基礎(chǔ)英語上冊(cè)資料

精品值得閱讀閱讀使人快樂，成長需要時(shí)間基礎(chǔ)英語(上)必背語句：(ChineseTranslationsForReference)第一課：Aneconomistissomeonewhoknowsalotabouthowgoodsandwealthareproducedandused.經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對(duì)如何生產(chǎn)和使用商品及財(cái)富十分了解Economiststrytounderstandhowallthepartsofthelongstoryarerelated經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家就要弄明白這個(gè)長故事的各部分是如何聯(lián)系在一起。Aneconomistlearnshowtoguesswhatwillhappeninthefuture，asfarasgoodandpricesareconcerned.經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家還學(xué)會(huì)了猜測商品和價(jià)格將來的變化趨勢Ifbankchargehigherinterestonloanstobuilders,howwillthataffectthecostofanewhome.如果銀行提高了給制造商的貸款利息，新建住房的造價(jià)有會(huì)受到什么怎樣的影響？第二課Ifyouboughtacaroracooker,itwasaonce_in_a_lifttimeinvestment.如果你買一輛汽車或一副灶具，那將是管一輩子的投資Ourindustrialsocietyhasturnedusintospoiltchildren.Itisthisterriblewastefulnessthathasgotusintothemessweareinnow.Whenthereareonresourcesleft,wewillstarttolookafterwhatwehave,Butwhycannotweactbeforethishappens?Whycannotwegobacktoasocietyinwhichthepreventionofwasteisavirtue?當(dāng)今的工業(yè)社會(huì)把我們都變成了慣壞了的孩子，正是這種可怕的浪費(fèi)使我們陷入了目前的困境。當(dāng)?shù)厍蛏系馁Y源耗盡時(shí)，我們就會(huì)珍惜所擁有的東西。但是為什么在這一切發(fā)生之前，我們就不能有所作為呢？為什么我們不能回到制止浪費(fèi)就是美德的社會(huì)去呢？Mondermass-productionmethodslowerthecostofmakeinggoods,andthusgiveusbettervalues,Atthesametime,Americaningenuityandscienceareconstanlyatworkimprovingthequalityofproducets.現(xiàn)代成批生產(chǎn)方法降低了商品的生產(chǎn)成本，使我們的錢花得更值。同時(shí)美國的獨(dú)創(chuàng)性和科學(xué)也在不斷地提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量。Whenpeoplearefreetocompete-whentheyarefreetomakemorethingsandmakethembetter-everyonebenefits.相信相信的力量精品值得閱讀當(dāng)人們可以自由競爭時(shí)——當(dāng)人們能自由地產(chǎn)生更多更好的產(chǎn)品時(shí)——人人都能受益。第三課Everywordonalabeldescribingafind,adurg,acosmeticoramedicaldeviceisimportantinprotectingyouandyoufamilyfrombuyinganinferiorproduct,frommisusingagoodone,frombeingtrickedbydangerousquackery,orfromunkonwinglypossessinganitemharmfulhealth標(biāo)簽上描述一種食品、一種藥品、一種化妝或一種醫(yī)療器械的每個(gè)字都很重要，因?yàn)樗Ｗo(hù)你和你的家庭，使你們避免購買劣質(zhì)商品，比避免不正確地使用好的產(chǎn)品，避免受危險(xiǎn)的庸醫(yī)之騙，避免不知不覺地?fù)碛袑?duì)健康有害的東西。Itisthelaw,too,thatmanufacturersmustlisttheirnameandplacesofbusinessontheirlabels.法律規(guī)定廠家必須在標(biāo)簽上注明他們的廠名和廠址。Foodscomposedoftowormoreingredientsmustbearlabelslistingallingredinetsintheorderofpredominance對(duì)于由兩種或兩種以上配料構(gòu)成的食品，其標(biāo)簽必須以各配料多寡為序一一列舉。