中國傳統(tǒng)文化中英對照

-.z八拜之交：原表示世代有交情的兩家弟子謁見對方長輩時的禮節(jié)，舊時也稱異姓結(jié)拜的兄弟姐妹。●friendshipbetweenswornbrothersorsisters●friendshipbetweenveryclosefriendswhounderstandeachotherandremendeachotheratthesacrificeoftheirowninterests后來八拜之交指：管鮑之交——管仲和鮑叔牙知音之交——伯牙和鐘子期刎頸之交——廉頗和藺相如舍命之交——羊角哀和左伯桃膠漆之交——陳重和雷義雞黍之交——元伯和巨卿忘年之交——孔融和禰衡生死之交——*備、*飛和關(guān)羽男男/女朋友boyfriend/girlfriend壞/好/摯友bad/good/bestfriends真正的/虛偽的朋友true/falsefriends酒肉朋友fair-weatherfriendkeypal/Internetfriends網(wǎng)友keypal/Internetfriends網(wǎng)友患難之交friendsinneed忘年交friendshipbetweengenerations/cross-generationalfriendship生死之交friendshipbetweenpeoplewhoarereadytodieforeachother泛泛之交friendshipbetweennoddingacquaintances莫逆之交：bosomfriends總角之交：friendshipbetweenpeoplewhoarefriendssincechildhood一般作賓語，指兒時的朋友?？偨牵汗糯闯赡甑娜税杨^發(fā)扎成髻。借指童年時期，幼年?？偨鞘前司艢q至十三四歲的少年，古代兒童將頭發(fā)分作左右兩半，在頭頂各扎成一個結(jié)，形如兩個羊角，故稱“總角〞。貧賤之交：friendshipbetweenpeoplewhoarepoverty-strickenandfromhumblecircumstances杵臼之交：friendshipbetweenpeoplewhodonotcareaboutthefinancialconditionandsocialstatusofeachother杵：舂米的木棒；臼：石臼。比喻交朋友不計(jì)較貧富和身分。君子之交：friendshipbetweengentlemen小人之交：friendshipbetweenvillains狐朋狗友：peoplewhooftengathertogetherdoingsomethingmeaninglessandevenillegal棋友/牌友/球友：peoplewhooftenmeettoplaychess,poker,ball.etc.戰(zhàn)友：peoplewhogettoknoweachotherwhileservinginthesamearmyunit普通老百姓交的朋友謂“布衣之交〞；有錢人與沒錢人交朋友謂“車笠之交〞；在逆境中結(jié)交的朋友稱“患難之交〞；吃喝玩樂結(jié)交的朋友稱“酒肉之交〞；年歲差異大，行輩不同而交情深厚的朋友稱“忘年之交〞；幼年相交的朋友稱“竹馬之交〞；交情深厚的朋友謂“肺腑之交〞；親密無間的朋友謂“膠漆之交〞；生死與共的朋友謂“生死之交〞；情投意合的朋友稱“莫逆之交〞；哪怕砍頭也不改變友誼的朋友稱“刎頸之交〞；無意中相遇而結(jié)成的朋友稱“邂逅之交〞；在道義上互相支持的朋友稱“君子之交〞；只見過一次面，交情不深的朋友稱“一面之交〞；僅點(diǎn)頭打招呼，感情不深的朋友稱“點(diǎn)頭之交〞；平淡而浮泛交往的朋友稱“泛泛之交〞；見過面但不熟悉的人稱“半面之交〞；舊時結(jié)拜的兄弟姊妹稱“八拜之交〞；交友不嫌貧賤稱“杵逆之交〞；珍貴而有價值的交往稱“金玉之交〞。儒家思想Confucianism儒家文化Confucianculture道教Taoism墨家Mohism法家Legalism佛教Buddhism孔子Confucius孟子Mencius老子LaoTzu莊子 ChuangTzu墨子MoTzu*子SunTzu象形文字pictographiccharacters?大學(xué)?TheGreatLearning?中庸?TheDoctrineoftheMean?論語?TheAnalectsofConfucius?孟子?TheMencius?*子兵法?TheArtofWar?三國演義?ThreeKingdoms?西游記?JourneytotheWest文房四寶theFourTreasuresoftheStudy〔筆墨紙硯〕(brush,inkStick,paper,andinkstone)?紅樓夢?DreamofRedMansions?水滸傳?HeroesoftheMarshes?山海經(jīng)?TheClassicofMountainsandRivers?資治通鑒?HistoryasaMirror?春秋?TheSpringandAutumnAnnals?史記?HistoricalRecords?詩經(jīng)?TheBookofSongs?易經(jīng)?TheBookofChanges?禮記?TheBookofRites?三字經(jīng)?Three-characterScriptures八股文eight-partessay五言絕句five-characterquatrain七言律詩seven-characteroctave〔一〕Chinesecharacterswereinitiallymeanttobesimplepicturesusedtohelppeoplerememberthings.Afteralongperiodofdevelopment,itfinallybecameauniquecharactersystemthatembodiesphoneticsound,image,idea,andrhymeatthesametime.Thewritingsystem,whichwase*tremelyadvancedinancienttimes,beganwithinscriptionsonbonesandtortoiseshells,andtheseareregardedastheoriginalformsofChinesecharacters.Afterwards,Chinesecharacterswentthroughnumerouscalligraphicstyles:bronzeinscriptions,officialscript,regularscript,cursivescript,runningscript,etc.Chinesecharactersareusuallyroundoutsideandsquareinside,whichisrootedinancientChinesebeliefsofanorbicularskyandarectangularEarth.ThefivebasicstrokesofChinesecharactersare“---“(thehorizontalstroke)“│〞(theverticalstroke),“／〞(theleft-fallingstroke),“＼〞(theright-fallingstroke),and“乙〞(theturningstroke).

