英美文學(xué)名詞解釋

英美文學(xué)名詞解釋Alliteration（頭韻）Alliterationistherepetitionofthesameinitialconsonantsoundwithinalineoragroupofwords.頭韻：在一組詞的開(kāi)頭或重讀音節(jié)中對(duì)相同輔音或不同元音的重復(fù)。Classicism（古典主義）Amovementortendencyinart,literature,ormusicthatreflectstheprinciplesmanifestedintheartofancientGreeceandRome.古典主義：一種在文學(xué)，藝術(shù)，音樂(lè)領(lǐng)域體現(xiàn)古代希臘，羅馬風(fēng)格的運(yùn)動(dòng)。Comedy（喜劇）Adramaticworkthatisoftenhumorousorsatiricalintoneandusuallycontainsahappyresolutionofthethematicconflict.喜?。狠p松的和常有幽默感的或在調(diào)子上是諷刺的戲劇作品，常包括主題沖突的愉快解決Conflict（沖突）Astrugglebetweentwoopposingforcesorcharactersinashortstory,novel,play,ornarrativepoem.沖突：故事，小說(shuō)，戲劇中相對(duì)的力量和人物之間的對(duì)立。Couplet（雙韻體）Aunitofverseconsistingoftwosuccessivelines,usuallyrhymingandhavingthesamemeterandoftenformingacompletethoughtorsyntacticunit.雙韻體：包括兩個(gè)相連的詩(shī)行的一種詩(shī)的單位，通常壓韻并具有同樣的格律，經(jīng)常組成一個(gè)完整的意思和句法單位Heroiccouplet（英雄雙韻體）Acoupletwritteniniambicpentameteriscalledaheroiccouplet.英雄雙韻體：五步抑揚(yáng)格的雙韻體稱英雄雙韻體。Essay（散文）Ashortliterarycompositiononasinglesubject,usuallypresentingthepersonalviewoftheauthor.散文：內(nèi)容通常論及一個(gè)主題的短小文章，通常表達(dá)作者個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)FigureofSpeechAwordoranexpressionthatisnotmeanttobeinterpretedinliteralsense.Themostcommonkindsoffiguresofspeech—simile,metaphor,personification,andmetonymy.比喻：不能直接按照字面意義理解的詞語(yǔ)或表述方法。常見(jiàn)的手法有明喻，暗喻，擬人，借喻。Flashback（倒敘）Aliterarydeviceinwhichanearliereventisinsertedintoanarrative.倒敘，閃回鏡頭：一種文學(xué)或電影的表現(xiàn)手法，往往在一段按正常時(shí)間順序記敘的敘事中插入一件以前發(fā)生過(guò)的事情Freeverse（自由詩(shī)體）Versesthathasneitherametricalpatternoranregularpattern.自由詩(shī)體:既不具格式韻律又不具常規(guī)格律的詩(shī)體Iambicpentameter（五步抑揚(yáng)格）Apoeticlineconsistingoffiveversefeet,witheachfootaniamb--thatis,anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.IambicpentameteristhemostcommonverselineinEnglishpoetry.五步抑揚(yáng)格:一種詩(shī)句形式，每行詩(shī)句包含五個(gè)抑揚(yáng)格音步。五步抑揚(yáng)格是英語(yǔ)詩(shī)歌最常見(jiàn)的詩(shī)行。Imagery（意象）Wordsorphrasesthatcreatepictures,orimages,inreaders'mind.意象：用來(lái)在讀者的思維中喚起某種圖示或形象的詞匯。Lyric（抒情詩(shī)）Apoem,usuallyashortone,thatexpressesaspeaker'spersonalthoughtsorfeelings.抒情詩(shī)：一種用來(lái)抒發(fā)作者感情或思想的短詩(shī)。Naturalism（自然主義）Thepracticeofdescribingpreciselytheactualcircumstancesofhumanlifeinliterature,itistheextremeformofrealism.自然主義：在文學(xué)中精確地描述人類現(xiàn)實(shí)環(huán)境的實(shí)踐,現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的最高表現(xiàn)形式。Neoclassicism（新古典主義）Arevivalinliteratureinthelate17thand18thcenturies,characterizedbyaregardfortheclassicalidealsofreason,form,andrestraintstyles.新古典主義：17、18世紀(jì)晚期的文學(xué)復(fù)興，以尊重古代典型的推理形式和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)文體為特征Novel（小說(shuō)）Abooklengthfictionalprosenarrative,havingmanycharactersandoftenacomplexplot.小說(shuō)：虛構(gòu)的敘述性文章，有一定長(zhǎng)度，較多的人物，和思想復(fù)雜的情節(jié)。Pastoral（田園詩(shī)）Akindofpoem,thatdealsinanidealizedwaywithshepherdsandrusticlife.