第四課BritainwasthefirsthighlyindustrializedcountryandforalongtimeledtheworldsmanufacturedgoodsFromabout1870,however,shebegantoloseherlead.TodayBritainproduces11%oftheworldsexportedmanufacturedgoods英國是第一個(gè)高度工業(yè)化的國家，它的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)曾長期在世界上占領(lǐng)先地位，1870年世界上1/3的制成品是英國制造的，然而大約從1870年起，英國開始失去其領(lǐng)先的地位。如今世界上出口的制成品英國生產(chǎn)只占11%。ThesejustisnotenoughroomtogrowfoodforallthesepeopleeventhoughBritishagricultureisthemostmechanizedintheworld盡管在世界上英國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化程度最高，但是它沒有足夠的土地種植莊稼來養(yǎng)活那么多的人。ForaverylongtimeLondonhasbeenoneofthegreatfinancialcentresoftheworld,ItdealswithvastsumsofmoneyininternationalinsuranceandBritishbanksstillfinanceinternationaltrade.Britainhastheworldsthirdlarguestactivemerchantfleetandtourismisincreaing長期以來，倫敦一直是世界上幾個(gè)大的金融中心之一，它經(jīng)手的國際保險(xiǎn)業(yè)務(wù)中的大筆款項(xiàng)。英國的銀行仍給國際貿(mào)易融資，英國的船隊(duì)規(guī)模是在世界上排第三位，其旅游業(yè)也在不斷發(fā)展。第五課相信相信的力量精品值得閱讀Theseblackandwhitestripescanbereadbyanopticalscanner,orcomputer,The"scanner”,Whichreadsthelinesofcode,isasmalllaserbeamoflight.Whenthelightrayisbrokenbytheblackstripe,thecomputer"reads"theinformationabouttheprouduct光學(xué)掃描器，也就是一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)可以閱讀這些黑白的條紋。辨認(rèn)條形碼的掃描器發(fā)出的一束細(xì)小的激光束。當(dāng)光束被黑色的條紋擋住時(shí)，計(jì)算機(jī)就可以讀出產(chǎn)品的信息。Thiscodeiscalledtheuniversalproductcode(UPC),Itisdesignedtoaddspeedandefficiencytostoresbyusingcomputers.這種條形碼叫做產(chǎn)品的統(tǒng)一條形碼(UPC)，它的目的是通過使用計(jì)算機(jī)提高商店的營業(yè)速度和效率。Thecomputerthenfindtheinfornationaboutthisprodouct(price,inventorydata)andsendsitinstandtlybacketotheterminalatthecheckoutcounter.Atthesametime,itkeepsaninventoryforthestoremanager.Manyproductshavelabelswiththesestripes.計(jì)算機(jī)就能找出有關(guān)的商品的信息(價(jià)格、存貨等資料)并立即把信息送回到受款臺(tái)的終端，同時(shí)它也是為商店經(jīng)理留一份存貨清單，許多產(chǎn)品的標(biāo)簽已標(biāo)有這種條紋。第六課Inwarmerregionsoftheworld,thepeopledressedthemselvesinclothingmadefromleaves,treebark,andwovengrasses,Somepeoplescrapedthehairfromanimalskinstomakesoftleatherfortheirclothes在暖和的地區(qū)，人們穿的衣服是用樹葉、樹皮和編織的草而做成的。Linenwasthefirstwovenmaterialfromwhichcolthesweremade,sinceveryearlytime,menhaveknownhowtomakeflaxintofinelinen.最早用來做衣服的織物是亞麻，很久以前，人們就知道怎樣把亞麻織成細(xì)亞麻布。Infact,overfourthousandyearsagao,EgyptiansgrewflaxalongthebanksoftheNileRiver.事實(shí)上，4000多年前，埃及人就沿著尼羅河兩岸種植了亞麻。Despitethewisdespreadearlyuseofwoolandlinen,cottonisthemostimportantsourceofmansclothing.Today,aboutthreeoutofeveryfourpeopleintheworldwearclothingmadeofcotton.盡管很早就普遍使用了羊毛和亞麻，但棉花仍是人類最重要的服裝原料，如今，世界上每四個(gè)人中大約有三人穿的就是用棉花作成的衣服第七課Thougheveryonekonwsthattaxationisnecessary,differentpeoplehavedifferentideasabouthowtaxationshouldbearranged.