汽車專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯

附錄：英漢比較AutomotiveoxygensensorfailureandinspectionofthecommonTheautomotiveindustryiscurrentlyintheinternationalapplicationofthesensorononeofthelargestmarkets,andtheoxygensensorreportedthenumberofpatents,rankingthefirstinautomotivesensors.Oxygensensorinstalledinthevehicleexhaustpipe,useittodetecttheoxygencontentinexhaustport.Oxygensensorandthuscanbeobtainedinaccordancewiththesignal,putitbacktothecontrolsystemtofine-tunethefuelinjection,sothatA/Fcontrolatbest,notonlygreatlyreducesemissionsandsavesenergy.Atpresent,thepracticalapplicationoftheoxygensensorhaszirconiadioxideoxygensensorsandthetwooxygensensors.Andcommonoxygensensorandasinglelead,double-leadandleadofthreepoints;singlepinforZirconiaoxygensensor;doubleleadforthetitaniumdioxideoxygensensor;three-leadtypefortheheatingoxygenzirconiasensors,inprinciple,leadthewayonthreeoftheoxygensensorisnotasubstituteforuse.Areoneofthemostwidelyusedtypeofzirconiaoxygensensor.First,zirconiaoxygensensorstructureIntheuseofthree-waycatalyticconverterstoreduceexhaustpollutionontheengine,oxygensensorsareessentialcomponents.Oxygensensorislocatedinthefirstsectionoftheexhaustpipe,catalyticconverteratthefront.ThereisaOxygenSensorzirconia(aceramic)componentsmanufacturers,allofitsoutsidehasalayerofthin-platedplatinum.Zirconiaceramicplatedbodyatoneendwithathinlayerofplatinumclosed.Intotheprotectionofthelatterwasset,andinstalledinametalbody.Furtherprotecttheprotectionoftheroleofsetsplayedandsensorcanbeinstalledontheexhaustmanifold.Ceramicexhaustexternalexposure,andtheinternalatmosphereandtheenvironmentthesame.Thiscomponenthasaveryhightemperatureresistance,lowtemperaturesodonotallowcurrentthrough.However,whenhightemperature,becauseoftheairandexhaustgasoxygenconcentrationdifference,oxygenionscan,throughthiscomponent.Thisraisesthepotentialdifference,platinumtoenlarge.Inthisway,air-fuelratiolowerthanthetheoreticalair-fuelratio(thick),thecomponentsintheoxygensensorin(air)outside(theatmosphere)betweentheoxygenconcentrationhasagreaterbad.Thus,thesensorshavearelativelystrongonevoltage(JohnsonV).Ontheotherhand,iftheraregasmixture,airandexhaustgasoxygenconcentrationdifferencebetweentheverysmall,haveasensor,thereisonlyonerelativelyweakvoltage(near0volts).Becauseoncethemixtureofair-fuelratiodeviationfromthetheoreticalair-fuelratio,ternarycatalystsforCO,HCandNOXpurificationcapacitywillbeasharpdecline,itisinstalledattheexhaustpipeoxygensensorfordetectingoxygenconcentrationintheexhaust,andECUtheissueoffeedbacksignal,andthenbythe1ECUtocontrolfuelinjectionamountofinjectorchange,whichwillcontrolthemixtureattheair-fuelrationearthetheoreticalvalue.Two,automotiveoxygensensorworkingprincipleOxygensensorinstalledintheexhaustmanifold,itcandetecttheconcentrationofoxygenintheexhaust,air-fuelratiocalculated,andtheresultssenttotheECU.Forexample:1,exhaustgasoxygenconcentrationinthehigh–Whenemissionsaresignificantwhenthepercentageofoxygen,ECUwillaccordinglydeterminetheair-fuelratio,andthatisverydilutemixture.2,exhaustgasoxygenconcentrationinthelow–Whenthepercentageofoxygenintheexhaustvery,ECUtodetermineair-fuelratiowillaccordinglysmall,thatisverystrongmixture.Temperaturehigherthan℃,theceramicmaterialsusedfortheironconductor.Undertheseconditions,ifthepercentageofoxygensensorsonbothsidesofthedifferentcontentwillhaveavoltagechangeatbothends.Twotypesofenvironment(air-sideandexhaustside)ofthedifferentmeasurementsoftheoxygencontentofthesechangestellECU,exhaustattheoxygencontentintheremainderofthegenerationofharmfulemissionstoensurethatcombustionisnotappropriatepercentage.Ceramicmaterialsattemperatureslowerthan300℃arenon-linear,andthusthesensorisnotausefulsignaltransmission.ECUhasaspecialfunction,thatis,heatingmachineatpm(open-loopoperation)tostoptheadjustmentofthemixture.Sensorsequippedwithheatingelementstoreachoperatingtemperaturequickly.Whencurrentflowsthroughtheheatingelements,itreducestheirontomakeceramicsbecomeconductorsoftime,andwhichmakesthesensorcanbeinstalledintheexhaustpipeofthesitelater.Inthethree-waycatalyticpurifierMedium,ECUusingdatafromtheoxygensensortoregulatetheair-fuelratio,butthemethodofstandardCarburetorEFIdevicesomewhatdifferent.AtEFIdevice,EFI'sECUfuelinjectionthroughtheincreaseordecreasefromtheinjectedfuelvolume,adjustingair-fuelratio.IftheECUfromtheoxygensensordetectsthemixturetoothick,itwillgraduallyreducetheamountoffuelinjection,themixtureofon-thinning.Thereforetheactualair-fuelratiobecomesgreaterthanthetheoreticalair-fuelratio(moredilute).Whenthishappens,ECUthroughtheoxygensensortodetectthetruth,itwillstartagradualincreaseinthevolumeofspray.Inthisway,air-fuelratioistoolow,somewillLuan(moredense)untiltheair-fuelratiolowerthanthetheoretical.Thus,thecyclerepeated,ECUmaincloudinthisway,constantchangesinair-fuelratio,theactualair-fuelrationearthetheoreticalair-fuelratio.Carburetorintheuseofthedevice,areenteredbyregulatingairintakeair-fuelratioofair-conditioning.Mixturetheoryisusuallyair-fuelratiotomaintainalittlethick.ECUwithintheair-fuelratiooxygensensorhasbeentheinformation,andmanipulation,accordingtotheactualair-fuelratioEBCU(electronicallycontrolledintakevalve)regulatorintothecarburetorairintakevolume.Ifmixtureistoostrong,itallowsmoreairtoenterto-thinning:Ifmixtureistoothin,itallowslessairtoenter,2sothatmoreThird,thecommonautomotiveoxygensensorfaultOncetheoxygensensorfails,theelectronicfuelinjectionsystemwillenablethecomputershouldnotbetheoxygenconcentrationintheexhaustpipeoftheinformation,andthereforeshouldnotbeontheair-fuelratiofeedbackcontrol,theenginewillincreasefuelconsumptionandexhaustpollution,engineidlespeedinstability,lackoffire,suchasfault-surgesituation.Therefore,itisnecessarytotroubleshootinatimelymannerorreplaced.1,oxygensensorpoisoningOxygensensorpoisoningandareoftenmoredifficulttocontrolemergingasafault,inparticular,areoftentheuseofleadedpetrolcars,eventhenewoxygensensor,andcanonlybetheworkofthousandsofkilometers.Ifonlyminorleadpoisoning,andthenuseaboxofunleadedpetrol,willbeabletoeliminatethesurfaceofoxygensensorleadtotheresumptionofnormalwork.Butoftenbecauseofexcessiveexhausttemperature,whichleadintrusionintheirinternalandimpedethespreadofoxygenionstooxygensensorfailurecanonlybereplacedatthistime.Inaddition,theoxygensensorsiliconpoisoninghappenediscommon.Ingeneral,gasolineandlubricantscontainingsiliconcompoundsgeneratedbycombustionsilica,siliconrubbersealgasketimproperuseofsiliconeemittinggas,willcausetheoxygensensorfailure,andthereforewanttousegoodqualityfuelandlubricants.Righttochoosetherepairandinstallationofrubbergaskets,coatedonthesensornottorequiretheuseoffactoryandotherthantheanti-solvent,etc.2,carbondepositionNotbecauseofenginecombustion,inthecarbondepositionformedonthesurfaceofoxygensensor,oxygensensorortheinternalintothesediment,suchasoilordustwillimpedeorblocktheexternalairintotheoxygensensorinternaltooxygensensorsignaloutputinaccurate,ECUshouldnottimelycorrectair-fuelratio.Sootproduced,mainlyforincreasedfuelconsumption,emissionlevelsweresignificantlyincreased.Atthispoint,ifthesedimentremovalwillrestorenormalworking.3,oxygensensorceramicfragmentsCeramicoxygensensorhardwareandcrisp,withahardobjectbyknockingorwashingwithastrongaircurrentsblowingallitsfragmentationandpossiblefailure.Therefore,beparticularlycarefulwhenhandlingandfoundthatthetimelyreplacementofproblem.4,heaterresistancewireblownTheheating-typeoxygensensor,iftheresistanceheaterwireablation,itisdifficulttomakesensorstoreachnormaloperatingtemperatureandthelossofrole.5,oxygensensorbreakingofftheinternalcircuits.Four,automotiveoxygensensormethod1,oxygensensorheaterresistancecheckUnplugtheoxygensensorwiringharnessplug,useamultimeterresistancemeasurementfileintheoxygensensorheaterterminalaccess-chu-chuwithGroundbetweenaccessresistanceanditsresistanceto40-Ω(refertospecificmodel3specification).Suchasnotmeetingthestandard,shouldbethereplacementofoxygensensor.2,oxygensensorvoltagefeedbackmeasurementMeasurementofoxygensensorfeedbackvoltageshouldunplugtheoxygensensorwiringharnessplug,thecontrolcircuitmodels,thefeedbackfromtheoxygensensorvoltageoutputterminalonathinwireleads,andthenplugharnessplugswell,intheengineoperation,measuredfromthepinoutonthefeedbackvoltage(somemodelscanalsobeinnersocketfaultdetectionbyavoltageofoxygensensorfeedback,suchastheproductionofToyotacarscanbeaseriesoffaultdetectionfromthesocketterminalOX1orOX2directlymeasuredoxygensensorfeedbackvoltage).Oxygensensorfeedbackonthetestvoltage,itisbesttousewithlow-range(typically2V)andhighimpedance(resistancegreaterthan10MΩ)multimeterpointertype.Detectionofspecificmethodsareasfollows:1)hotcarsenginetonormaloperatingtemperature(orafterthestart-upspeedof2500r/minrunning2min);2)willfileanegativevoltagemultimetertableTthenfaultdetectionwithinthesocketorthebatterynegativeelectrodeE1isfaultdetectiontableTthenthesocketjackOX1orOX2,orreceiveoxygensensorwiringharnessplugontheNo.|round;3)toallowtheenginetomaintainspeedaround2500r/minoperationvoltagemeteratthesametimecheckwhetherthepointerbackandforthbetween0-1Vswing,withanoteofvoltagemeterpointer10sthenumberofswing.Undernormalcircumstances,withthefeedbackcontrol,theoxygensensorfeedbackvoltagewillbe0.45Vatchangingupanddown,10sinthenumberoffeedbackvoltagechangesshouldnotbelessthan8times.Iflessthan8times,thenoxygensensorfeedbackcontrolsystemornotworkingproperlybecausethesurfaceofoxygensensorarepossiblethereiscarbondeposition,sothatlowersensitivity.Inthisregard,shouldbeallowedto2500r/minenginespeedoperationofabout2min,toclearthesurfaceofthecarbondepositionoxygensensor,andthencheckthefeedbackvoltage.Iftheremovalofcarbondepositionmaychangeafterthevoltagemeterpointerisstillslow,thenoxygensensordamaged,orhavecomputerfeedbackcontrolcircuitfault.4)checkwhetherthedamagedoxygensensorUnplugtheoxygensensorwiringharnessplug,sothatoxygensensorisnolongerconnectedwiththecomputer,feedbackcontrolsystemisinastateofopen-loopcontrol.ThemultimetervoltagepentablefileisdirectlyrelatedtooxygensensorfeedbackvoltageoutputterminalconnectedtothenegativeformofgoodGroundpen.Measurementofengineoperationatthefeedbackvoltage,thefirstintakepipewastornoffandthenupatthemandatorycrankcaseventilationhosevacuumtubeorotherartificiallydilutethemixturetoform,atthesametimewatchvoltagemeter,thepointershouldbedroppedreadings.Wastornoffandthenconnectedtothepipeline,andthenunplugthewatertemperaturesensorconnector,a8K4-Ωinplaceoftheresistancetemperaturesensor,theformationofartificiallydensemixture,atthesametimewatchvoltagemeter,theindicatorreadingshouldbeincreased.Canalsobeused,orasuddenreleasetheacceleratorpedaldownapproachtochangetheconcentrationofthemixture,insuddenpedaldowntoaccelerate,themixture變濃,feedbackvoltageshouldbeincreased;suddenreleasewhentheacceleratorpedal,4mixedgas-thinning,feedbackvoltageshouldbedecreased.Iftheoxygensensorfeedbackvoltagewithouttheabovechangesshowthattheoxygensensorhasbeendamaged.Inaddition,thetitaniumdioxide-typeoxygensensorusingtheabovemethodatthetime,ifagoodoxygensensoroutputvoltageto2.5Vasthecentershouldbeupanddownfluctuations.Otherwise,thesensorcanberemovedandexposedtotheair,coolingtheresistancevalueafterthemeasurement.Ifalargeresistancevaluethatsensorisok,orshouldreplacethesensor5).oxygensensortocheckthecolorappearanceRemovedfromtheexhaustpipeonoxygensensors,sensorstocheckwhethertheshelltoplugupthevents,ceramiccorewhetherornotbroken.Ifdamaged,replacetheoxygensensorshouldbeBy.observingthetoppartoftheoxygensensorcanalsodeterminethecolorbreakdown:lightgraytop:Thisisthenormalcoloroftheoxygensensor;②whitetop:pollutionfromsilicon,oxygensensormustbereplacedatthistime;③browntop:pollutionbylead,ifserious,wemustreplacetheoxygensensor;④blacktop:causedbycarbondeposition,carbondepositionintheexclusionofenginefailure,thegeneraloxygensensorcanautomaticallyclearuptheaccumulatedcarbon.Conclusion:forenergyconservationandthepreventionofpollutionfrommotorvehicles,mostdevelopedcountriesintheWestaerobicsensorsinstalledonmycarisloadedoxygensensormustbeused.China'sautomobileindustrywithforeigncountries,oneofthemaingap,butalsoinautomotivesensors.Therefore,wecancometopromotetheuseofoxygensensorisveryoptimisticabouttheprospects.5汽車氧傳感器的常有故障及檢查汽車行業(yè)是目前在國際上應(yīng)用傳感器最大的市場(chǎng)之一,而氧傳感器申報(bào)的專利數(shù),居汽車傳感器的首位。氧傳感器裝在汽車排氣管道內(nèi)，用它來檢測(cè)廢氣口的氧含量。所以可依照氧傳感器所獲取的信號(hào)，把它反響到控制系統(tǒng)，來微調(diào)燃料的發(fā)射量，使A/F控制在最正確狀態(tài)，既大大地降低了排污量，又節(jié)約了能源。目前，實(shí)質(zhì)應(yīng)用的氧傳感器有氧化鋯式氧傳感器和氧化鈦式氧傳感器兩種。而常有的氧傳感器又有單引線、雙引線和三根引線之分，；單引線的為氧化鋯式氧傳感器；雙引線的為氧化鈦式氧傳感器；三根引線的為加熱型氧化鋯式氧傳感器，原則上三種引線方式的氧傳感器是不能夠取代使用的。其中應(yīng)用最多的是氧化鋯式氧傳感器。一、氧化鋯式氧傳感器的構(gòu)造在使用三元催化變換器以減少排氣污染的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上，氧傳感器是必不能少的元件。氧傳感器位于排氣管的第一節(jié)，在催化轉(zhuǎn)變器的前面。氧傳感器有個(gè)二氧化鋯（一種陶瓷）制造的元件，其里外都鍍有一層很薄的白金。陶瓷化鋯體在一端用鍍薄鉑層來封閉。后者被插到保護(hù)套中，并安裝在一個(gè)金屬體內(nèi)。保護(hù)套起到進(jìn)一步保護(hù)作用并使傳感器得以安裝到排氣歧管上。陶瓷體外面裸露在排氣中，而內(nèi)部與環(huán)境大氣相通。這個(gè)元件低溫時(shí)有很高的電阻，所以溫度低時(shí)不同樣意電流經(jīng)過。但高溫時(shí)，由于空氣中和廢氣中氧的濃度差異，氧離子卻能經(jīng)過這個(gè)元件。