田園詩(shī)：一種用理想的手法來(lái)體現(xiàn)牧羊人的鄉(xiāng)村生活的詩(shī)歌。Plot（情節(jié)）Plotisthefirstandmostobviousqualityofastory.Itisthesequenceofeventsoractionsinashortstory,novel,play,ornarrativepoem.Forthereader,theplotistheunderlyingpatterninaworkoffiction,thestructuralelementthatgivesitunityandorder.Forthewriter,theplotistheguidingprincipleofselectionandarrangement.Realism（現(xiàn)實(shí)主義）Therepresentationinartorliteratureofobjects,actions,orsocialconditionsastheyactuallyare,withoutidealizationorpresentationinabstractform.現(xiàn)實(shí)主義：在藝術(shù)或文學(xué)中將事物，行為或社會(huì)狀況按其起初情況進(jìn)行的表現(xiàn)，而不用模糊的形式來(lái)表現(xiàn)或理想化Rhyme（壓韻）Therepetitionofsoundsintwoormorewordsorphrasesthatappearclosetoeachotherinapoem.壓韻：音在兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞匯或短語(yǔ)中的重復(fù)。Rhythm（格律）Thearrangementofstressedandunstressedsyllablesintoapattern.重讀音節(jié)和非重讀音節(jié)的固定排列模式。Romanticism（浪漫主義）AnartisticandintellectualmovementoriginatinginEuropeinthelate18thcenturywhichemphasisontheindividual'sexpressionofemotionandimagination,departurefromtheattitudesandformsofclassicism.浪漫主義：起源于18世紀(jì)末期歐洲的一種注重個(gè)人情感和想象力的表達(dá)的藝術(shù)和知識(shí)上的運(yùn)動(dòng)，它與古典主義的觀點(diǎn)和形式相悖.Sonnet（十四行詩(shī)）A14-lineverseformusuallywritteniniambicpentameter.十四行詩(shī)：一種由十四行組成的詩(shī)歌形式，通常以五步抑揚(yáng)格為押韻形式。Streamofconsciousness（意識(shí)流）Thestyleofwritingthatattemptstoimitatethenaturalflowofacharacter’sthoughts,feelingsreflections,andmentalimagesasthecharacterexperiencesthem.Itwasfirstusedin1922bytheIrishnovelistJamesJoyce.Thosenovelsbrokethroughtheboundsoftimeandspace,anddepictedvividlyandskillfullytheunconsciousactivityofthemindfastchangingandflowingincessantly（不間斷地），particularlythehesitant,distracted（心煩意亂的）andillusory（虛假的）psychologypeoplehadwhentheyfacedreality.Ahighdegreeofemotioncanbeachievedbythistechnique.意識(shí)流：一種模仿作品中人物思想，思維，精神活動(dòng)的自然過(guò)程的寫作技巧。Symbolism（象征主義）Aliterarymovementinthelate19thcentury,characterizedbytheuseofsymbolstorepresentthings.象征主義：十九世紀(jì)的一種文學(xué)潮流，運(yùn)用象征來(lái)體現(xiàn)事物。Theme（主題）Theme;Thegeneralideaorinsightaboutlifethatawriterwishestoexpressinaliterarywork.Alltheelementsofaliterarywork-plot,setting,characterization,andfigurativelanguage-contributetothedevelopmentofitstheme.一篇文學(xué)作品中作家預(yù)期表達(dá)的關(guān)于生活的觀點(diǎn)或見(jiàn)解。作品中所有其他的元素一一情節(jié)、背景、人物描寫和比喻用語(yǔ)都是圍繞主題展開(kāi)的。Tragedy（悲?。㊣ngeneral,aliteraryworkinwhichtheprotagonistmeetsanunhappyordisastrousend.悲?。阂灾魅斯杀幕?yàn)?zāi)難性的結(jié)局結(jié)束的故事。