相信相信的力量精品值得閱讀盡管大家都知道稅收是必要的，但應(yīng)該如何安排稅收，不同的人有不同的看法。Inmostcountriesadirecttaxonperson,calledanincometax.在大多數(shù)的國家，實(shí)行的是對(duì)人們的直接稅，稱為所得稅。Ofcourse,itisthepeoplewhobuytheseimportedthingswhoreallyhavetopaytheduties,intheformofhingherprices.當(dāng)然實(shí)際上是這些進(jìn)口的物品的購買者在以較高的價(jià)格的形式來負(fù)擔(dān)這些關(guān)稅。Probablythiskindofindirecttax,togetherwithadirecttaxisonincomewhichislowforthepoorandhinghforrichisthebestarrangment也許將這種間接稅與窮人少付所得稅，富人多付所得稅的直接稅結(jié)合是最好的安排了。第八課Haveyoueverythoughtabouthowimportanttransportationistotheworld?Withouttranportationmodernliftcouldnoexist,Wewouldhavetogetormakeourownfood,ourownclothes,ecenourbooks,newspaper,andmail.你曾經(jīng)想過交通運(yùn)輸對(duì)我們有多么的重要嗎？沒有交通運(yùn)輸，現(xiàn)代的生活就無法存在，我們將不得不自己去取食品或做食品，自己做衣服，甚至?xí)?，?bào)子和郵件也是自己操勞.Automobiles,railroad,trucks,andpipelinesaretheprincipalmeansoflandtransportation,ship,barges,andsubmarinesformthechiefmeansofwatertransportation.汽車鐵路、卡車和管道是陸路運(yùn)輸?shù)闹饕绞?，船只、駁船和潛水艇構(gòu)成了水路運(yùn)輸?shù)闹饕绞?，Likemanypeople,ofcourseyoumaycometotheconclusionthatthemostinexpensiveandreliableformoftransportationwillbeyourowntwolegs!當(dāng)然和許多人一樣，你會(huì)得出下面的結(jié)論，最廉價(jià)最可靠的交通運(yùn)輸工具就是你自己的雙腳。Manskonwledageofmetalshasbeenaveryimportantaidtomasteringhisenvironment.Veryearlyinhistroy,manlearnedhowtoworkthepreciousmetals,goldandsilver,Buttheyaretoosofttobemadeintotools.第九課人類對(duì)金屬的了解大大地有助于對(duì)環(huán)境的控制，很久以前，人們就學(xué)會(huì)了錘煉貴重的金屬一一金與銀。Steelismadefromironwhichcontaninsacertainamountofcarbon,Itissuperiortoironinstrength,hardness,andelasticity.鋼是有含有一定的數(shù)量的碳的鐵提煉成的，鋼在強(qiáng)度、硬度和彈性上勝于鐵相信相信的力量精品值得閱讀Ironinitsnaturalstateiscombinedwithrockorotherimpurtiy,anditisthencalledironoresteel-railroads,autmobiles,typewriters,sewingmachines,thethousandsofmachiesthatareusedinfactories.自然狀態(tài)的鐵是巖石或其他雜質(zhì)混合在一起的，被稱為鐵礦石。Butonmatterhowfrighteningitmaybetovisitasteelmill,weseesteelinuseallaroundus.Almostallofourmachinesaremadeof不管參觀軋鋼廠會(huì)有多么可怕，我們周圍總有用鋼制造的東西，幾乎所有的機(jī)器都是用鋼制造的，鐵路、汽車、打字機(jī)、縫紉機(jī)以及工廠使用的成千上萬的機(jī)器也都是用鋼制成的。第十課Themostobviouspurposeofadvertisingistoinfromtheconsumerofavailableorservces.廣告最顯而易見的目的是要使消費(fèi)者了解可得的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)。Theyalsotrytopersuadecustomerstobuytheproductbycreatingadesireforit.Becauseofadvertisiment,consumersthinkthattheywantsomethingthattheydonotneed.Afterbuyingsomething,thepurchasercannotalwaysexplainwhyitwasbought他們還試圖通過激起消費(fèi)者購買產(chǎn)品的欲望來勸說消費(fèi)者購買他們的產(chǎn)品，由于廣告的作用，消費(fèi)者認(rèn)為他們想要他們并不需要的東西，在購買者并非總能解釋為什么要買。