考研英語二歷年真題完美版

2010考研英語二及答Section UseofReadthefollowingpassage.ForeachnumberedblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETl.(10points)TheoutbreakofswinefluthatwasfirstdetectedinMexicowasdeclaredaglobalepidemiconJune11,2009.Itisthefirstworldwideepidemic bytheWorldHealthOrganizationin41years.Theheightenedalert anemergencymeetingwithfluexpertsinGenevathatconvenedafterasharpriseincasesinAustralia,andrising inBritain,Japan,Chileandelsewhere.Buttheepidemicis "inseverity,accordingtoMargaretChan,theorganization'sdirector5theoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsexperiencingonlymildsymptomsandafullrecovery,oftenin6ofanymedicalTheoutbreakcametoglobal7inlateApril2009,whenMexican noticedanunusuallylargenumberofhospitalizationsanddeaths8healthyadults.AsmuchofMexicoCityshutdownattheheightofapanic,casesbeganto9inNewYorkCity,thesouthwesternUnitedStatesandaroundtheworld.IntheUnitedStates,newcasesseemedtofade10warmerweatherarrived.ButinlateSeptember2009,officialsreportedtherewas11fluactivityinalmosteverystateandthatvirtuallyallthe12testedarethenewswineflu,alsoknownas(A) ,notseasonalflu.IntheU.S.,ithas13morethanonemillionpeople,andcausedmorethan600deathsandmorethan6,000hospitalizations.Federalhealthofficials14Tamifluforchildrenfromthenationalstockpileandbegan15ordersfromthestatesforthenewswinefluvaccine.Thenewvaccine,whichisdifferentfromtheannualfluvaccine,is16aheadofexpectations.MorethanthreemilliondosesweretobemadeavailableinearlyOctober2009,thoughmostofthose17doseswereoftheFluMistnasalspraytype,whichisnot18forpregnantwomen,peopleover50orthosewithbreathingdifficulties,heartdiseaseorseveral19.Butitwasstillpossibletovaccinatepeopleinotherhigh-riskgroup:healthcareworkers,20infantsandhealthyyoung1[A][B][D]2[A][B][C][D]3[A][B][C][D]4[A][B][C][D]5[A][B][C][D]6[A][B][C][D]7[A][B][C][D]8.[B][C][D]9[A]stay[B]crop[C]fill[D]cover10[A][B][C][D]11[A][B][C]12[B][C][D]13[A][B][C][D]14[A][B][C][D]15[A][B][C][D]16[A][B][C][D]17[A][B][C][D]18[A][B] [D]19[A][B][C][D]20[A]involved[B]caring[C]concerned[D]wardingPart

SectionⅡReadingThelongestbullruninacenturyofart-markethistoryendedonadramaticnotewithasaleof56worksbyDamienHirst,“BeautifulInsideMyHeadForever”，atSotheby’sinLondononSeptember15th2008.Allbuttwopiecessold,fetchingmorethan￡70m,arecordforasalebyasingle.Itwasalastvictory.Astheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneoftheoldestbanksonWallStreet,LehmanBrothers,filedforbankruptcy.Theworldartmarkethadalreadybeenlosingmomentumforawhileafterrisingbewilderinglysince2003.Atitspeakin2007itwasworthsome$65billion,reckonsClareMcAndrew,founderofArtsEconomics,aresearchfirm—doublethefigurefiveyearsearlier.Sincethenitmayhavecomedownto$50billion.Butthemarketgeneratesinterestfarbeyonditssizebecauseitbringstogethergreatwealth,enormousegos,greed,passionandcontroversyinawaymatchedbyfewotherindustries.IntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMrHirst’ssale,spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable,especiallyinNewYork,wherethebail-outofthebankscoincidedwiththelossofthousandsofjobsandthefinancialdemiseofmanyart-buyinginvestors.Intheartworldthatmeantcollectorsstayedawayfromgalleriesandsalerooms.Salesofcontemporaryartfellbytwo-thirds,andinthemostoverheatedsector—forcontemporaryart—theyweredownbynearly90%intheyeartoNovember2008.Withinweekstheworld’stwobiggestauctionhouses,ThecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsincetheJapanesestoppedbuyingImpressionistsattheendof1989,amovethatstartedthemostseriouscontractioninthemarketsincetheSecondWorldWar.Thistimeexpertsreckonthatpricesareabout40%downontheirpeakonaverage,thoughsomehavebeenfarmorefluctuant.ButEdwardDolman,Christie’schiefexecutive,says:“I’mprettyconfidentwe’reatthebottom.”Whatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromthelast,hesays,isthattherearestillbuyersinthemarket,whereasintheearly1990s,wheninterestrateswerehigh,therewasnodemandeventhoughmanycollectorswantedtosell.Christie’srevenuesinthefirsthalfof2009werestillhigherthaninthefirsthalfof2006.Almosteveryonewhowasinterviewedforthisspecialreportsaidthatthebiggestproblematthemomentisnotalackofdemandbutalackofgoodworktosell.ThethreeDs—death,debtanddivorce—stilldeliverworksofarttothemarket.Butanyonewhodoesnothavetoselliskeeaway,waitingforconfidencetoreturn.Inthefirstparagraph,DamienHirst'ssalewasreferredtoas“alastvictory”because