Character:Inappreciatingashortstory,charactersareanindispensableelement.Charactersarethepersonspresentedinadramaticornarrativework.Forstdividescharactersintotwotypes:flatcharacter,whichispresentedwithoutmuchindividualizingdetail;androundcharacter,whichiscomplexintemperamentandmotivationandisrepresentedwithsubtleparticularity.Climax:Thepointofgreatestintensity,interest,orsuspenseinagogotory?sturningpoint.Theactionleadingtotheclimaxandthesimultaneousincreaseoftensionintheplotareknownastherisingaction.Allactionaftertheclimaxisreferredtoasthefallingaction,orresolution.Thetermcrisisissometimesusedinterchangeablywithclimax.Denouement結(jié)局：Theoutcomeofaplot.Thedenouementisthatpartofaplay,shortstory,novel,ornarrativepoeminwhichconflictsareresolvedorunraveled,andmysteriesandsecretsconnectedwiththeplotareexplained.Epic:Alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.Manyepicsweredrawnfromanoraltraditionandweretransmittedbysongandrecitationbeforetheywerewrittendown.Pointofview:Thevantagepointfromwhichanarrativeistold.Therearetwobasicpointsofview:first-personandthird-person.Inthefirst-personpointofview,thestoryistoldbyoneofthecharactersinhisorherownwords.Thefirst-personpointofviewislimited.Inthethird-personpointofview,thenarratorisnotacharacterinthestory.Thenarratormaybeanomniscient.Ontheotherhand,thethird-personnarratormighttellastoryfromthepointofviewofonlyonecharacterinthestory.Style:Anauthor’scharacteristicwayofwriting,determinedbythechoiceofwords,thearrangementofwordsinsentences,andtherelationshipofthesentencestooneanother.Symbol:Asymbolisasignwhichsuggestsmorethanitsliteralmeaning.Inotherwords,asymbolisbothliteralandfigurative.Asymbolisawayoftellingastoryandawayofconveyingmeaning.Thebestsymbolsarethosethatarebelievableinthelivesofthecharactersandalsoconvincingastheyconveyameaningbeyondtheliterallevelofthestory.LostGeneration:Thistermhasbeenusedagainandagaintodescribethepeopleofthepostwaryears.ItdescribesthewriterslikeHemingwaywholivedinpoverty.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoreturnedtotheirnativelandwithanintenseawarenessoflivinginanunfamiliarchangingworld.TheyoungEnglishandAmericanexpatriates,menandwomen,werecaughtinthewarandcutofffromtheoldvaluesandyetunabletocometotermswiththenewerawhencivilizationhadgonemad.Theywanderedpointlesslyandrestlessly,enjoyingthingslikefishing,swimming,bullfightandbeautiesofnature,buttheywereawareallthewhilethattheworldiscrazyandmeaninglessandfutile.Theirwholelifeisundercutanddefeated.迷惘的一代：這個(gè)詞往往被反復(fù)用來(lái)指戰(zhàn)后的人們。它用來(lái)描述像海明威那樣生活在貧困中的作家，描寫返回祖國(guó)后意識(shí)到他們生活在一個(gè)陌生的急劇變化的世界里的人們。那些移居國(guó)外的那些年輕的美國(guó)人和英國(guó)人，不論男女，經(jīng)歷的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的洗禮，他們和舊的價(jià)值觀完全的隔離然而又無(wú)法融入這個(gè)社會(huì)文明瘋狂發(fā)展的新世界。他們漫無(wú)目的不停地游蕩，他們喜歡釣魚、游泳、斗牛和大自然的美景，但他們自始至終都覺(jué)得這是一個(gè)瘋狂、毫無(wú)意義、頹廢的時(shí)代。他們整個(gè)的生活都是頹廢失敗的。Protagonist:Thecentralcharacterofadrama,novel,shortstory,ornarrativepoem.Theprotagonististhecharacteronwhomtheactioncentersandwithwhomthereadersympathizesmost.Usuallytheprotagoniststrivesagainstanopposingforce,orantagonist,toaccomplishsomething.主人公：戲劇、長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)、短篇小說(shuō)或敘事詩(shī)的中心人物。主人公是所有行動(dòng)所圍繞的中心，也是讀者最為關(guān)心和同情的人物。主人公通常在故事中與反面