Bythetimethecustomerisreadytopayforapurchase,heorshehasalreadymadenational,thought-outdecisionsonwhatheorsheneedsandwantstobuy當(dāng)顧客準(zhǔn)備付款時(shí)，他們對(duì)需要買什么，想要買什么早就做出了理智的、經(jīng)過考慮的決定。Apersonbecomesamoreintelligentandrationalconsumer,onewhospendsmoneywisely只有花錢明智的人才能成為一個(gè)更精明的更理智的消費(fèi)者?；A(chǔ)英語(下)必背語句：(ChineseTranslationsForReference)第一課Scienceisthenever-endingstruggletofindtruth.科學(xué)是為尋求真理而進(jìn)行的永無止境的奮斗第二課相信相信的力量精品值得閱讀Acommericalbankisafinancialinstitutionthathastheprivilegeofholdingcheckingaccountsandsavingaccouvnts,aswellasperforminganumberofotherfunctionsreletedtomoney.商業(yè)銀行是個(gè)金融機(jī)構(gòu)，它不但辦理活期存款與定期存款業(yè)務(wù)，而且也是從事與貨幣有關(guān)的各種業(yè)務(wù)Thedemanddespositsplacedinbanks,coupledwiththefractionalreserveprinciple,givebankersthepowertoalterthesupplyofmoneyintheeconomy.銀行中的存款，加上部分儲(chǔ)備金，使銀行家有權(quán)改變經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行中的資金投入量Athuoghabankmaychoosetokeepmorethan$200asaprecautionagainstwithdrawls,itwillseldom,ifever,keepalltheoriginaldepostionhand.即使銀行留存多于200美元備用金,也不會(huì)把全部存款放在手頭第三課Manynationshaveportwhereshipsfromothercountriescanunloadgoodsfortrade,storage,proceesing,ortransfertoanthership.許多國家都有一些港口,供外國船只卸貨以進(jìn)行貿(mào)易、儲(chǔ)存、加工或轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)Nationshavetariffstoproecttheirownmerchantsandmanufacturersfromforeigncompetition.國家設(shè)置關(guān)稅是為了保護(hù)本國商人與制造商避免與外國競爭第四課Amarkereconomyisonesinwhichcrucialeconomicdecisionsandchoicesaremadeinadecentralizedfashionbyprivateindividuals,operatingthroughapirce-and-markermechanism市場經(jīng)濟(jì)是由私人獨(dú)立的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體以分散的方式作出關(guān)鍵經(jīng)濟(jì)抉擇，并通過市場價(jià)格機(jī)制運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)形式第五課InfreeingpeoplefromthesoiltheIndustrialRevolutionboundthemtomachines,andthemachineshavebecomesocomplicatedthatonepersongenerallylearnstooprateonlyoneortwoofthem工業(yè)革命把人們從土地中解放出來，束縛在機(jī)器上，而機(jī)器變得如此復(fù)雜，以至于一般情況下，一個(gè)人只會(huì)操作一兩臺(tái)Thelawofcomparativeadvantagestatesthatifonepersoncanperfromsevenjobsbetterthanhisneighbor,heshuoldselecttheoneinwhichheenjoysthegreatestadvantage.比較優(yōu)勢法則認(rèn)為，一個(gè)人如果比起他的鄰居來能夠做好幾件工作，他就應(yīng)該選擇一項(xiàng)能給他帶來最大利益的工作Comparativeadvantagefeferstothesuperiorproductivecapacityofineproducer(laber)comparedtoallothers.相信相信的力量精品值得閱讀比較優(yōu)勢是指與他人相比，生產(chǎn)者最占優(yōu)勢的生產(chǎn)能力。Specializationincreasesoutput,butitalsomakespeopledependentononeanother.專業(yè)化增加生產(chǎn)，但同時(shí)使人們相互依存第六課Underasystemofpeferctlyfreecommerceeachcountrynaturllydevotesitscapitalandlabortosuchemploymentsasaremosteneficialtoeach.在完全的自由貿(mào)易體制下，各國自然都會(huì)將資金和勞動(dòng)力投入到對(duì)自己最有利的行業(yè)中。Thispursuitofindividualadvantageisadmirablyconnectedwiththeuniversalgoodofthewhose,Bystimulatingindustry,byrewardingingenutiy,andbyusingmostefficciouslythepeculiarpowers,bestowedbynature,itdistributeslabermosteffectivelyandmosteconomiclly這種個(gè)人利益與整個(gè)社會(huì)的普遍利益完善地結(jié)合在了一起，通過激勵(lì)勤奮、獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)創(chuàng)造和最有效地利用大自然所賦予人的獨(dú)特魅力，這種追求能夠最有效、最經(jīng)濟(jì)地分配勞動(dòng)力資源。whilebyincreasingthegeneralmassofproductions,itdiffusesgeneralbenefitandbindstogetherbyonecommontieofintersetandintercourse,theuniveralsocietyofnationsthroughoutthecivilizedwrold.與此同時(shí)，通過擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)規(guī)模，這種追求使利益分散，通過利益互補(bǔ)和互通有無的共同紐帶，把文明世界的各國緊密地聯(lián)系在一起。第七課Thecostofphysicallymovingaproductisthehighsetcostfacedbymanymanufactures制造商所面對(duì)的最昂貴的費(fèi)用是產(chǎn)品的運(yùn)輸費(fèi)，Thedifferenceincostamongtrucks,railroads,planse,ship,andpipelinesisdirectlyreltedtothespeedofdelivery汽車、火車、飛機(jī)、輪船和管道等運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用的差異與運(yùn)輸速度有著直接的關(guān)系。Theadvantageoftrucksincludeflexibility,fastserviceanddepedability.汽車貨運(yùn)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是靈活、快捷可靠。Tuckscan,however,bedelayedbybadweather.汽車特別適合短途間與貴重物品的運(yùn)輸Airisthefastestavailabletransportationmade.Otheradvantagesincludegreatlyreducedcostsinpacking,handing,unpacking,andfinalpreparationsnesessatyforsaletotheconsumer相信相信的力量精品值得閱讀空運(yùn)是目前最快的運(yùn)輸方式，其優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于減少了包裝、搬運(yùn)開箱和最后出售給消費(fèi)的環(huán)節(jié)費(fèi)用。Toregainmarkertshare,railroadshaveexpandedtheirservicestoincludefasterdeliverytimes,piggy-backservice,whichplacessemitrucktrailersontrailersrailcars為了重新占領(lǐng)市場。鐵路運(yùn)輸已擴(kuò)展了服務(wù)范圍,包括快速貨運(yùn)、背負(fù)式服務(wù)（使用火車平板車裝運(yùn)大車掛車或集裝箱的一種）運(yùn)輸方式和其他的服務(wù)第八課Indevelopingadvertisingstrategies,markersmustalsoconsiderthebestadvertisingmediumfortheirmessage.在開展廣告策略的過程中，營銷商也必須考慮到選擇最佳的廣告媒介來登載他們的廣告詞.Eachadvertisingmediumhasitsownadvantagesanddisadvantages每一種廣告媒介都有其優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)Newspapersarethemostwidelyusedadvertisingmedium.報(bào)子是最為廣泛運(yùn)用的廣告媒介。