雅思海外閱讀8套真題(含答案解析)

經(jīng)典word整理文檔，僅參考，雙擊此處可刪除頁眉頁腳。本資料屬于網(wǎng)絡(luò)整理，如有侵權(quán)，請聯(lián)系刪除，謝謝！READINGPASSAGE1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-1,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1.ThefamilyofmammalscalledbovidsbelongstotheArtiodactylclass,whichalsoincludesgiraffes.Bovidsarehighlydiversegroupconsistingof137species,someofwhichareman’smostimportantdomesticanimals.BovidsarewellrepresentedinmostpartsofEurasiaandSoutheastAsianislands,buttheyarebyfarthemostnumerousanddiverseinthelatter.Somespeciesofbovidaresolitary,butothersliveinlargegroupswithcomplexsocialstructures.Althoughbovidshaveadaptedtoawiderangeofhabitats,fromarctictundratodeeptropicalforest,themajorityofspeciesfavouropengrassland,scrubordesert.Thisdiversityofhabitatisalsomatchedbygreatdiversityinsizeandform:atoneextremeistheroyalantelopeofWestAfrica,whichstandsamere25cmattheshoulder;attheother,themassivelybuiltbisonsofNorthAmericaandEurope,growingtoashoulderheightof2.2m.Despitedifferencesinsizeandappearance,bovidsareunitedbythepossessionofcertaincommonfeatures.Allspeciesareruminants,whichmeansthattheyretainundigestedfoodintheirstomachs,andregurgitateitasnecessary.Bovidsarealmostexclusivelyherbivorous.Typicallytheirteetharehighlymodifiedforbrowsingandgrazing:grassorfoliageiscroppedwiththeupperlipandlowerincisors(theupperincisorsareusuallyabsent),andthengrounddownbythecheekteeth.Aswellashavingcloven,orsplit,hooves,themalesofallbovidspeciesandthefemalesofmostcarryhorns.Bovidhornshavebonycorescoveredinasheathofhornymaterialthatisconstantlyrenewedfromwithin;theyareunbranchedandnevershed.Theyvaryinshapeandsize:therelativelysimplehornsofalargeIndianbuffalomaymeasurearound4mfromtiptotipalongtheoutercurve,whilethevariousgazelleshavehornswithavarietyofelegantcurves.Fivegroups,orsub-families,maybedistinguished:Bovinae,Antelope,Caprinae,CephalophinaeandAntilocapridae.Thesub-familyBovinaecomprisesmostofthelargerbovids,includingtheAfricanbongo,andnilgae,eland,bisonandcattle.Unlikemostotherbovidstheyareallnon-territorial.Theancestorsofthevariousspeciesofdomesticcattlebanteng,gaur,yakandwaterbuffaloaregenerallyrareandendangeredinthewild,whiletheauroch(theancestorofthedomesticcattleofEurope)is1extinct.Theterm‘a(chǎn)ntelope’isnotaveryprecisezoologicalname-itisusedtolooselydescribeanumberofbovidsthathavefolloweddifferentlinesofdevelopment.Antelopesaretypicallylong-legged，fast-runningspecies,oftenwithlonghornsthatmaybelaidalongthebackwhentheanimalisinfullflight.Therearetwomainsub-groupsofantelope:Hippotraginae,whichincludestheoryxandtheaddax，andAntilopinae,whichgenerallycontainsslighterandmoregracefulanimalssuchasgazelleandthespringbok.Antelopesaremainlygrasslandspecies,butmanyhaveadaptedtofloodedgrasslands:pukus,waterbucksandlechwesareallgoodatswimming,usuallyfeedingindeepwater,whilethesitatungahaslong,splayedhoovesthatenableittowalkfreelyonswampyground.Thesub-familyCaprinaeincludesthesheepandthegoat,togetherwithvariousrelativessuchasthegoralandthetahr.Mostarewoollyorhavelonghair.Severalspecies,suchaswildgoats,chamoisandibex,areagilecliff—andmountaindwellers.Toleranceofextremeconditionsismostmarkedinthisgroup:Barbaryandbighornsheephaveadaptedtoariddeserts,whileRockyMountainsheepsurvivehighupinmountainsandmuskoxeninarctictundra.TheduikerofAfricabelongstotheCephalophinaesub-family.Itisgenerallysmallandsolitary,oftenlivinginthickforest.Althoughmainlyfeedingongrassandleaves,someduikers-unlikemostotherbovids-arebelievedtoeatinsectsandfeedondeadanimalcarcasses,andeventokillsmallanimals.ThepronghornisthesolesurvivorofaNewWorldsub-familyofherbivorousruminants,theAntilocapridaeinNorthAmerica.ItissimilarinappearanceandhabitstotheOldWorldantelope.AlthoughgreatlyreducedinnumberssincethearrivalofEuropeans,andthesubsequentenclosureofgrasslands,thepronghornisstillfoundinconsiderablenumbersthroughoutNorthAmerica,fromWashingtonStatetoMexico.Whenalarmedbytheapproachofwolvesorotherpredators,hairsonthepronghorn’srumpstanderect,soshowingandemphasisingthewhitepatchthere.Atthissignal,thewholeherdgallopsoffatspeedofover60kmperhour.2Question1-3Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,Cor.Writethecorrectletterinboxes1-3onyouranswersheet.1Inwhichregionisthebiggestrangeofbovidstobefound?AAfricaBEurasiaCNorthAmericaDSouth-eastAsia2MostbovidshaveapreferenceforlivinginAisolationBsmallgroupsCtropicalforestDwideopenspaces3Whichofthefollowingfeaturesdoallbovidshaveincommon?ATheirhornsareshotBTheyhaveupperincisorsCTheystorefoodinthebodyDTheirhoovesareundivided3Question4-8Lookatthefollowingcharacteristics(Question4-8)andthelistofsub-familiesbelow.Matcheachcharacteristicwiththecorrectsub-family,A,B,CorD.Writethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD,inboxes4-8onyouranswersheet.NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce4canendureveryharshenvironments5includestheoxandthecow6maysupplementitsdietwithmeat7canusuallymoveatspeed8doesnotdefendaparticularareaoflandDCephalophinaeQuestion9-13Answerthequestionsbelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes9-13onyouranswersheet9WhatisthesmallestspeciesofBovidcalled?10WhichspeciesofBovinaehasnowdiedout?11Whatfacilitatesthemovementofthesitatungaoverwetland?12Whatsortofterraindobarbarysheeplivein?13WhatistheonlylivingmemberoftheAntilocapridaesub-family?4READINGPASSAGE2Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestion14-26whicharebasedonReadingPassage2.PhotovoltaicsontherooftopAnaturalchoiceforpoweringthefamilyhomeAInthepast,urbanhomeownershavenotalwayshadmuchchoiceinthewayelectricityissuppliedtotheirhomes.Now,however,thereisachoice,andarapidlyincreasingnumberofhouseholdsworldwidearechoosingthesolarenergyoption.Solarenergy,theconversionofsunlightintoenergy,ismadepossiblethroughtheuseof‘photovoltaics’,whicharesimpleappliancesthatfitontotheroofofahouse.BThephotovoltaics-poweredhomeremainsconnectedtothepowerlines,butnostorageisrequiredon-site,onlyaboxofelectronics(theinverter)totheinterfacebetweenthephotovoltaicsandthegridnetwork.Figure1illustratesthesystem.Duringtheday,whenthehomemaynotbeusingmuchelectricity,excesspowerfromthesolararrayisfedbacktothegrid,tofactoriesandofficesthatneeddaytimepower.Atnight,powerflowstheoppositeway.Thegridnetworkeffectivelyprovidesstorage.Ifthedemandforelectricityiswellmatchedtowhenthesunshines,solarenergyisespeciallyvaluable.ThisoccursinplaceslikeCaliforniaintheUSandJapan,whereair-conditioningloadsforofficesandfactoriesarelargebutheatingloadsforhomesaresmall.CThefirstsystematicexplorationoftheuseofphotovoltaicsonhomesbeganintheUSduringthe1970s.Awell-conceivedprogramstartedwiththesittingofanumberofresidentialexperimentstations’atselectedlocationsaroundthecountry,representingdifferentclimaticzones.Thesestationscontainedanumberof‘dummy’houses,eachwithadifferentsolar-energysystemdesign.Homeswithinthecommunitiesclosetothesestationsweremonitoredtoseehowwelltheirenergyusematchedtheenergygeneratedbythestations’dummyroofs.AchangeinUSgovernmentprioritiesintheearly1980shaltedthisprogram.DWiththeUSeffortdroppingaway,theJapaneseSunshineProjectcametothefore.AlargeresidentialteststationwasinstalledonRokkoIslandbeginningin1986.Thisinstallationconsistsof18‘dummy’homes.Eachequippedwithitsown2-5kilowattphotovoltaicsystem(about20-50squaremetersforeachsystem).Someofthesesimulatedhomeshavetheirownelectricalappliancesinside,5suchasTVsets,refrigeratorsandairconditioningunits,whichswitchonandoffundercomputercontrolprovidingalavishlifestyleforthenon-existentoccupants.Fortheothersystems,electronicssimulatethesehouseholdloads.Thisteststationhasallowedthetechnicalissuesinvolvedinusingphotovoltaicswithintheelectricitynetworktobeexploredinasystematicway,underwell-controlledtestconditions.Withnoinsurmountableproblemsidentified,theJapanesehaveusedtheexperiencegainedfromthisstationtobegintheirownmassiveresidentialphotovoltaicscampaign.EMeanwhile,Germanybeganaveryimportant'1,000roofprogram’in1990,aimedatinstallingphotovoltaicsontheroofsof1,000privatehomes.Largefederalandregionalgovernmentsubsidieswereinvolved,accountinginmostcasesfor70%ofthetotalsystemcosts.Theprogramprovedimmenselypopular,forcingitsextensiontoover2,000homesscatteredacrossGermany.ThesuccessofthisprogramstimulatedotherEuropeancountriestolaunchsimilarprograms.FJapan’s‘onemillionroofprogram'waspromptedbytheexperiencegainedintheRokkoIslandtestsiteandthesuccessoftheGerman1,000roofprogram.TheinitiallyquotedaimsoftheJapaneseNewEnergyDevelopmentOrganizationweretohave70,000homesequippedwiththephotovoltaicsbytheyear2000,onthewayto1millionby2010.Theprogrammadeamodeststartin1994,when539systemswereinstalledwithagovernmentsubsidyof50percent.Underthisprogram,entirenewsuburbandevelopmentsareusingphotovoltaics.GTheJapaneseinitiativeinembracingresidentialphotovoltaicsonalargescalepromptedresponsesinbothEuropeandtheUS.TheEuropeanCommissionhascalledforonemillionsolarresidentialsystemsbeforetheyear2010,with500,000inEuropeand500,000inthedevelopingworld,tobesubsidisedbytheCommission.In1997,asimilaronemillionrooftargetwasannouncedintheUS.Sincethen,severalothercountriesincludingGermany,Italy,theNetherlandsandAustraliahaveannouncedtheirowntargetsforresidentialphotovoltacis.HThisisgoodnews,notonlyforthephotovoltaicindustry,butforeveryoneconcernedwiththeenvironment.Theuseoffossilfuelstogenerateelectricityisnotonlycostlyinfinancialterms,butalsointermsofenvironmentaldamage.Gasesproducedbytheburningoffossilfuelsintheproductionofelectricityareamajorcontributortothegreenhouseeffect.Todealwiththisproblem,manygovernmentsarenowproposingstringenttargetsontheamountofgreenhousegasemissionspermitted.Thesetargetsmeanthatallsourcesofgreenhousegasemissionsincludingresidential6electricityuse,willreceivecloserattentioninthefuture.IItislikelythatinthefuture,governmentswilldevelopbuildingcodesthatattempttoconstraintheenergydemandsofnewhousing.Forexample,theuseofphotovoltaicsortheequivalentmaybestipulatedtolessendemandsonthegridnetworkandhencereducefossilfuelemissions.Approvalsforbuildingrenovationsmayalsobeconditionalupontakingsuchenergy-savingmeasures.Ifthisweretohappen,everyonewouldbenefit.AlthoughthereisaninitialcostinattachingthesystemtoMrooftop,thehouseholder’soutlayissooncompensatedwiththesavingsonenergybills.Inaddition,everyonelivingontheplanetstandstogainfromthenebenignenvironmentalimpact.Figure1Photovoltaicsonthefamilyhome-Questions14-19ReadingPassage2hasnineparagraphsA-1Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?WritethecorrectletterA-Iinboxes14-19onyouranswersheetNBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce14examplesofcountrieswhereelectricityuseisgreaterduringthedaythanatnight15adetaileddescriptionofanexperimentthatledtophotovoltaicsbeingpromotedthroughoutthecountry16thenegativeeffectsofusingconventionalmeansofgeneratingelectricity17anexplanationofthephotovoltaicssystem18thelong-termbenefitsofusingphotovoltaics19areferencetowealthycountriesbeingpreparedtohelplesswealthycountrieshaveaccesstophotovoltaics7Questions20-26DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage2?Inboxes20-26onyouranswersheet,writeTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationifthestatementcontradictstheinformationFALSENOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis20Photovoltaicsareusedtostoreelectricity.21Sincethe1970s,theUSgovernmenthasprovidedcontinuoussupportfortheuseofphotovoltaicsonhomes.22Thesolar-poweredhousesonRokkoIslandareuninhabited.23In1994,theJapanesegovernmentwasprovidinghalfthemoneyrequiredforinstallingphotovoltaicsonhomes.24Germany,Italy,theNetherlandsandAustraliaallhavestrictgoalswithregardtogreenhousegasemissions.25Residentialelectricityuseisthemajorsourceofgreenhousegasemission.26Energy-savingmeasuresmustnowbeincludedinthedesignofallnewhomesandimprovementstobuildings.8READINGPASSAGE3Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3.Questions27-31ReadingPassage3hassixsections,.ChoosethecorrectheadingforsectionsB-Ffromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumber,i-ix,inboxes27-31onyouranswersheetviiResearchwithlearnersviiiAllowingteachersmorecontrolixAdebateamongsteducatorsSectionAix27SectionB28SectionC29SectionD30SectionE31SectionF9Howshouldreadingbetaught?ByKeithRayneranBarbaraRFoormanALearningtospeakisautomaticforalmostallchildren,butlearningtoreadrequireselaborateinstructionandconsciouseffort.Wellawareofthedifficulties,educatorshavegivenagreatdealofthoughttohowtheycanbesthelpchildrenlearntoread.Nosinglemethodhastriumphed.Indeed,heatedargumentsaboutthemostappropriateformofreadinginstructioncontinuetopolarisetheteachingcommunity.BThreegeneralapproacheshavebeentried.Inone,calledwhole-wordinstruction,childrenlearnbyrotehowtorecogniseataglanceavocabularyof50to100words.Thentheygraduallyacquireotherwords,oftenthroughseeingthemusedoverandoveragaininthecontextofastory.Speakersofmostlanguageslearntherelationshipbetweenlettersandthesoundsassociatedwiththem(phonemes).Thatis,childrenaretaughthowtousetheirknowledgeofthealphabettosoundoutwords.Thisprocedureconstitutesasecondapproachtoteachingreading-phonics.Manyschoolshaveadoptedadifferentapproach:thewhole-languagemethod.Thestrategyherereliesonthechild’sexperiencewithlanguage.Forexample,studentsareofferedengagingbooksandareencouragedtoguessthewordsthattheydonotknowbyconsideringthecontextofthesentenceorbylookingforcluesinthestorylineandillustrations,ratherthantryingtosoundthemout.Manyteachersadoptedthewhole-languageapproachbecauseofitsintuitiveappeal.Makingreadingfunpromisestokeepchildrenmotivated,andlearningtoreaddependsmoreonwhatthestudentdoesthanonwhattheteacherdoes.Thepresumedbenefitsofwhole-languageinstruction一andthecontrasttotheperceiveddullnessofphonics-ledtoitsgrowingacceptanceacrossAmericaduringthe1990s,andamovementawayfromphonics.CHowever,manylinguistsandpsychologistsobjectedstronglytotheabandonmentofphonicsinAmericanschools.Whywasthisso?Inshort,becauseresearchhadclearlydemonstratedthatunderstandinghowlettersrelatedtothecomponentsoundsinwordsiscriticallyimportantinreading.Thisconclusionrests,inpart,onknowledgeofhowexperiencedreadersmakesenseofwordsona10page.Advocatesofwhole-languageinstructionhavearguedforcefullythatpeopleoftenderivemeaningsdirectlyfromprintwithouteverdeterminingthesoundoftheword.Somepsychologiststodayacceptthisview,butmostbelievethatreadingistypicallyaprocessofrapidlysoundingoutwordsmentally.Compellingevidenceforthiscomesfromexperimentswhichshowthatsubjectsoftenconfusehomophones(wordsthatsoundthesame,suchas‘rose’and‘rows’).Thissupportstheideathatreadersconvertstringsofletterstosounds.DInordertoevaluatedifferentapproachestoteachingreading,anumberofexperimentshavebeencarriedout,firstlywithcollegestudents,thenwithschoolpupils.InvestigatorstrainedEnglish-speakingcollegestudentstoreadusingunfamiliarsymbolssuchasArabicletters(thephonicsapproach),whileanothergrouplearnedentirewordsassociatedwithcertainstringsofArabicletters(whole-word).Thenbothgroupswererequiredtoreadanewsetofwordsconstructedfromtheoriginalcharacters.Ingeneral,readerswhoweretaughttherulesofphonicscouldreadmanymorenewwordsthanthosetrainedwithawhole-wordprocedure.Classroomstudiescomparingphonicswitheitherwhole-wordorwhole-languageinstructionarealsoquiteilluminating.Oneparticularlypersuasivestudycomparedtwoprogrammesusedin20first-gradeclassrooms.Halfthestudentswereofferedtraditionalreadinginstruction,whichincludedtheuseofphonicsdrillsandapplications.Theotherhalfweretaughtusinganindividualisedmethodthatdrewfromtheirexperienceswithlanguage;thesechildrenproducedtheirownbookletsofstoriesanddevelopedsetsofwordstoberecognised(commoncomponentsofthewhole-languageapproach).Thisstudyfoundthatthefirstgroupscoredhigheratyear’sendontestsofreadingandcomprehension.EIfresearchersaresoconvincedabouttheneedforphonicsinstruction,whydoesthedebatecontinue?Becausethecontroversyisenmeshedinthephilosophicaldifferencesbetweentraditionalandprogressive(ornew)approaches,differencesthathavedividededucatorsforyears.Theprogressiveschallengetheresultsoflaboratorytestsandclassroomstudiesonthebasisofabroadphilosophicalscepticismaboutthevaluesofsuchresearch.Theychampionstudent-centredlearningandteacherempowerment.Sadly,theyfailtorealisethattheseveryadmirableeducationalvaluesareequallyconsistentwiththeteachingofphonics.FIfschoolsofeducationinsistedthatwould-bereadingteacherslearnedsomethingaboutthevastresearchinlinguisticsandpsychologythatbearsonreading,theirgraduateswouldbemoreeagerto11usephonicsandwouldbepreparedtodosoeffectively.Theycouldallowtheirpupilstoapplytheprinciplesofphonicswhilereadingforpleasure.Usingwhole-languageactivitiestosupplementphonicsinstructioncertainlyhelpstomakereadingfunandmeaningfulforchildren,sonoonewouldwanttoseesuchtoolsdiscarded.Indeed,recentworkhasindicatedthatthecombinationofliterature-basedinstructionandphonicsismorepowerfulthaneithermethodusedalone.Teachersneedtostrikeabalance.Butindoingso,weurgethemtorememberthatreadingmustbegroundedinafirmunderstandingoftheconnectionsbetweenlettersandsounds.Educatorswhodenythisrealityareneglectingdecadesofresearch.Theyarealsoneglectingtheneedsoftheirstudents.Questions32-36DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage3?Inboxes32-36onyouranswersheet,writeTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationifthestatementcontradictstheinformationFALSENOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis32Thewhole-languageapproachrelatesletterstosounds.33Manyeducatorsbelievethewhole-languageapproachtobethemostinterestingwaytoteachchildrentoread.34Researchsupportsthetheorythatwereadwithoutlinkingwordstosounds.35Researchhasshownthatthewhole-wordapproachislesseffectivethanthewhole-languageapproach.36Researchhasshownthatphonicsismoresuccessfulthanboththewhole-wordandwhole-languageapproaches.12Questions37-40CompletethesummaryofsectionsEandFusingthelistofwords,A-G,below.Writethecorrectletter,A-G,inboxes37-40onyouranswersheetIntheteachingcommunity,37____________questiontheusefulnessofresearchintomethodsofteachingreading.Thesecriticsbelievethat38___________isincompatiblewithstudent-centredlearning.Inthefuture,teachersneedtobeawareof39_________sothattheyunderstandtheimportanceofphonics.Theyshouldnot,however,ignoretheideasof40____________whichmakereadingenjoyableforlearners.AthephonicsmethodBthewhole-wordmethodCthewhole-languagemethodDtraditionalistsGresearchstudies13READINGPASSAGE1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestion1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1Question1-8ReadingPassage1haseightparagraphs,A~H.Choosethecorrectheadingforeachparagraphfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumber,i-xi，inboxes1-8onyouranswersheet.ListofHeadingsviNewsofteareachesanothercontinentviiIsteaagoodorbadthing?viiiAchancediscoveryxiDifficultiesinimportingtea1ParagraphA2ParagraphB3ParagraphC4ParagraphD5ParagraphE6ParagraphF7ParagraphG8ParagraphH14AAThestoryofteabeganinancientChinaover5,000yearsago.Accordingtolegend,theEmperorShenNungwasaskilledruler,creativescientistandpatronofthearts.Hisfar-sightededictsrequired,amongotherthings,thatalldrinkingwaterbeboiledasahygienicprecaution.Onesummerdaywhilevisitingadistantregionofhisrealm,heandthecourtstoppedtorest.Inaccordancewithhisruling,theservantsbegantoboilwaterforthecourttodrink.Driedleavesfromanearbybushfellintotheboilingwater,andastheleavesinfusedthewaterturnedbrown.Asascientist,theEmperorwasintriguedbythenewliquid,dranksome,andfounditveryrefreshing.Andso,accordingtolegend,teawascreated.BTeaconsumptionspreadthroughoutChineseculture,reachingintoeveryaspectofthesociety.Thefirstdefinitivebookwaswrittenontea–abookclearlyreflectingZenBuddhistphilosophy-1,200yearsago.ThefirstteaseedswerebroughttoJapanbyareturningBuddhistpriest,whohadseenthevalueofteainenhancingmeditationinChina.Asaresult,heisknownasthe‘FatherofTea’inJapan.Becauseofthisearlyassociation,teainJapanhasalwaysbeenlinkedwithZenBuddhism.TeareceivedtheJapaneseEmperor’ssupportalmostinstantlyandspreadrapidlyfromtheroyalcourtandmonasteriestoothersectionsofsociety.CTeawaselevatedtoanartformintheJapaneseteaceremony,inwhichsupremeimportanceisgiventomakingteainthemostperfect,mostpolite,mostgraceful,mostcharmingmannerpossible.Suchapurityofexpressionpromptedthecreationofaparticularformofarchitecturefor'teahouse’，duplicatingthesimplicityofaforestcottage.Thecultural/artistichostessesofJapan,thegeishas,begantospecializeinthepresentationoftheteaceremony.However,asmoreandmorepeoplebecameinvolvedintheexcitementsurroundingtea,thepurityoftheoriginalconceptwaslostandforaperiodtheteaceremonybecamecorrupted,boisterousandhighlyembellished.Effortswerethenmadetoreturntotheearliersimplicity,withtheresultthat,inthe15thand16thcenturies,teawasviewedastheultimategift.Evenwarlordspausedforteabeforebattles.DWhileteawasatthishighlevelofdevelopmentinpartsofAisa,informationconcerningthethenunknownbeveragebegantofilterbacktoEurope.Earliertradershadmentionedit,butwereunclearastowhetherteashouldbeeatenordrunk.ThefirstEuropeantopersonallyencounterteaandwriteaboutitwasPortuguese-Portugal,withhertechnologicallyadvancednavy,hadbeensuccessfulin15gainingthefirstrightoftradewithChina.ETeafinallyarrivedinEuropeinthe16thcentury,broughttoHollandbythecountry’snavy,andbecomingveryfashionableintheDutchcapital,theHague.Thiswasdueinparttoteabeingveryexpensive(over$100perpound),whichimmediatelymadeitthedomainofthewealthy.Slowly,astheamountofteaimportedincreased,thepricefell,andby1675itwasavailableincommonfoodshopsthroughoutHolland.FAstheconsumptionofteaincreaseddramaticallyinDutchsociety,doctorsanduniversityauthoritiesinHollandarguedastoitsbenefitsordrawbacks.Thepubliclargelyignoredthescholarlydebateandcontinuedtoenjoytheirnewbeverage,throughthecontroversylastedfrom1635toroughly1657.Throughoutthisperiod,FranceandHollandledEuropeintheuseoftea.GAsthecrazeforallthingsorientalsweptthroughEurope,teabecamepartofthewayoflife.Addingmilktothedrinkwasfirstmentionedin1680.Aroundthattime,Dutchinnsprovidedthefirstrestaurantserviceoftea.Innkeeperswouldfurnishguestswithaportableteasetcompletewithaheatingunit.TheDutchmanwouldthenprepareteaforhimselfandhisfriendsoutsideintheinngarden.TearemainedpopularinFranceforonlyaboutfiftyyears,beingreplacedbyapreferenceforwine，chocolate,andexoticcoffees.TeawasintroducedintoEnglandin1660byKingCharlesIIandhisPortuguesequeen,whowerebothconfirmedteadrinkers.TeamaniasweptacrossEnglandasithadearlierspreadthroughoutFranceandHolland.By1708teaimportationhadrisentothirteentimesthe1699level.Teawasdrunkbyalllevelsofsociety.HTheRussianinterestinteabeganasearlyas1618，whentheChineseembassyinMoscowpresentedseveralchestsofteatotheEmperor,CzarAlexis.Laterinthecentury,atradetreatybetweenRussiaandChinaallowedcaravanstocrossbackandforthfreelybetweenthetwocountries.Still,thejourneywasnoteasy.Theaveragecaravanconsistedof200to300camels,andthe18,000-kilometretriptookover16monthstocomplete.Eventually,however,teabecame-asitstillis-oneofthemostpopulardrinksinthecountry.16Question9-13Lookatthefollowingstatements(Question9-13)andthelistofcountriesbelow.Matcheachstatementwiththecorrectcountry,.Writethecorrectletter,A-G,inboxes9-13onyouranswersheet.9Claimsthatteamightbeharmfulfailedtoaffectitpopularity.10Tealostfavourtootherdrinks.11Specialbuildingswereconstructedinwhichtodrinktea.12Animalswereinvolvedinimportingtea.13Aruler’sspecialistknowledgeledtoaninterestintea.ListofCountriesAChinaFEnglandGRussia17READINGPASSAGE2Youshouldspendabout20minutes