theartmarkethadwitnessedasuccessionoftheauctioneerfinallygotthetwopiecesatthehighestBeautifulInsideMyHeadForeverwonoverallitwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworldfinancial collectorswerenolongeractivelyinvolvedinart-marketB.peoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfromC.artcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreatD.worksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworthWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTA.Salesofcontemporaryartfelldramaticallyfrom2007toB.TheartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinC.ThemarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousD.SomeartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestoThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraphare auctionhouses'contemporaryfactorspromotingartworkstylesrepresentingThemostappropriatetitleforthistextcouldbe FluctuationofArtArtMarketinShiftedInterestinIwasaddressingasmallgatheringinasuburbanVirginialivingroom—awomen'sgroupthathadinvitedmentojointhem.Throughouttheeveningonemanhadbeenparticularlytalkative,frequentlyofferingideasandanecdotes,whilehiswifesatsilentlybesidehimonthecouch.TowardtheendoftheeveningIcommentedthatwomenfrequentlycominthattheirhusbandsdon'ttalktothem.Thismanquicklynoddedinagreement.Hegesturedtowardhiswifeandsaid,"She'sthetalkerinourfamily."Theroomburstintolaughter;themanlookedpuzzledandhurt."It'strue,"heexined."WhenIcomehomefromwork,Ihavenothingtosay.Ifshedidn'tkeeptheconversationgoing,we'dspendthewholeeveninginsilence."ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmentendtotalkmorethanwomeninpublicsituations,theyoftentalklessathome.Andthispatterniswreakinghavocwithmarriage.ThepatternwasobservedbypoliticalscientistAndrewHackerinthelate1970s.SociologistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbook"DivorceTalk"thatmostofthewomensheinterviewed—butonlyafewofthemen—gavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.Giventhecurrentdivorcerateofnearly50percent，thatamountstomillionsofcasesintheUnitedStateseveryyear—avirtualepidemicoffailedconversation.Inmyownresearchcomintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoftenfocusednotontangibleinequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechanceforacareerto panyahusbandtohisorngfarmorethantheirshareofdailylife-supportworklikecleaning,cooking,socialarrangementsanderrands.Insteadtheyfocusedoncommunication:"Hedoesn'tlistentome.""Hedoesn'ttalktome."IfoundasHackerobservedyearsbeforethatmostwiveswanttheirhusbandstobefirstandforemostconversationalpartnersbutfewhusbandssharethisexpectationoftheirwives.Inshorttheimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthestereotypicalcartoonsceneofamansittingatthebreakfasttablewithanewspaperheldupinfrontofhisface,whileawomanglaresatthebackofit,wantingtotalk.Whatismostwives'mainexpectationoftheirTalkingtoTrustingSupportingtheirSharingJudgingfromthecontext,thephrase“wreakinghavoc”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans generatingexertingcausingcreatingAllofthefollowingaretrue mentendtotalkmoreinpublicthannearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailedwomenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetweenafemaletendstobemoretalkativeathomethanherWhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthisThemoraldecayingdeservesmoreresearchbyMarriagebreak-upstems HusbandandwifehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheirConversationalpatternsbetweenmanandwifeareInthefollowingpart yafterthistext,theauthorwillmostprobably on A.avividaccountofthenewbookDivorceB.adetaileddescriptionofthestereotypicalC.otherpossiblereasonsforahighdivorcerateintheD.abriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrewOverthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors—habits—amongconsumers.Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacks,applylotionsandwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.“Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likedirtyhandsinsteadofasoaphabit,thatremainkillersonlybecausewecan’tfigureouthowtochangepeople’shabits,”Dr.Curtissaid.“Wewantedtolearnfromprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.”ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto—Procter&Gamble,Colgate-PalmoliveandUnilever—hadinvestedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers’livesthatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewIfyoulookhardenough,you’llfindthatmanyoftheproductsweuseeveryday—chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,antiperspirants,colognes,teethwhiteners,fabricsofteners,vitamins—areresultsofmanufacturedhabits.Acenturyago,fewpeopleregularlybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday.Today,becauseofcannyadvertisingandpublichealthns,manyAmericanshabituallygivetheirpearlywhitesa-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrands.Afewdecadesago,manypeopledidn’tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.Thenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledwateralldaylong.Chewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommercialsasabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.Skinmoisturizersareadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.“Ourproductssucceedwhenthey epartofdailyorweeklypatterns,”saidCarolBerning,aconsumerpsychologistwhorecentlyretiredfromProcter&Gamble, thatsold$76billionofTide,Crestandproductslastyear.“Creatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingourconsumers’lives,andit’sessentialtomakingnewproductscommerciallyviable.”Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.Berninghavelearnedthatthereispowerintyingcertainbehaviorstohabitualcuesthroughrelentlessadvertising.Asthisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtosellquestionablebeautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwith shouldbefurthershouldbechangedaredeeplyrootedinarebasicallyprivateBottledwater,chewinggunandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5soas revealtheirimpactonpeople’sshowtheurgentneedofdailyindicatetheireffectonpeople’sbuyingmanifestthesignificantroleofgoodWhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeople’shabits?Fromthetextweknowthatsomeofconsumer’shabitsaredevelopeddueto [A]perfectedartofproducts[B]automaticbehaviorcreation[C]commercialpromotions[D]scientificexperimentsTheauthor’sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople’shabits ManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcrucialdemocraticvalues,includingtheprinciplesthatallcitizenswhomeetminimalqualificationsofageandlicyareequallycompetenttoserveonjuries;thatjurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfromarepresentativecrosssectionofthecommunity;thatnocitizenshouldbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryonaccountofrace,religion,,ornationalorigin;thatdefendantsareentitledtotrialbytheirpeers;andthatverdictsshouldrepresenttheconscienceofthecommunityandnotjusttheletterofthelaw.Thejuryisalsosaidtobethebestsurvivingexampleofdirectratherthanrepresentativedemocracy.Inadirectdemocracy,citizenstaketurnserningthemselves,ratherthanelectingrepresentativestoernforthem.Butasrecentlyasin1986,juryselectionproceduresedwiththesedemocraticideals.Insomestates,forexample,jurydutywaslimitedto theSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshadprohibitedintentionalracialdiscriminationinjuryselectionasearlyasthe1880caseofStrauderv.WestVirginia,thepracticeofselectingso-calledeliteorblue-ribbonjuriesprovidedaconvenientwayaroundthisandotherantidiscriminationlaws.Thesystemalsofailedtoregularlyincludewomenonjuriesuntilthemid-20thcentury.AlthoughwomenfirstservedonstatejuriesinUtahin1898,itwasnotuntilthe1940sthatamajorityofstatesmadewomeneligibleforjuryduty.Eventhenseveralstatesautomaticallyexemptedwomenfromjurydutyunlesstheyallyaskedtohavetheirnamesincludedonthejurylist.Thispracticewasjustifiedbytheclaimthatwomenwereneededathome,anditkeptjuriesunrepresentativeofwomenthroughthe1960s.In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionandServiceAct,usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.Thislawabolishedspecialeducationalrequirementsforfederaljurorsandrequiredthemtobeselectedatrandomfromacrosssectionoftheentirecommunity.Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorvs.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthatjuriesberepresentativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestatelevel.TheTaylordecisionalsodeclareddiscriminationinjuryselectiontobeunconstitutionalandorderedstatestousethesameproceduresforselectingmaleandfemalejurors.FromtheprinciplesoftheUSjurysystem,welearnthat [A]bothliberateandilli tepeoplecanserveonjuries[B]defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirpeers[C]noagelimitshouldbeimposedforjuryservice[D]judgmentshouldconsidertheopinionofthepublicThepracticeofselectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968showed [A]theinadequacyofantidiscriminationlaws[B]theprevalentdiscriminationagainstcertainraces ingidealsinjuryselection[D]thearrogancecommonamongtheSupremeCourtEveninthe1960s,womenwereseldomonthejurylistinsomestatesbecause [A]theywereautomaticallybannedbystatelaws[B]theyfellfarshortoftherequiredqualifications[C]theyweresupposedtoperformdomesticduties[D]theytendedtoevadepublicengagementAftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwasdiscriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutionalandhadtobeeducationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidintheselectionoffederaljurorsatthestateleveloughttoberepresentativeoftheentirestatesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejuryIndiscussingtheUSjurysystem,thetextcenterson [A]itsnatureandproblems[B]itscharacteristicsandtradition[C]itsproblemsandtheirsolutions[D]itstraditionanddevelopmentPartB根據(jù)下文判斷正誤BOTHandAirbushavetrumpetedtheefficiencyoftheirnewestaircraft,the787andA350respectively.Theircleverdesignsandlightweightcompositescertainlymakeadifference.ButagroupofresearchersatStanfordUniversity,ledbyIlanKroo,hassuggestedthatairlinescouldtakeamorenaturalisticapproachtocuttingjet-fueluse,anditwouldnotrequirethemtobuynewaircraft.Theanswer,saysDrKroo,lieswithbirds.Since1914,andaseminalpaperbyaGermanresearchercalledWieselsberger,scientistshaveknownthatbirdsflyinginformation—aV-shape,echelonorotherwise—expendlessenergy.Theairflowingoverabird’swingscurlsupwardsbehindthewingtips,aphenomenonknownasupwash.Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperiencereduceddrag,andspendlessenergypropellingthemselves.PeterLissaman,anaeronauticsexpertwhowasformerlyatCaltechandtheUniversityofSouthernWhenappliedtoaircraft,theprinciplesarenotsubstantiallydifferent.DrKrooandhisteammodelledwhatwouldhappenifthreepassengerjetsdepartingfromLosAngeles,SanFranciscoandLasVegasweretorendezvousoverUtah,assumeaninvertedV-formation,occasionallyswapcessoallcouldhaveaturninthemostfavourablepositions,andproceedtoLondon.Theyfoundthattheaircraftconsumedasmuchas15%lessfuel(witha itantreductionincarbon-dioxideoutput).Nitrogen-oxideemissionsduringthecruisingportionsoftheflightfellbyaroundaquarter.Thereare,ofcourse,kinkstobeworkedout.Oneconsiderationissafety,oratleasttheperceptionofit.Wouldpassengersfeelcomfortabletravellinginconvoy?DrKroopointsoutthattheaircraftcouldbeseparatedbyseveral ,andwouldnotbeintheunnervinglycosygrousfavouredbydisyteamsliketheRedArrows.Apassengerpeeringoutofthewindowmightnotevenseetheothernes.Whethertheseparationdistancesinvolvedwouldsatisfyair-traffic-controlregulationsisanothermatter,althoughaworkinggroupattheInternationalAviation.OrganisationhasincludedthepossibilityofformationflyinginablueprintfornewoperationalItremainstobeseenhowweatherconditionsaffecttheairflowsthatmakeformationflightmoreefficient.Inzonesofincreasedturbulence,thenes’wakeswilldecaymorequicklyandtheeffectwilldiminish.DrKroosaysthisisoneoftheareashisteamwillinvestigatefurther.Itmightalsobehardforairlinestoco-ordinatethedeparturetimesanddestinationsofpassengeraircraftinawaythatwouldallowthemtogainfromformationflight.Cargoaircraft,incontrast,mightbeeasiertoreschedule,asmightroutinemilitaryflights.Asithappens,America’sarmedsareonthecasealready.Earlierthisyearthecountry’sDefenceAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyannouncednstopaytoinvestigateformationflight,thoughtheprogrammehasyettobegin.Therearereportsthatsomemilitaryaircraftflewinformationwhentheywerelowonfuelduringthesecondworldwar,butDrLissamansaystheyareapocryphal.“MyfatherwasanRAFpilotandmycousintheskipperofaLancasterlostoverBerlin,”headds.Soheshouldknow.FindingsoftheStanfordUniversityresearcherswillpromotethesalesofnewandAirbusTheupwashexperiencemaysavepropellingenergyaswellasreducing.43.FormationflightismorecomfortablebecausepassengerscannotseetheotherTherolethatweatherysinformationflighthasnotyetbeenclearlyIthas soncetriedformationflighttosave

SectionⅢInthissectionthereisatextinEnglish.Translateitinto.WriteyourtranslationonANSWER“Suatainability”has Havingenduredapainfulperiodofunsustainabilityinhisownlifemadeitcleartohimthatsustainability-orientedvaluesmustbeexpressedthougheverydayactionandchoice。Ningrecallsspendingaconfusingyearinthelate1990ssellinginsurance.He’dbeenthoughthe boomandburstand,desperateforajob,signedonwithaBoulderagency。Itdidin’tgowell.“Itwasareallyhadmovebecausethat’snotmypassion,”saysNing,whosedilemmaaboutthejobtranslated,predictably,intoalackofsales.“Iwasmiserable,IhadsomuchanxietythatIwouldwakeupinthemiddleofthenightandstareattheceiling.Ihadnomoneyandneededthejob.Everyonesaid,‘Justwait,you’lltrunthecorner,giveitsomeYouhavejustcomebackfromtheU.S.asamemberofaSino-Americanculturalexchangeprogram.WritealettertoyourAmericancolleaguetoExpressyourthanksforhis/herwarmehim/herto induecourseYoushouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEETDonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletterUseZhangWeiinstead。Donotwriteyouraddress.(10points)Inthissection,youareaskedtowriteanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youInterpretthechartGiveyourcommentsYoushouldwriteatleast150wordsWriteyouressayononANSWERSHEET2.(152010年考研英語二答案1[D]2 3[B]4[A]5[A]6[B][D][C][B][A][C][D][D][A][C][B][D] [A]2122232425262728293031323334353637383940翻譯參“堅持不懈”如今已成一個流行詞匯，但對TedNing而言，這個概念一直有個人含義，經(jīng)歷了一段痛苦松懈的個人生活，使他清楚面向以堅持不懈為導向的價值觀，必須到每天的行動和選擇中。Ning回憶起20世紀90年代末期賣的那段迷茫時光，他通過蓬勃興起的網(wǎng)絡瘋狂地找工作，并且與Boulder機構(gòu)業(yè)務。Ning說：“我很痛苦渴望午夜起來盯著天花板，我沒錢，我需要工作，每個人都說‘等吧，只要有耐心會好轉(zhuǎn)的?！盌earIwouldliketoconveymyheartfeltthankstoyouforyourkindnesstoreceivemewhenIparticipatedinanexchangeprograminUSA.YourgeneroushelpmadeitpossiblethatIhadaverypleasantstayandachancetoknowAmericanculturesbetter.Besides,IthinkitisanhonorformetomakefriendswithyouandIwillcherishthegoodwillyoushowedtomewhereverIgo.Idohopethatyouwillvisitoneday,sothatIcouldhavetheopportunitytorepayyourkindnessandrefreshourfriendship。IfeelobligedtothankyouagainSincerelyZhangInthischart,wecanseethe phonesubscriptionsindevelopedcountrieshaveasteadyandslightincreasefrom1990to2007andthenremainconstantin2008.Meanwhilethe phonesubscriptionsindevelocountrieshavewitnessedaslowincreasefrom1990to2004andthenagreatsurgefrom2004to20007:thebiggestsurgehappensfrom2005to2006.Thischartreflectsdifferentdevelomodesof phoneindustryindevelopedanddevelocountries.Thedevelopedcountrieshavealimitednumberofpopulations,mostofwhomarewell-educated.Therefore,thespreadingofthe phoneserviceisefficientandsoonthemarketissaturatedAlsoatthebeginningthedevelopedcountrieshavemorepeoplewhocanaffordthisservice.Thedevelocountrieshavealargepopulationwhokeepsalargedemandfor service.Asthe phoneservice escheaperandcheapertheincreasingcustomerssubscribetobenefitfromthisservice。