Televsionisthemostdramticmediumforadvertising,Itallowsadvertisingstocombinesight,sound,andmotion,thusappealingtoalmostalltheviewerssenses電視是最生動(dòng)的廣告媒介，它集視、聽、動(dòng)為一體，因此幾乎對(duì)觀眾的所有感官都產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的感染力Informationonviewerdemographicsforaparticularprogramallowssdvertiserstopromotetotheirtargetaudiences對(duì)一特別的節(jié)目收視觀眾的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)可以使廣告商向其目標(biāo)觀眾進(jìn)行促銷Onedisadvantageoftelevisionisthattherearetoomanycommereialscausingviewerstoconfuseproducts電視的一個(gè)缺陷是它的商業(yè)廣告太多，使觀眾眼花繚亂Brevityalsomakerstelevisionapoormediuminwhichtoeducateviewersaboutcomplexproducts,Finally,televisionisthemostwxpensivemedium.時(shí)間短促使電視具有局限性不能向觀眾宣傳復(fù)雜的產(chǎn)品，最后一點(diǎn)，電視是廣告費(fèi)用中最高的媒介Asthenameimplies,directmialofteninvolvesfliersmaileddirectlytoconsumershomeorplacesofbusiness.盡管郵寄廣告品經(jīng)濟(jì)被當(dāng)作垃圾郵件來扔掉，廣告商仍能預(yù)算有多少收件的人會(huì)真對(duì)待這些東西Liketelevision,however,radioadsareoverquickly,AndradiopermitsonlyanaudiopresentationAlso,peopletendtousetheradioasa"backgtound"whiletheyaredoingotherthings,payinglittleattentiontoadvertisment.相信相信的力量精品值得閱讀和電視一樣，廣播廣告的時(shí)間也過于短暫，而且它只有聲音一種表現(xiàn)形式，很多人往往把聽廣播當(dāng)作做其它事情一種陪襯，不太留意它的廣告Magazineadvaertisingaccountsrougly5percentofalladvertising.Themanydifferent,magazinesonthemarketprovideahighlevelofconsumerselectivity.雜志廣告約占所有廣告的5%，市場上很多不同種類的雜志為不同的讀者提供不同的選擇Magazineadvertisionalsoallowsforexcellnetreproductionofphotogrphsandartworkthatnotonlygrabsbuyersattention,butmayalsocinvincethemoftheproductsvalue.雜志廣告也考慮到用印刷精美的照片和插圖來吸引購買者的注意力，并且使他們信服產(chǎn)品的價(jià)值Outdooradvertising-billboards,signs,andadvertisementsonbuses,taxis,andsubways-makesupalittlemorethanonepercentofalladvertising.戶外廣告，包括路牌廣告、標(biāo)志關(guān)高及公交汽車上、出租車上和地鐵里的廣告，約占據(jù)全部廣告的1%多一點(diǎn)第九課Thereasonwhycompaniesoftenfindinsuranceappea;ingisclear:inreturuforasumofmoney,theyareproducttedaganistcertainpotentiallydevantasinglosses,butwhyareinsurancecompanieswillingtoaccepttheserisksforothercompansies?很多公司感到保險(xiǎn)具有吸引力的原因非常清楚：為了一筆賠償，以保障它們不遭受一些潛在的災(zāi)難性損失，但是保險(xiǎn)公司為什么會(huì)樂意替其它公司冒這些險(xiǎn)呢？Likeallfirms,insurancecompaniesareinbusinesstomarkeaprofit.同其它公司一樣，經(jīng)營保險(xiǎn)公司是了掙錢Inordertoearnaprofit,insurancecompaninesmustkonwthelikelihoodofaparticurlarloss.為了獲利，保險(xiǎn)公司必須了解某一種損失發(fā)生的可能性。Insurancecompainesalsobenefitfromastatisticalprinciplecalledthelawoflargenumbers.Thatisasthenumberofpeoplewhoseekinsurancerise,sodoesthechancethattheactuallossratewillbethesameasthestatitciallycalculatedrate.保險(xiǎn)公司也得益于一個(gè)叫做‘大數(shù)定律’的統(tǒng)計(jì)原則，也就是說，當(dāng)投保的人數(shù)增加時(shí)，實(shí)際損失率和統(tǒng)計(jì)方法計(jì)算出的損失率相同的機(jī)會(huì)也隨之增大Theultimatepurposeofinsuranceistoindemnifypoliccyholders.