這就產(chǎn)生了電位差，白金將其放大。這樣，空燃比低于理論空燃比（較濃）時(shí)，在氧傳感器元件內(nèi)（廢氣）外（大氣）之間有較大的氧氣濃度差。于是，傳感器產(chǎn)生一相對(duì)較強(qiáng)的電壓（約翰遜伏）。另一方面，若是混雜氣稀，大氣和廢氣之間氧濃度差很小，傳感器也就只產(chǎn)生一相對(duì)較弱的電壓（湊近0伏）。由于混雜氣的空燃比一旦偏離理論空燃比，三元催化劑對(duì)CO、HC和NOX的凈化能力將急劇下降，故在排氣管中安裝氧傳感器，用以檢測(cè)排氣中氧的濃度，并向ECU發(fā)出反響信號(hào)，再由ECU控制噴油器噴油量的增減，從而將混雜氣的空燃比控制在理論值周邊。二、汽車氧傳感器的工作原理氧傳感器安裝在排氣歧管上，它能夠檢測(cè)廢氣中的氧氣濃度，據(jù)此計(jì)算空燃比，并將結(jié)果傳達(dá)到ECU。比方：1、廢氣中氧氣濃度高當(dāng)廢氣中氧氣的百分比很大時(shí)，ECU將據(jù)此判斷空燃比大，即混雜氣很稀。2、廢氣中氧氣濃度低當(dāng)廢氣中氧氣的百分比很小時(shí)，ECU將據(jù)此判斷空燃比小，即混雜氣很濃。溫度高于300℃時(shí)，所采用的陶瓷資料，用作氧化鐵的導(dǎo)體。在此條件下，若是傳感器兩側(cè)氧的百分比含量不同樣，就會(huì)在兩端產(chǎn)生電壓變化。兩種環(huán)境（空氣側(cè)和排氣側(cè)）中不同樣含氧量的測(cè)量值的這種變化告訴ECU，在排氣中節(jié)余的氧含量，對(duì)保證燃燒有害廢氣生成是不合適的百分比。陶瓷資料在低于300℃溫度時(shí)是非線性的，所以傳感器不輸送適用信號(hào)。ECU有一個(gè)特別功能，即在曖機(jī)時(shí)（開環(huán)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)）停止對(duì)混雜氣的調(diào)整。傳感器裝有加熱元件以趕忙達(dá)到工作溫度。當(dāng)電流流過加熱元件時(shí)，它縮短了使陶瓷成為鐵的導(dǎo)體的時(shí)間，而且使得傳感器能夠裝在排氣管較后的部位。6在三元催化凈化器中，ECU利用來自氧傳感器的數(shù)據(jù)，調(diào)治空燃比，但其方法EFI裝置各標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化油器多稀有些不同樣。在EFI裝置中，EFI的ECU經(jīng)過增減從噴油噴入氣缸的燃油量，調(diào)治空燃比。若是ECU從氧傳感器檢測(cè)到混雜氣太濃，就會(huì)逐漸減少燃油發(fā)射量，于是混雜氣就變稀了。實(shí)質(zhì)空燃比所以變得比理論空燃比大些（稀些）。發(fā)生這種情況時(shí)，ECU經(jīng)過氧傳感器測(cè)出這個(gè)事實(shí)，就會(huì)開始逐漸增加發(fā)射量。這樣，空燃比就會(huì)孌得低些（濃些）直到低于理論空燃比。于是，這樣循環(huán)屢次，ECU主濁以這種方式，不斷地增減空燃比，使實(shí)質(zhì)空燃比湊近理論空燃比。在使用化油器的裝置中，是用調(diào)治進(jìn)入進(jìn)氣口的空襟懷調(diào)治空燃比?；祀s氣平時(shí)保持略濃理論空燃比。ECU內(nèi)氧傳感器不斷獲取空燃比的信息，并要據(jù)實(shí)質(zhì)空燃比控制EBCU（電控進(jìn)氣閥）調(diào)治進(jìn)入化油器進(jìn)氣口的空襟懷。若是混雜氣太濃，就贊同很多空氣進(jìn)入，使其變?。喝羰腔祀s氣太稀，就贊同較少空氣進(jìn)入，使其變濃些。三、汽車氧傳感器的常有故障氧傳感器一旦出現(xiàn)故障，將使電子燃油發(fā)射系統(tǒng)的電腦不能夠獲取排氣管中氧濃度的信息，所以不能夠?qū)杖急冗M(jìn)行反響控制，會(huì)使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)油耗和排氣污染增加，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)出現(xiàn)怠速不穩(wěn)、缺火、喘振等故障現(xiàn)象。所以，必定及時(shí)地消除故障或更換。1、氧傳感器中毒氧傳感器中毒是經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的且較難防治的一種故障，特別是經(jīng)常使用含鉛汽油的汽車，即即是新的氧傳感器，也只能工作幾千公里。若是可是略微的鉛中毒，接著使用一箱不含鉛的汽油，就能除掉氧傳感器表面的鉛，使其恢復(fù)正常工作。但經(jīng)常由于過高的排氣溫度，而使鉛侵入其內(nèi)部，阻攔了氧離子的擴(kuò)散，使氧傳感器無效，這時(shí)就只能更換了。別的，氧傳感器發(fā)生硅中毒也是常有的事。一般來說，汽油和潤滑油中含有的硅化合物燃燒后生成的二氧化硅，硅橡膠密封墊圈使用不當(dāng)發(fā)散出的有機(jī)硅氣體，都會(huì)使氧傳感器無效，所以要使用質(zhì)量好的燃油和潤滑油。維修時(shí)要正確選用和安裝橡膠墊圈，不要在傳感器上涂敷制造廠規(guī)定使用以外的溶劑和防粘劑等2、積碳由于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)燃燒不好，在氧傳感器表面形成積碳，或氧傳感器內(nèi)部進(jìn)入了油污或塵埃等聚積物，會(huì)阻攔或擁堵外面空氣進(jìn)入氧傳感器內(nèi)部，使氧傳感器輸出的信號(hào)失準(zhǔn)，ECU不能夠及時(shí)地修正空燃比。產(chǎn)生積碳，主要表現(xiàn)為油耗上升，排放濃度明顯增加。此時(shí)，若將聚積物除掉，就會(huì)恢復(fù)正常工作。3、氧傳感器陶瓷碎裂氧傳感器的陶瓷