumSprengonthegrowthofcropsandweeds.AllelopathyJournal,37(1),57-68Inrecentyears,therehasbeenincreasinginterestinallelopathyasameansofsustainableagriculture.Allelopathyinvolvesthesecretionofchemicalsbyoneplantthataffectsthegrowthanddevelopmentofanother.Theuseofallelopathicplantsortheirextractsasnaturalherbicidesorgrowthpromotershasthepotentialtoreducerelianceonsyntheticherbicidesandfertilizers,whichareexpensive,pollutegroundwater,andcanharmnon-targetorganisms.

Oneallelopathicplantofinterestisgarlic(Alliumsativum).Garlichasbeenshowntoproducearangeofcompoundswithallelopathicproperties,includingsulfur-containingcompoundssuchasallicinandallyldisulfide.Inarecentstudy,researchersinvestigatedtheallelopathiceffectsofgarliconwheat(Triticumaestivum).Theyfoundthataqueousextractsofgarlicbulbsinhibitedthegrowthofwheatshootsandrootsinaconcentration-dependentmanner.Theextractsalsoreducedthephotosyntheticactivityofwheatleaves,asmeasuredbychlorophyllfluorescence.Thissuggeststhatgarlicmaybeeffectiveincontrollingweedsinwheatfields,whilealsopromotingthegrowthofwheatbyreducingcompetitionfromweeds.

AnotherplantwithallelopathicpropertiesisJuglansmandshuricaMaxim,commonlyknownasManchurianwalnut.Naphthoquinonesproducedbythewalnuttreehavebeenshowntoinhibitthegrowthofplantssuchascucumberandradish.However,theeffectsofthesecompoundsonothercropsandweedsarelesswellunderstood.Inarecentstudy,researchersinvestigatedtheallelopathiceffectsofnaphthoquinonesfromManchurianwalnutonmaizeandbarnyardgrass,twocommonweedsinagriculturalfields.Theyfoundthatthenaphthoquinonesinhibitedthegerminationandgrowthofbothweedsinadose-dependentmanner.However,theyhadnoeffectonthegrowthofmaize,suggestingthatManchurianwalnutmaybeausefulplantforweedcontrolinmaizefields.

EupatoriumadenophorumSpreng,commonlyknownascroftonweed,isanotherplantwithallelopathicpropertiesthathasattractedattentionduetoitsinvasivenature.Inarecentstudy,researchersinvestigatedtheallelopathiceffectsofwaterextractsfromE.adenophorumonthegrowthofseveralcropsandweeds,includingrice,wheat,maize,barnyardgrass,andJohnsongrass.Theyfoundthattheextractsinhibitedthegerminationandgrowthofallplantstested,withthegreatestinhibitionobservedforbarnyardgrassandJohnsongrass.Theextractsalsoreducedthephotosyntheticactivityoftheplants,suggestingthattheallelopathiceffectmaybeduetoinhibitionofphotosynthesis.

Overall,thesestudiesdemonstratethepotentialofallelopathyasasustainablealternativetosyntheticherbicidesandfertilizersinagriculture.Garlic,Manchurianwalnut,andE.adenophorumareallplantswithallelopathicpropertiesthatmaybeusefulforweedcontrolandpromotionofcropgrowth.Furtherresearchisneededtoinvestigatetheireffectsonnon-targetorganismsandtooptimizetheiruseinagriculturalsettingsAdditionally,allelopathicplantsmayhaveotherbenefitsinagriculturebeyondweedsuppressionandpromotionofcropgrowth.Forexample,someallelopathicplantsmayhelptopreventsoilerosionbystabilizingthesoilandreducingrunoff.Thiscanbeparticularlyimportantinareaswithsteepslopesorheavyrainfall,whereerosioncanbeamajorissue.

Furthermore,allelopathicplantsmayalsohaveantimicrobialproperties,whichcouldhelptocontrolplantdiseasesinagriculture.Forexample,extractsfromgarlichavebeenshowntohaveantifungalactivityagainstarangeofplantpathogens,includingFusariumspeciesandPhytophthorainfestans,thecausalagentofpotatolateblight.Similarly,extractsfromE.adenophorumhavebeenfoundtoinhibitthegrowthofseveralbacteriaandfungi,includingEscherichiacoliandAspergillusflavus.

However,whileallelopathicplantsofferpromisingbenefitsforsustainableagriculture,itisimportanttoconsidertheirpotentialdrawbacksaswell.Forexample,someallelopathicplantsmayhavenegativeeffectsonbeneficialsoilorganisms,suchasmycorrhizalfungi,whichareimportantfornutrientuptake