保險(xiǎn)的最終目的的是補(bǔ)償投保人相信相信的力量精品值得閱讀Toremainfinanciallyviable,aninsurancecompanymustbesurenevertopayforlossesnotcoveredbythepolicynortopaytoomuchforeachloss.為了經(jīng)濟(jì)上保持正常運(yùn)行，保險(xiǎn)公司必須確保不陪付保單外的損失，也不能向每一個(gè)損失陪付地過多Theinsuredlossmustbeoutsidetheci=ontrolofthepolicyholder,Itmustresultfromanaccident,notfromanintentionalactbythepolicyholder.投保的損失必須分散于較大的地域范圍，這樣可以避免同時(shí)性的破壞或?yàn)?zāi)難性損失帶來的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Insurancecompanieswillonlyinsurespecifyriskwherethecauseoflossisverifiable.保險(xiǎn)公司只承保具體的而且造成其損失的原因可核的險(xiǎn)種Whilemostpropertyinsurancepoliciesspecityamaximumdollarlimit,whethertheypayreplacementcostsoractualcashvaluedependsonthetermsofthepolicy盡管絕大多數(shù)財(cái)產(chǎn)險(xiǎn)種的保單都有一具體的最大數(shù)量的賠償額，它們是否賠償重置費(fèi)用或?qū)嶋H的現(xiàn)金價(jià)值取決于保險(xiǎn)單的條款。第十課Capitalsareincreasedbyparsimony,anddininshedbyprodigalityandmissconduct節(jié)儉使資本增長，揮霍和運(yùn)用不當(dāng)使資本減少，Whateveryapersonsavesfromhisrevenueheaddstohiscapital,andeitheremplovsithimselfonmaintaininganadditionalnumberofproductivehands,orenablessomeotherpersontodoso,bylendingittohimforaninterest,thatis,forashareoftheprofits.正如個(gè)體資本積累的唯一途徑是靠其收入或年盈利的節(jié)余來增加，社會(huì)和組成它的所有個(gè)體一樣，其資本的增加也必須通過同樣的途徑Greatnationsareneverimpoverishedbyprivate,thoughtheysometimesarebypublicprodigalityandmisconduct個(gè)人揮霍浪費(fèi)和管理不善不會(huì)使大國貧窮，但整個(gè)國家的揮霍和管理不善有時(shí)是造成其貧窮的原因Thisfrugalityandgoodconduct,however,isuponmostoccasions,itappearsfromexperience,sufficienttocompensatenottheprivateprodigalityandmisconductofindividuals,butthepublicextravaganceofgvoernment然而，從經(jīng)驗(yàn)看來，這種節(jié)儉和品行在大多數(shù)的情況下，不足以補(bǔ)償個(gè)人的浪費(fèi)和行為不當(dāng)，卻能足以補(bǔ)償政府的揮霍第十一課Whatfactorswilldeterminethelevelofinvestmentspendinginourhypotheticaleconomy?相信相信的力量精品值得閱讀在我們假定的經(jīng)濟(jì)中什么樣的因素會(huì)決定投資開銷的水平呢?Nowthedetermiantsofinvestmentdemandare,ifanything,evenmorecomplicatedthanthosethatinfluencecomsumerdemandIndeedwhileeconomsitsoftenstreethetelativedependabilityofconsumerspendingatagivenlevelofnationalincoemtheyusuallypointoutthegreatvariabilityofbusinessinvestmentspendingForthisreason,changesininvestmentspendingareoftenseentobepivotalincausingupswingsordownswingsinamoderneconomy.目前決定投資需求的因素要比那些影響消費(fèi)需求的因素可能更為復(fù)雜，確實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們經(jīng)常強(qiáng)調(diào)在國民收入的一定水平上，消費(fèi)者消費(fèi)具有相對(duì)穩(wěn)定性的同時(shí)，也常指出企業(yè)投資支出的可變性鑒于這種原，投資開銷的變化常常在現(xiàn)在時(shí)代經(jīng)濟(jì)的高漲或跌落方面起著關(guān)鍵作用Itexplainswhyincreasingcapitalinvestmentistheveryfirstsymptomofthecomingboom,whyindustriesproducingmeansofproductionarethefirsttoshowsupernormalstimulationaboveallwhytheconsumptionofironincrese.