2013職稱英語理工a真題及答案

經(jīng)典word整理文檔，僅參考，雙擊此處可刪除頁眉頁腳。本資料屬于網(wǎng)絡(luò)整理，如有侵權(quán)，請聯(lián)系刪除，謝謝！第1部分：詞匯選項(第1~15題，每題1分，共15分)下面每個句子中均有11個意義最為接近1.Therulesaretoo(rigid)toallowforhumanerror.B.generalC.complexD.direct2.Thisspecieshasnearly(diedout)becauseitshabitatisbeingdestroyed.A.shortenD.resume4.Threeworld-classtennisplayerscameto(content)forthistitle.D.compete5.Themethodsofcommunicationusedduringthewarwere(primitive).A.simpleB.reliableB.regularA.pollutedB.treatedC.testedB.injectedC.producedD.removedA.unknownB.unusualD.unstableA.doubtfulC.certainD.silent13.Theproposalwas(endorsed)themajorityofmembers.A.rejectedD.approvedB.spreadD.confirm15.Thepolicewillneedtokeepa(wary)eyeonthisareaoftown.B.cautiousD.private下面的短文后列出了7個句子，請根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容對每個句子做出判斷;如果該句提供的是正確信息，請選擇A;如果該句提供的是錯誤信息，請選擇B;如果該句的信息文中沒有提及，請選擇C。NewUnderstandingofNaturalSilk’sMysteriesNaturalsilk,asweallknow,hasastrengththatmanmadematerialshavelongstruggledtomatch.InadiscoverythatsoundsmorelikeanancientChineseproverbthanamaterialssciencebreakthrough,MITresearchershavediscoveredthatsilkgetsitsstrengthfromitsweakness.Or,morespecifically,itsmanyweaknesses.Silkgetsitsextraordinarydurabilityandductilityfromanunusualarrangementofhydrogenbondsthatareinherentlyveryweakbutthatworktogethertocreateastrong,flexiblestructure.Mostmaterials--especiallytheonesweengineerforstrength--gettheirtoughnessfrombrittleness.Assuch,naturalsilkslikethoseproducedbyspidershavelongfascinatedbothbiologistsandengineersbecauseoftheirlightweight,ductilityandhighstrength(poundforpound,silkisstrongerthansteelandfarlessbrittle).Butonitsface,itdoesn'tseemthatsilksshouldbeasstrongastheyare;molecularly,theyareheldtogetherbyhydrogenbonds,whicharefarweakerthanthecovalentbondsfoundinothermolecules.Togetabetterunderstandingofhowsilkmanagestoproducesuchstrengththroughsuchweakbonds,theMITteamcreatedasetofcomputermodelsthatallowedthemtoobservethewaysilkbehavesattheatomiclevel.Theyfoundthatthearrangementofthetinysilknanocrystalsissuchthatthehydrogenbondsareabletoworkcooperatively,reinforcingoneanotheragainstexternalforcesandfailingslowlywhentheydofail,soasnotsoallowasuddenfracturetospreadacrossasilkstructure.Theresultisnaturalsilksthatcanstretchandbendwhileretainingahighdegreeofstrength.Butwhilethat'sallwellandgoodforspiders,beesandthelike,thisunderstandingofsilkgeometrycouldleadtonewmaterialsthatarestrongerandmoreductilethanthosewecancurrentlymanufacture.Ourbestandstrongestmaterialsaregenerallyexpensiveanddifficulttoproduce(requiringhightemperaturetreatmentsorenergy-intensiveprocesses).Bylookingtosilkasamodel,researcherscouldpotentiallydevisenewmanufacturingmethodsthatrelyoninexpensivematerialsandweakbondstocreatelessrigid,moreforgivingmaterialsthatarenonethelessstrongerthananythingcurrentlyonoffer.Andifyouthoughtyouweregoingtogetoutofthismaterialssciencestorywithouthearingaboutcarbonnanotubes,thinkagain.TheMITteamisalreadyinthelablookingintowaysofsynthesizingsilk-likestructuresoutofmaterialsthatarestrongerthannaturalsilk--likecarbonnanotubes.Super-silksareonthehorizon.參考譯文：我們都知道，蠶絲具有的韌性是人造織物長期奮力追求的目標(biāo)。在一項研究中(該項研究成果聽起來更像一則古代中國諺語，而不是材料科學(xué)的突破)，麻省理工學(xué)院的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，蠶絲的力量源于其脆弱，或者，更具體地說，是它的多方面的脆弱。蠶絲的異常耐久性和延展性來自一種特別的氫鍵結(jié)構(gòu)，這些氫鍵本質(zhì)上非常脆弱，但它們共同創(chuàng)造了一種強(qiáng)壯而富有彈性的結(jié)構(gòu)。大多數(shù)材料(特別是那些要求硬度很高的材料)絲類似的蠶絲，因其重量輕，延展性強(qiáng)和韌性高，長期以來引起了生物學(xué)家和工程師的興趣(同樣重量，蠶絲比鋼要壯，也不那么脆)。