漢字是從原始人用以記事的簡單圖畫，經(jīng)過不斷演變開展最終成為一種兼具音、形、意韻的獨(dú)特文字?，F(xiàn)存中國古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被認(rèn)為是現(xiàn)代漢字的初形。此后，漢字又經(jīng)歷了金文、隸書、楷書、草書、行書等不同的階段。漢字構(gòu)造“外圓內(nèi)方“，源于古人〞天圓地方“的觀念。漢字有五種根本筆畫，即：橫、豎、撇、捺、折?！捕矯hineseTaoismTaoismfirstoriginatedinChina.ThefounderofTaoismisLaozi,aphilosopherandthinkerwholivedinthelateSpringandAutumnPeriod(770BC-476BC).TaoTeChingwhoseauthorshiphasbeenattributedtoLaozi,isconsideredtobethemainTaoistclassic.Taoismadvocatesthevalueofahumanbeing’slife,remendsthediscardingofalldesiresandworriesfromone’smind,andencouragesthecultivationofmoralcharacterandthenourishmentofhumannature.Thefollowingisane*ampleofLaozi’sgoldensaying:Thewaythatcanbetoldofisnotanunvaryingway;thenamesthatcanbenamedarenotunvaryingnames.ItwasfromthenamelessthatHeavenandEarthsprang;Thenamedisbutthemotherthatrearsthetenthousandcreatures,eachafteritskind.Truly,onlyhethatridshimselfforeverofdesirecanseethesecretessences;Hethathasneverridhimselfofdesirecanseeonlytheoutes.

道教是中國土生土長長的**。創(chuàng)始人是春秋末期的哲學(xué)家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的?道德經(jīng)?為主要經(jīng)典。道教主*“重人貴生〞。崇尚清靜無為，修身養(yǎng)性?！暗揽傻?，非常道。名可名，非常名。無名天地之始；有名萬物之母。故常無，欲以觀其妙；常有，欲以觀其徼〞便是老子的至理名言?！踩砊heFourTreasuresoftheStudyThewritingbrush,inkstick,inkstone,andpaperwererequisitetreasuresinthestudyofthescholarsofancientChina,andtheyareoftenreferredtoasthe“FourTreasuresoftheStudy.〞ThewritingbrushandinkstickhavebeenusedbytheChinesetowriteandpaintsince5,000yearsago.IntheQinDynasty(221BC---206BC),peoplealreadyusedfeathersofdifferenthardnessandbambootrunkstomakebrushes.DuringtheHanDynasty(206BC-220AD),man-madeinkwasusedinsteadofnaturalink.AfterpaperwasinventedbytheChinese,bambooslips,woodentablets,brocadeandsilk,whichoriginallyfunctionedaswritingsurfaces,graduallyfadedout.Theinkstonewasfirstdevelopedwiththeuseofwritingbrushesandink.AftertheSongDynasty(960AD---1279AD),the“FourTreasureoftheStudy〞particularlyreferredtohubi,thewritingbrushproducedinHuzhou,Zhejiangprovince;huimo,theinkstickproducedinHuizhou,Anhuiprovince;*uanpaper,akindofpaperproducedin*uanzhou,Anhuiprovince;andduanyan,theinkstonemadeinZhaoqing,Guangdongprovince(ZhaoqingwasearliercalledDuanzhou).Indeed,theFourTreasuresoftheStudy〞havewrittenthewholeChinesecivilization,asitis.

筆墨紙硯是中國古代文人書房當(dāng)中必備的寶貝，被稱為“文房四寶〞。用筆墨書寫繪畫在中國可追溯到五千年前。秦時已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制筆；漢代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了紙*以后，簡牘錦帛逐失其用；硯臺則隨筆墨的使用而開展。“文房四寶〞到宋朝以后特指湖筆、徽墨、宣紙、端硯。可以說文房四寶書寫了整個中華文明。〔四〕ChineseIdiomsChineseidiomsrefertoprehensiveandintegratedfi*edphrasesande*pressions.Idiomsareestablishedandacceptedbyconstantusageandmonpractice.Anidiomisalanguageunitthatislargerthanaword,buthasthesamegrammaticalfunctionasaword.MostChineseidiomsconsistoffourcharacters.Fore*ample,ziqiangbu*i(makeunremittingeffortstoimproveoneself),qingchuyulan(bluerthanindigo),andhoujibofa(successeswithtimeandeffort).Idiomsaree*tractedfromfolkproverbs,ancientworksofliterature,poems,fables,allusions,andwell-knownsayings.IdiomsareapartoftheChineselanguagethatareconciseandhavegreatvitality.

中國成語是漢語中意義完整的表示一般概念的固定詞組或短語。“成語〞中的“成〞既是約定俗成。成語是比詞大而語法功能又相當(dāng)于詞的語言單位。絕大多數(shù)的中國成語由四個漢字組成，例如：自強(qiáng)不息、青出于藍(lán)、厚積薄發(fā)。成語主要從民間諺語、古代文學(xué)作品、詩歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提煉而成，是漢語語言中精煉而又富有生命力的一局部?！参濉矯hineseSealAsealcanalsobedefinedasastamp.BoththeChineseofficialandprivatesealofvariousdynasties