這種現(xiàn)象解釋了增長的資本投資成了即將到來的經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮的第一個(gè)征兆的原因，也解釋在生產(chǎn)生產(chǎn)資料的工業(yè)中最先顯露出超常的刺激作用的原因，而且最為重要的是解釋了鋼鐵的消耗量增長的原因Evenifyouareawareofthefuturestateofdemandandalsothefullrangeoftechnologicalpossibilitiesopentoyou,youwouldnothavesolvedtheproblemofwhetherornottointivestinparticularfactoryorpieceofmachinery即使你了解未來的需求狀況和可以利用的全部技術(shù)狀況，你還是不能決定是否在某一個(gè)工廠或某一種設(shè)備上的投資Ifintestratearehigh,thiswillmeanthatyouwillhavetopaymoretoborrowmoneyand,consequentlythatyouwillbemorereluctanttoundertakeanyvastexpansionschemes如果利率很高，這將意味著你要為借錢而付出更多的錢，而且其結(jié)果也就意味著進(jìn)行任何擴(kuò)大再生產(chǎn)的計(jì)劃時(shí)你將會(huì)更猶豫不決第十二課Economistsfrequentlyusetheconceptofaggregateproductionfunction,whichstatesthatthearowthrateofoutputrelatedtothegrowthratesoftheconventionalinputslaborandcapital.經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家經(jīng)常使用總生產(chǎn)函數(shù)的概念，它說明產(chǎn)出的增長率和常規(guī)的投入即勞動(dòng)力投入和資本投入的增長率相關(guān)WhatmadeitpossibleforsuchalargeshareofGNPtobeinvestedinanessentiallyfree-marketeconomy?是什么促使國民生產(chǎn)總值如此大的份額投資于本質(zhì)上是自由市場的經(jīng)濟(jì)中？Capital-outputratios,especiallyinthoseindustrieswhichimprotedtechnology,tendedtodecline.資本與產(chǎn)出的比率，尤其是在引進(jìn)技術(shù)的企業(yè)中呈下降趨勢！相信相信的力量精品值得閱讀Businessandgovernmentworkedhandinhandtowardthecommonobjectiveofrapideconomicgrowth,sometimesitwashardtoknowwhereoneentitybeganandtheotherleftoff.企業(yè)和政府為了經(jīng)濟(jì)迅速增長這一共同目標(biāo)而攜手前進(jìn).有時(shí)很難分清在何處一個(gè)實(shí)體開始而另一個(gè)實(shí)體結(jié)束.Obviouslythegovernmenthasalsohadalottodowithbuildingupthesestrongandincreasinglycompetitiveexportindustriesthroughitsexplicitmethodsofpreferenatialcriditrationing,taxexemptions,extraordinarydeprecitionallowances,readierpermissiontoimprotknow-howand,attimes,tightprotectionagainstforeignimprots.顯然政府也在建立這些強(qiáng)大的具有持續(xù)競爭性的出口企業(yè)上功不可抹，政府通過采取明確的辦法給予企業(yè)優(yōu)惠的貸款配額，免稅，特別折舊補(bǔ)貼，放寬技術(shù)進(jìn)口的許可，以及有時(shí)采用保護(hù)措施限制進(jìn)口。第十三課Ageneralclassofproductisdifferentiatedifanysignificantbasisexistsfordistinguishingthegoods(orservice)ofonesellerfromthoseofanother.如果存在著把一個(gè)賣主的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)與另一個(gè)賣主的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)分別開來的有效基礎(chǔ)，就可以對(duì)一批產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行鑒別。Differentiationmaybebaseduponcertaincharacteristicsoftheproductitseft,suchasexclusivepatentedfeatures;trade-marker;tardenamepeculiaritiesofthepackageorcontain