但表面上，蠶絲看起來卻不那么強(qiáng)壯;從分子結(jié)構(gòu)上看，它們是由氫鍵組成的，氫鍵比其他分子中發(fā)現(xiàn)的共價鍵要脆弱得多。為了更好地了解蠶絲如何以如此脆弱的化學(xué)鍵產(chǎn)生這么強(qiáng)壯的力，麻省理工學(xué)院的研究小組創(chuàng)造了一套計算機(jī)模型，這種模型能夠讓他們在原子層次上觀察蠶絲的活動方式。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，微小蠶絲納米晶體的結(jié)構(gòu)使氫鍵能夠齊心協(xié)力地合作，相互增援，對抗外力，同時，當(dāng)外力減弱時也隨之慢慢減弱，這樣就不至于在蠶絲的整體結(jié)構(gòu)上出現(xiàn)突然的斷裂。這樣，天然絲能夠既伸縮和彎曲，又能夠保持極高的韌力。對于蜘蛛和蜜蜂之類的昆蟲來說這也沒什么，但對于蠶絲幾何形狀的這種了解，可能幫助人們制造出比我們面前能夠制造的材料更結(jié)實而又更柔軟的新材料。最好和最結(jié)實的材料通常是很昂貴而又難以制造的(需要高溫處理，或者高能耗處理)。通過研究蠶絲作為一個例子，研究人員有可能設(shè)計出制造材料的一種新方法，即用廉價材料和弱鍵，制造不那么堅硬而又柔軟，但比目前所用的任何材料都結(jié)實的材料。如果你認(rèn)為不研究碳納米管的理論，就能從這一則材料學(xué)信息中獲取制造方法，那請三思。麻省理工學(xué)院研究小組已經(jīng)在實驗室利用比蠶絲還結(jié)實的材料(比如碳納米管)研究合成類似蠶絲一樣的結(jié)構(gòu)。超級蠶絲即將出現(xiàn)。16.MITresearcherscarryoutthestudytoillustrateanancientChineseproverb.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned17.Silk’sstrengthcomesfromitsweakhydrogenbondsworkingtogether.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned18.Biologistandengineerareinterestedinunderstandingnaturalsilksbecausetheyareverylightandbrittle.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned19.Ifthehydrogenbondsbreakduetoexternalforces,theybreakfast.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned20.TheMITteamhadtrieddifferentmaterialsbeforetheystudiednaturalsilkintheirresearch.21.Carbonnanotubesarecurrentlythemostpopulartopicinmaterialscience.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned22.Itisindicatedthatmaterialsstrongerthannaturalsilkcanbeexpectedinthefuture.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned下面的短文后有2項測試任務(wù)：(1)第23~26題要求從所給的6個選項中為指定段落每段選擇1個小標(biāo)題;(2)第27~30題要求從所給的6個選項中為每個句子確定一個最佳選項。BlackHolesA.Whatareblackholesmadeof?B.Isthereproofthatblackholesreallyexist?E.Whataredifferenttypesofblackholes?F.Whathappenstotheobjectsaroundablackhole?27-30:EDCF27.Blackholesareformedafter_.28.Whenalargestarexplodes,thegravitycompactseverpieceinto_.29.Anewlyformedblackholeandthestaritcomesfromareof_.30.AlbertEinstein’stheoryofrelativityhelpstoprove_.A.afractionofaninchB.thecreationofnewentitiesD.thetiniestparticleF.theexistenceofblackholes第4部分：閱讀理解(第31~45題，每題3分，共45分)下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題。請根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，為每題確定1個最佳選項。第一篇B.Tocatchsomehoneybadgersforfood.C.Toobservehowhoneybadgersbehave.D.Tofindoutwhyhoneybadgershaveabadreputation.D.Theyaremoreaggressivethanfemales.35.Whathappenedwhenhoneybadgersgotusedtohumansaroundthem?A.Theybecamelessaggressivetowardsothercreatures.B.Theylostinterestinpeople.C.Theystartedeatingmore.Thereareseveraldifferentmethodsthatcanbeusedtocreateaforecast.Themethodforecasterchoosesdependsupontheexperienceoftheforecaster,theamountofinformationavailabletotheforecaster,thelevelofdifficultythattheforecastsituationpresents,andthedegreeofaccuracyorconfidenceneededintheforecast.Thefirstofthesemethodsisthepersistencemethod;thesimplestwayofproducingaforecast.Thepersistencemethodassumesthattheconditionsatthetimeoftheforecastwillnotchange.Forexample,ifitissunnyand87degreetoday,thepersistencemethodpredictsthatitwillbesunnyand87degreetomorrow.Iftwoinchesofrainfelltoday,thepersistencemethodwouldpredicttwoinchesofrainfortomorrow.However,ifweatherconditionschangesignificantlyfromdaytoday,thepersistencemethodusuallybreaksdownandisnotthebestforecastingmethodtouse.Thetrendsmethodinvolvesdeterminingthespeedanddirectionofmovementforfronts,highandlowpressurecenters,andareasofcloudsandprecipitation.Usingthisinformation,theforecastercanpredictwhereheorsheexpectsthosefeaturestobeatsomefuturetime.Forexample,ifastormsystemis1,000mileswestofyourlocationandmovingtotheeastat250milesperday,suingthetrendsmethodyouwouldpredictittoarriveinyourareain4days.Thetrendsmethodworkswellwhensystemscontinuetomoveatthesamespeedinthesamedirectionforalongperiodoftime.iftheyslowdown,speedup,changeintensity,orchangedirection,thetrendsforecastwillprobablynotworkaswell.Theclimatologymethodisanothersimplewayofproducingaforecast.Thismethodinvolvesaveragingweatherstatisticsaccumulatedovermanyyearstomaketheforecast.Forexample,ifyouwereusingtheclimatologymethodtopredicttheweatherforNewYorkCityonJuly4th,youwouldgothroughalltheweatherdatathathasbeenrecordedforeveryJuly4thandtakeanaverage.Theclimatologymethodonlyworkswellwhentheweatherpatternissimilartothatexpectedforthechosentimeofyear.ifthepatternisquiteunusualforthegiventimeofyear,theclimatologymethodwilloftenfail.Theanalogmethodisaslightlymorecomplicatedmethodofproducingaforecast.Itinvolvesexaminingtoday'sforecastscenarioandrememberingadayinthepastwhentheweatherscenariolookedverysimilar(ananalog).Theforecasterwouldpredictthattheweatherinthisforecastwillbehavethesameasitdidinthepast.Theanalogmethodisdifficulttousebecauseitisvirtuallyimpossibletofindapredictanalog.Variousweatherfeaturesrarelyalignthemselvesinthesamelocationstheywereintheprevioustime.Evensmalldifferencesbetweenthecurrenttimeandtheanalogcanleadtoverydifferentresults.36.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinchoosingaforecastingmethod?A.Necessaryamountofinformation.B.Degreeofdifficultyinvolvedinforecasting.C.Practicalknowledgeoftheforecaster.D.Creativityoftheforecaster.D.weatherconditionsstaystable.A.weatherfeaturesaredefinedwellenough.B.predictionsonprecipitationareaccurate.C.weatherfeaturesareconstantforalongperiodoftime.D.thespeedanddirectionofmovementarepredictable.39.TheanalogmethodshouldnotbeusedinmakingaweatherforecastwhenA.thecurrentweatherscenarioisdifferentfromtheanalog.B.theanaloglookscomplicated.D.thecurrentweatherscenarioisexactlythesameastheanalog.40.HistoricalweatherdataarenecessaryinA.theclimatologymethodandtheanalogmethodB.thepersistencemethodandthetrendsmethodC.thetrendsmethodandtheclimatologymethodD.thepersistencemethodandtheanalogmethod第三篇StudentsLearnBetterwithTouchscreenDesksObservethecriticismsofnearlyanymajorpubliceducationsystemintheworld,andafewofthemanycomplaintsaremoreorlessuniversal.Technologymovesfasterthantheeducationsystem.Teachersmustteachatthepaceofthesloweststudentratherthanthefastest.And--particularlyintheUnitedStates—gradeschoolchildrenasagroupdontcaremuchfor,orexcelat,mathematics.Soitshearteningtolearnthatanewkindof“classroomofthefuture”showspromiseatmitigatingsomeoftheseproblems,startingwiththatfundamentalpieceofclassroomfurniture:thedesk.AUKstudyinvolvingroughly400students,mostlyaged8-10years,andanewgenerationofmulti-touch,multi-user,computerizeddesktopsurfacesisshowingthatoverthelastthreeyearsthetechnologyhasappreciablyboostedstudents’mathskillscomparedtopeerslearningthesamematerialviatheconventionalpaper-and-pencilmethod.How?Throughcollaboration,mostly,aswellasbygivingteachersbettertoolsbywhichtomicromanageindividualstudentswhoneedsomeextrainstructionwhileallowingtherestoftheclasstocontinuemovingforward.Science,ClayDillow,classroomofthefuture,education,engineering,math,mathematics,SynergyNetTraditionalinstructionstillshowsrespectableefficacyatincreasingstudentsfluencyinmathematics,essentiallythroughmemorizationandpractice--dull,repetitivepractice.Buttheresearchershaveconcludedthatthesenewtouchscreendesksboostbothfluencyandflexibility--thecriticalthinkingskillsthatallowstudentstosolvecomplexproblemsnotsimplythroughknowingformulasanddevices,butbybeingabletofigureoutwhatthereallproblemisandthemosteffectivemeansofstrippingitdownandsolvingit.Onereasonforthis,theresearcherssay,isthemulti-touchaspectofthetechnology.Studentsworkinginthenext-genclassroomcanworktogetheratthesametabletop,eachofthemcontributingandengagingwiththeproblemaspartofagroup.KnownasSynergyNet,thesoftwareusescomputervisionsystemsthatseeintheinfraredspectrumtodistinguishbetweendifferenttouchesondifferentpartsofthesurface,allowingstudentstoaccessandusetoolsonthescreen,moveobjectsandvisualaidsaroundontheirdesktops,andotherwisephysicallyinteractwiththenumbersandinformationontheirscreens.Byusingthesescreenscollaboratively,theresearcherssay,thestudentsaretosomeextentteachingthemselvesasthosewithastrongergraspondifficultconceptspullotherstudentsforwardalongwiththem.41.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueofthepubliceducationsystem?A.Itdoesnotcatchupwiththedevelopmentoftechnology.B.Somesimilarcomplaintsaboutitareheardindifferentcountries.C.Manystudentsarenotgoodatlearningmathematics.D.Teacherspaymoreattentiontofastlearnersthanslowlearners.42.Whathasbeenfoundafterthenewtechisemployed?B.Studentsshowpreferencetotheconventionalpaper-andpencilmethod.C.TeachersareabletogiveindividualizedattentiontostudentsinnoD.Thegapbetweenslowlearnersandfastlearnersgetsmorenoticeable.43.Whatisthebenefitstudentgetfromthenewtech?A.Itmakesthemmorefluentinpublicspeech.B.Itenablesthemtodevelopcriticalthinkingability.C.Itoffersthemmoreflexibilityinchoosingcourses.D.Itiseffectiveinhelpingthemsolvephysicalproblems.44.Whathappenswhenstudentsareusingthedesktopofthenewtech?A.Everystudenthasanindividualtabletop.C.Thesoftwareinstalledautomaticallyidentifiesdifferentusers.D.Studentsusedifferenttoolstointeractwitheachother.45.Howdoesthenewtechworktoimprovestudent’smathematicallearning?A.Ithelpsfastlearnerstolearnfaster.B.Itenablesthemtoworktogether.C.Itmakesteacher’sinstructionunnecessary.D.Itallowsthewholeclasstolearnatthesamepace.第5部分：補(bǔ)全短文(第46~50題，每題2分，共10分)下面的短文有565個取自短文，請根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容講其ToadsareArthritisandinPainA.Toadsarenotbuilttoberoadrunners——theyarebuilttositaroundpondsC.Furthermore,theysoontakeoverthenaturalhabitatsofAustralia’snativeD.Toadswithlongerlegsmovefasterandtravellongerdistanceswhiletheothersarebeingleftbehind.E.Butthisadvantagealsohasabigdrawback——upto10%ofthebiggesttoadssufferfromarthritis.F.Butarthritisdidn’tslowdowntoadsoutsidethelaboratorytheresearch第6部分：完形填空(第52~65題，每題1分，共15分)Solarphotovoltaicthermalenergysystems,orPVTs,generatebothheatandelectricity,butuntilnowtheyhaven’tbeenverygoodattheheat-generatingpartcomparedtoastand-alonesolarthermalcollector.That’sbecausetheyoperateatlowtemperaturestocoolcrystallinesiliconsolarcells,whichletsthesilicongeneratemoreelectricitybutisn’taveryefficientwaytogatherheat.That’saproblemofeconomics.Goodsolarhot-watersystemscanharvestmuchmoreenergythanasolar-electricsystematasubstantiallylowercost.Andit’salsoaspaceproblem:photovoltaiccellscantakeupallthespaceontheroof,leavinglittleroomforthermalapplications.Inapairofstudies,JoshuaPearce,anassociateprofessorofmaterialsscienceandengineering,hasdevisedasolutionintheformofabett