Asdiscussedabove,itisnotsurprisingtoseethischange.Inmyopinion,thistrendthatthenumber phonesubscriptionsisincreasinglyincreasingwillcontinueforawhileinthe波音和空客都在吹噓自己飛機787和A350的性能巧妙的設計與輕質(zhì)的材料當然使它們與眾不同但在斯坦福大學，克魯教授稱這個設想是受到鳥類的啟發(fā)。1914年，一位名叫卡爾▪維塞爾斯伯格的德國研究員了一篇具有重大意義的，科學家們從中得知，鳥類在飛行的時候排成V字、梯形或倒過來時，會節(jié)省體力。氣流在劃過鳥類雙翼時會在其州理工學院和南加州大學的航空專家，他認為由25只鳥組成的隊伍會將飛行距離提升71%。授飛機間會相隔幾海里，不會像紅箭表演隊(英國特技表演隊)那樣間距小到令人窒息。乘客往窗外看也許都看不到另外的飛機。有關(guān)飛機間距是否符合空中條例暫且不談，但國際組織的一個工作組已經(jīng)考慮在新的操作方針中列入現(xiàn)在仍需考慮天氣情況對氣流的影響，這會關(guān)系到編隊飛行的效率。在有大量亂流的地區(qū)，飛機尾部的氣流會更快，上升流效應就會?？唆斀淌诜Q，在這方面他們團隊將要進行的研究。每架客機的起飛時間與目的地都不相同，要協(xié)調(diào)它們編隊飛行很難。相反，貨機和日常飛行更容易協(xié)調(diào)時間。，恰逢此時已經(jīng)著手這項研究今年早些時候國防部高級研究計劃局宣布出資讓波音公司研究編隊飛行的計劃但項目到現(xiàn)在還沒啟動有稱二就有一些軍機在燃油不足的情況下編隊飛行但利薩曼教授稱那些都是杜撰的他說： ，2011年入學考試英語Section UseofDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblackandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)"TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers—aboontoprivacyanddomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcybercrimethathas1acrosstheWeb.Canprivacybep bringingasemblanceofsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly Lastmonth,HowardS idt,thenation’scyberczar,offeredtheObama ernmenta tomaketheWebasaferce—a“voluntaryidentify”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech 5 ofaphysicalkey,fingerprintandaphotoIDcard,all 6 one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential tospecificcomputer,andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineTheideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentifysystems.Userscould9whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense10bytheernment.and areamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.12,theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”insafe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseof13community.Mr.Sidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhichindividualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14,trustingtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructurethatthetransactionruns15.'"Still,theadministration’snhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17bealicense”mentality.Thenhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomeexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”wouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.Theyarguethatshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselves,indriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads. A.carryB.lingerC.setD.log A.InB.InC.InD.In Section ReadingPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TextRuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs’sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000:ayearlatershebecameofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman’scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm’sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive’sproposals.Ifthesky,andthesharepriceisfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromone tothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthewillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumoffasinkingship.Oftenthey“tradeup.”Leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongngoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor [A]gainingexcessiveprofits[B]failingtofulfillherduty[C]refusingtomakecompromises[D]leavingtheboardintoughWelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe [A]generousinvestors[B]unbiasedexecutives[C]sharepriceforecasters[D]independentadvisersAccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector’ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikely emorestable[B]reportincreasedearnings[C]dolesswellinthestock